Plaintiff Gene Barry is a physician licensed to practice medicine in Texas, who works part-time at the Red Bluff Clinic in Pasadena. 1 Defendants Scott Freshour, Belinda West, Mari Robinson, Anne Rauch, Mary Chapman, and Debbi Henneke are all employees of the Texas Medical Board ("TMB") serving in various roles.

On May 7, 2015, a TMB employee signed an administrative subpoena instanter 2 on behalf of Mari Robinson, the executive director for TMB. The subpoena targeted "Barry ... and/or Records Custodian" at the Red Bluff Medical Clinic, requiring them "to personally appear ... before the [TMB], and ... provide to [the TMB] the documents" listed in an attachment. The attached list included medical and billing records concerning Barry's patients.

TMB investigators Rauch, Chapman, West, and Henneke then arrived at the clinic, accompanied by U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration ("DEA") agents, Texas Department of Public Safety officers, and Texas Board of Nursing investigators. They demanded that the identified records be handed over immediately. Barry and his attorney, whom he had called to the *914 clinic, refused to consent, prompting some of the officials to leave. But Rauch stayed, insisting that she speak with Freshour, TMB's general counsel, before deciding whether to go. Barry's attorney then called Freshour, who refused to order the investigators to leave.

The investigators then informed the Clinic's Administrator-who also served as its records custodian-that "she could be detained by [the Department of Public Safety]" or that "TMB investigators would merely go through all of the clinic's files instead." After this statement, the Administrator decided to comply. The Administrator delivered stacks of files to the investigators, who, in turn, "sat on the floor and [went] through [the] files" with a Department of Public Safety officer. Barry alleges that, contrary to the subpoena's terms, the investigators "did not randomly choose" the records, but instead "looked through each file in the stack[s] ... and cherry-picked only the files ... they believed to be incomplete or deficient."

Barry filed suit on May 6, 2017, seeking relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and alleging a violation of his Fourth Amendment rights. On September 11, 2017, the defendants moved to dismiss, arguing (in pertinent part) that Barry lacked standing to raise his claims and that the state officials were entitled to qualified immunity. The district court denied the motions as to those grounds on October 18, 2017, and the defendants timely appealed.

The Supreme Court has long held that a claimant alleging a Fourth Amendment violation "must have a cognizable Fourth Amendment interest"-a concept known as "Fourth Amendment standing." Byrd v. United States , --- U.S. ----, 138 S.Ct. 1518 , 1530, 200 L.Ed.2d 805 (2018). This is so because "Fourth Amendment rights are personal rights which ... may not be vicariously asserted." Rakas v. Illinois , 439 U.S. 128 , 133-34, 99 S.Ct. 421 , 58 L.Ed.2d 387 (1978) (quoting Alderman v. United States , 394 U.S. 165 , 174, 89 S.Ct. 961 , 22 L.Ed.2d 176 (1969), and collecting cases). In other words, "the application of the Fourth Amendment depends on whether the person invoking its protection can claim a justifiable, a reasonable, or a legitimate expectation of privacy that has been invaded by government action." Smith v. Maryland , 442 U.S. 735 , 740, 99 S.Ct. 2577 , 61 L.Ed.2d 220 (1979) (internal quotation marks omitted). This is the plaintiff's burden to prove. Rawlings v. Kentucky , 448 U.S. 98 , 104, 100 S.Ct. 2556 , 65 L.Ed.2d 633 (1980). The Supreme Court has articulated the Fourth Amendment interest as a "reasonable expectation of privacy," defined by "a source outside of the Fourth Amendment, either by reference to concepts of real or personal property law or to understandings that are recognized and permitted by society." United States v. Jones , 565 U.S. 400 , 408, 132 S.Ct. 945 , 181 L.Ed.2d 911 (2012) (quoting Minnesota v. Carter , 525 U.S. 83 , 88, 119 S.Ct. 469 , 142 L.Ed.2d 373 (1998) ).

Barry's attempt to establish such an interest is unavailing. Barry neither owns nor operates the Red Bluff Clinic where the records were filed. He is not its records custodian. Instead, he merely works there on a part-time basis. Barry does not argue that he has an ownership or possessory interest in the records seized. Indeed, he appears to concede as much on appeal. Moreover, Barry has not alleged that the TMB conducted a search of any area in which he had a privacy interest. Cf. Mancusi v. DeForte , 392 U.S. 364 , 367-68, 88 S.Ct. 2120 , 20 L.Ed.2d 1154 (1968) (when records seized do not belong to an individual, Fourth Amendment standing is only possible if the search itself violated "a reasonable expectation of freedom from governmental intrusion").

Instead, Barry relies on a list of pure privacy interests in the information the *915 records contain. All but one, as he concedes, are specifically tied to his patients' privacy interests in their own medical records. To the extent such interests are constitutionally cognizable, they cannot be asserted by Barry. Rakas , 439 U.S. at 133-34 , 99 S.Ct. 421 . The sole remaining interest he proffers relies on a passing assumption by the Supreme Court when it discussed the merit of a state's justification for a statute regulating speech: Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. , 564 U.S. 552 , 572, 131 S.Ct. 2653 , 180 L.Ed.2d 544 (2011). Sorrell is a First Amendment case, which merely observes that states have a legitimate interest in protecting the privacy of medical records on behalf of doctors. See id. at 571-72 , 131 S.Ct. 2653 . We decline to infer from Sorrell a reasonable expectation of privacy in patient records on the part of doctors against the TMB under the Fourth Amendment.

The district court concluded Barry had standing because the records were sought in a proceeding against him and the subpoena was addressed to him personally (though it was also addressed to the records custodian). But the Supreme Court has rejected a "target" approach to Fourth Amendment standing that would look to whether the evidence obtained could be used against the person seeking to challenge the search. Rakas , 439 U.S. at 132-38 , 99 S.Ct. 421 . It has instead focused on whether the person raising the Fourth Amendment claim has a protected property or privacy interest in the place or things searched. For the reasons we have discussed, Barry does not have such an interest.

Accordingly, Barry has failed to show a sufficient interest to assert a Fourth Amendment claim. Without a cognizable interest in the subpoenaed records, Barry cannot assert a Fourth Amendment violation. His claim must be dismissed. 3 Accordingly, we REVERSE the district court and RENDER judgment in favor of the defendants.