Guilber Ariel De Leon-Lopez (De Leon) petitions for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’s (BIA) determination that he is not entitled to withholding of removal. De Leon sought withholding of removal because of past persecution and the likelihood of future persecution on account of his political opinion and membership in a particular social group, namely, individuals persecuted by the guerillas.” De Leon presented evidence that he and his family were threatened by guerillas in Guatemala and that his father and brother were killed by the guerillas for refusing to join them.

The Government contends that De Leon has waived consideration of the BIA’s determination that he is not entitled to withholding of removal by failing to adequately contest this finding in his brief. We need not resolve whether De Leon has preserved review because his petition is without merit. De Leon has not demonstrated that he is a member of a particular social group. See Mwembie v. Gonzales, 443 F.3d 405, 414-15 (5th Cir. 2006). Nor has he shown that his and his family’s refusal to join the guerrillas constitutes persecution on account of political opinion. See INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481-82, 112 S.Ct. 812, 117 L.Ed.2d 38 (1992); Jukic v. INS, 40 F.3d 747, 749 (5th Cir. 1994). Accordingly, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s determination that De Leon was not entitled to withholding of removal. See Efe v. Ashcroft, 293 F.3d 899, 903 (5th Cir. 2002). The petition for review is DENIED.