Defendant-Appellant Ezequiel Luis Aguilar-Garcia (Aguilar) appeals the sentence imposed following his guilty-plea conviction for being illegally present in the United States following deportation. As his sole point of error on appeal, Aguilar asserts that the district court committed reversible error when it sentenced him pursuant to a mandatory application of the Sentencing Guidelines held unconstitutional in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005).

The district court committed “Fanfan error” when it sentenced Aguilar pursuant to a mandatory application of the Sentencing Guidelines. See United States v. Valenzuela-Quevedo, 407 F.3d 728, 733 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 126 S.Ct. 267, 163 L.Ed.2d 240 (2005). We review a preserved Fanfan challenge for harmless error. See United States v. Walters, 418 F.3d 461, 463 (5th Cir. 2005). Under the harmless-error standard, the government bears the “arduous burden” of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the district court would not have sentenced the defendant differently under an advisory-only guideline scheme. Id. at 464; United States v. Garza, 429 F.3d 165, 170 (5th Cir. 2005) (quotation and citation omitted).

We have rejected the argument that a “sentence in the middle of a Guidelines range establishes Booker error as harmless.” Garza, 429 F.3d at 171. We have also rejected the notion that a district court’s refusal to grant a downward departure establishes harmlessness. Id. Although the sentencing court did note that Aguilar had several immigration violations, it gave no indication that it would have imposed the same sentence under an advisory scheme. Accordingly, we VACATE Aguilar’s sentence and REMAND the case for resentencing. See Garza, 429 F.3d at 171.