United States v. Gomez Gomez

Case: 17-20526 Document: 00516170143 Page: 1 Date Filed: 01/18/2022

United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit FILED January 18, 2022 No. 17-20526 Lyle W. Cayce Clerk United States of America, Plaintiff—Appellee, versus Alan Victor Gomez Gomez, Defendant—Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas USDC No. 4:17-CR-148-1

ON REMAND FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES Before Smith, Elrod, and Oldham, Circuit Judges.

Per Curiam: On remand from the Supreme Court, this case asks us to reconsider whether Gomez Gomez’s conviction for aggravated assault in Texas qualifies as an “aggravated felony” under 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2). We agree with the parties that, in light of Borden v. United States, 141 S. Ct. 1817 (2021), it does not. Accordingly, we REMAND to the district court to REFORM the judgment.

Case: 17-20526 Document: 00516170143 Page: 2 Date Filed: 01/18/2022

No. 17-20526

Gomez Gomez drunkenly bludgeoned two people with a 2x4. He was charged with aggravated assault, which, under Texas law, required either an intentional, knowing, or reckless mens rea. Tex. Penal Code § 22.01(a)(1).

He pleaded guilty, served time, and was deported to Mexico. Gomez Gomez later returned to the United States illegally. He was charged with and pleaded guilty to one count of illegal reentry “subsequent to a conviction for commission of an aggravated felony,” in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and (b)(2). He was sentenced to nineteen months, a prison term well below the twenty-year statutory maximum under § 1326(b)(2) and also well below the ten-year statutory maximum under § 1326(b)(1). Having preserved the issue of his conviction’s classification under subsection (b)(2) (reentry with a prior “aggravated felony” conviction) rather than (b)(1) (reentry with a conviction “other than [for] an aggravated felony”), Gomez Gomez appealed.

In this case’s first iteration before this court, we affirmed, holding that Gomez Gomez’s prior conviction qualified as an “aggravated felony” under § 1326(b)(2). United States v. Gomez Gomez, 917 F.3d 332, 333 (5th Cir. 2019), judgment vacated sub nom. Gomez v. United States, 141 S. Ct. 2779 (2021). Gomez Gomez petitioned the Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari.

The Court granted certiorari, vacated our prior judgment, and remanded for further consideration in light of Borden v. United States, 141 S. Ct. 1817 (2021). Gomez, 141 S. Ct. at 2779–80.

On remand, the parties now agree that Gomez Gomez’s prior aggravated assault offense under Texas Penal Code §§ 22.01(a)(1), 22.02(a)(2) is not an “aggravated felony” under 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2) because, in light of Borden, it is not a “crime of violence” as defined by 18 U.S.C. § 16(a). Because they agree, the parties have not briefed this issue adversely. Although they agree, we do not defer to the parties on this issue of law; rather, we assess the question independently—as indeed we must in reviewing de novo “the district court’s characterization of a prior offense as Case: 17-20526 Document: 00516170143 Page: 3 Date Filed: 01/18/2022

No. 17-20526 an aggravated felony or as a crime of violence.” See United States v. Narez- Garcia, 819 F.3d 146, 149 (5th Cir. 2016).

Nevertheless, we conclude that the parties are correct: Conviction under 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2) requires a prior “aggravated felony” conviction.

The term “aggravated felony” is defined to include “crime[s] of violence,” which are defined by reference to 18 U.S.C. § 16. See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F). That provision in turn defines a “crime of violence” as “an offense that has as an element the use . . . of physical force against the person . . . of another.” 18 U.S.C. § 16(a). The Supreme Court held in Borden that an offense requiring the “use of physical force against the person of another” does not include offenses with a mens rea of recklessness.

141 S. Ct. at 1821–22, 1825 (Kagan, J., writing for four justices); id. at 1835 (Thomas, J., concurring only in the judgment).1 The prior Texas offense to which Gomez Gomez pleaded guilty includes three indivisible mental states, one of which is recklessness. See Tex. Penal Code § 22.01(a)(1) (defining “[a]ssault” as “intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly caus[ing] bodily injury to another”); Gomez-Perez v.

Case: 17-20526 Document: 00516170143 Page: 4 Date Filed: 01/18/2022

No. 17-20526

Lynch, 829 F.3d 323, 326–28 (5th Cir. 2016) (holding that these three alternative mental states in § 22.01(a)(2) are indivisible). For this reason, Gomez Gomez’s predicate conviction does not qualify as a “crime of violence” in light of Borden, and accordingly, it does not fit the definition of “aggravated felony” for the purpose of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2). See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F); see also United States v. Lara-Garcia, No. 15-40108, 2021 WL 5272211, at *1 (5th Cir. Nov. 11, 2021) (unpublished) (reaching the same conclusion).2 Thus, as the parties agree, Gomez Gomez’s conviction should have been entered under § 1326(b)(1) (prior non-aggravated felony conviction) rather than § 1326(b)(2). It is within our discretion either to reform the judgment on appeal or remand this case to the district court to do so. See 28 U.S.C. § 2106; United States v. Hermoso, 484 F. App’x 970, 972–73 (5th Cir. 2012). In keeping with our court’s common practice,3 we remand to the Case: 17-20526 Document: 00516170143 Page: 5 Date Filed: 01/18/2022

No. 17-20526 district court to reform the judgment.4 As we very recently explained, “[t]he cost to judicial economy for the district court to reform the judgment, rather than reforming it ourselves, is minimal, and the collateral consequences [to a criminal defendant] that may result from an unreformed district court judgment can be easily avoided.” United States v. Rios Benitez, No. 20-10494, 2021 WL 5579274, at *1 (5th Cir. Nov. 29, 2021).

For the foregoing reasons, we REMAND to the district court for the limited purpose of reforming its judgment to reflect Gomez Gomez’s conviction and sentencing under 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(1).

App’x 135, 135 (5th Cir. 2016); United States v. Hernandez-Ayala, 667 F. App’x 440, 441 (5th Cir. 2016); United States v. Medrano-Camarillo, 653 F. App’x 239, 240 (5th Cir. 2016); United States v. Quintanilla-Ventura, 616 F. App’x 189, 190 (5th Cir. 2015); United States v. Avila-Cruz, 606 F. App’x 261, 262–63 (5th Cir. 2015); United States v. Ramos-Bonilla, 558 F. App’x 440, 442 (5th Cir. 2014); United States v. Garcia-Cavazos, 398 F. App’x 64, 65 (5th Cir. 2010); United States v. Jimenez-Laines, 342 F. App’x 978, 979 (5th Cir. 2009).

But see, e.g., Lara-Garcia, No. 15-40108, 2021 WL 5272211, at *2 (“To conserve judicial resources we instead reform the judgment to reflect that [the defendant] was convicted and sentenced under 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(1).”); United States v. Rodriguez-Aguilera, 858 F.

App’x 789, 790 (5th Cir. 2021); United States v. Olvera-Martinez, 858 F. App’x 145, 146 (5th Cir. 2021); United States v. Perez-Jimenez, 744 F. App’x 862, 864 (5th Cir. 2018); United States v. Casabon-Ramirez, 730 F. App’x 253, 254 (5th Cir. 2018); United States v. Reyes-Hernandez, 727 F. App’x 90, 91 (5th Cir. 2018).