North East Indep Sch Dist v. M.
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
North East Indep Sch Dist v. M.
Opinion
Case: 24-50833 Document: 73-1 Page: 1 Date Filed: 11/21/2025
United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit
____________ United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
No. 24-50833
FILED
November 21, 2025
____________
Lyle W. Cayce
North East Independent School District, Clerk
Plaintiff—Appellant,
versus
I. M., by next friend Bianca R.,
Defendant—Appellee.
______________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Texas
USDC No. 5:23-CV-769
______________________________
Before Dennis, Graves, and Duncan, Circuit Judges.
James E. Graves, Jr., Circuit Judge:
In this appeal, we consider whether an autistic elementary school
student’s individualized education program gave him an appropriate
education under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).
Although the school district’s efforts to aid the student’s academic progress
were laudable, his behavioral problems were uniquely severe—sometimes
placing his life in danger. So the district shouldered a weighty responsibility
to employ the most effective strategies to reduce the behaviors. It knew that
additional extended-school-year services might help, but refused to provide
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them. The district court concluded that the school district denied the student
an IDEA-appropriate education as a result. We AFFIRM.
I. Background
A. Factual Background
1. IM has significant behavioral and educational challenges.
When the administrative record begins in 2020, the student (“IM”)
was a second grader in the North East Independent School District (“the
School District”) in San Antonio, Texas. With a speech impediment, autism,
and an intellectual disability, IM struggles to communicate and socialize. His
vocabulary is limited. So he communicates mostly through gestures, facial
expressions, and an iPad with a specialized, communication app. His
behavior is also disruptive. He often hits walls and furniture, jumps, does
handstands, and spins around. By fourth grade, IM’s academic skills had
progressed no further than a kindergartener. Most significantly, IM has
toileting issues, and frequently escapes from school (elopement).
Naturally, IM’s conditions impede his public-school education. Staff
must supervise him constantly to prevent elopement and his disruptive
behaviors. He cannot effectively learn academic concepts or participate in the
regular classroom.
2. Bianca and the School District initially agree on the IEP.
To address these educational challenges, the School District provides
an independent education program. It monitors and develops this IEP
through a committee of its employees and IM’s mother, Bianca. The dispute
here emerged through the IEP Team’s meetings, as the School District’s
and Bianca’s views on appropriate accommodations diverged.
At first, they agreed. When IM’s second-grade year ended, in June
2021, the IEP Team met to develop next year’s program. For third grade,
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the School District would place IM in a special-education classroom, provide
speech and occupational therapy, and transport him to and from school. It
would also accommodate him academically and behaviorally. This included
a plan to prevent elopement and an electronic communication iPad. Along
with regular-year accommodations, the School District offered an extended-
school-year program. The ESY program’s goal was to prevent regression
between terms.
So after second grade, IM joined the program. For three weeks in
June, he attended half-day sessions four days a week. During that time, IM
ran away on 18% of school days. But after ESY ended, IM’s educational
services ceased until school resumed. IM had “regressed significantly.” As
a third grader, he ran away on more than 40% of school days. And after spring
break that year, he regressed further, urinating in the classroom twice,
something he did not have problems with before.
3. A rift emerges over the ESY program.
Shortly after spring break, the IEP Team met to plan for fourth grade.
The team planned for IM to continue in a special-education classroom for
most classes. But for some classes he would transition to the regular
classroom. He would also continue with speech and occupational therapy.
On these accommodations, the School District and Bianca agreed.
Yet a rift emerged over the ESY program. To address IM’s
regression over breaks, Bianca requested full-day ESY services throughout
the summer. The School District refused. While it conceded that additional
ESY would help, it deemed full-summer services unnecessary. So it offered
only half-day services for six weeks, which it reasoned were sufficient to
maintain IM’s progress.
The IEP Team reconvened a few weeks later, and Bianca asked the
School District to reconsider. Again, it refused. So after third grade, IM
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joined the half-day summer ESY program for six weeks. That program ended
in mid-July—leaving a month-long break until fourth grade.
4. IM regresses further.
In Fall 2022, IM returned for fourth grade. He had regressed again.
In the first two weeks, he ran away at least three times. Although he had no
toileting incidents in the ESY program, he had 20 in the first six weeks of the
school year.
Bianca requested a meeting to address the regression. She was
growing increasingly concerned at IM’s lack of “meaningful progress.”
Chiefly, she worried about regression over even short breaks. The School
District responded by offering an in-home training evaluation. Bianca
declined. The IEP Team then recessed the meeting so its members could
review the information discussed.
The meeting resumed a few months later. Bianca remained
concerned. Indeed, IM’s elopement-regression left her in fear for his life.
She worried particularly that the School District failed to immediately notify
her that IM had run away from the school bus. The School District
responded by offering a safety vest for IM to wear on the bus. It also proposed
more behavioral interventions.
A few weeks later, IM had his most dangerous elopement yet. He
escaped and exited campus through an unlocked gate. A busy road lies
nearby, which IM ran toward. He was saved only by the intervention of
bystanders, who restrained him only after he crossed the road. The principal,
who had pursued IM in her car, retrieved him eventually. The episode lasted
about thirty minutes.
The IEP Team met again soon after. Bianca shared her alarm about
the recent elopement. The School District denied that school breaks caused
regression. To the contrary, it opined, “his elopement data [was] trending
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downward.” So the School District declined Bianca’s request for more ESY
services over the summer, and over other breaks. “The [meeting] ended in
disagreement.”
B. Procedural Background
Soon after, IM (through Bianca) requested a special education due
process hearing. She sought extended-school-year services for any break, a
GPS tracking device, and an IEP goal for safe bus riding.
After a two-day evidentiary hearing in April 2023, the hearing officer
sided with IM. The officer concluded that the School District failed to
provide IM an appropriate education under the Individuals with Disabilities
Education Act (IDEA). He thus ordered the School District to provide full-
summer ESY services and year-round access to a voice-assisted-
communication device.
The School District appealed to federal court. The district court
upheld the hearing officer’s findings. This appeal followed.
II. Standard of Review
We review de novo, as a mixed question of law and fact, a district
court’s decision whether an IEP was appropriate under the IDEA. Cypress-
Fairbanks Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Michael F. ex rel. Barry F., 118 F.3d 245, 252(5th Cir. 1997). Because IM challenges his IEP, he bears the burden to show that the program was not appropriate. Seeid.
Underlying factual findings we review for clear error. Boone v. Rankin
Cnty. Pub. Sch. Dist., 140 F.4th 697, 706(5th Cir. 2025). This includes findings about a student’s educational needs and whether they obtained an educational benefit.Id.
Still, when a district court finds facts under a misapprehension of the controlling principles, we review that finding de novo. Klein Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Hovem,690 F.3d 390, 397
(5th Cir. 2012).
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Under clear-error review, we reconsider a factual finding only if the
evidence leaves us “with the definite and firm conviction that” the district
court is mistaken. Boone, 140 F.4th at 706(quoting Renee J. ex rel. C.J. v. Hou. Indep. Sch. Dist.,913 F.3d 523, 528
(5th Cir. 2019)). When a district court chooses between two permissible views of the evidence, there is no clear error.Id.
(quoting Anderson v. City of Bessemer City,470 U.S. 564, 574
(1985)).
Perhaps seeking de novo review of clear-error issues, the School
District blurs the distinction between legal conclusions and factual findings.
For example, at oral argument, it insisted that its challenges were solely legal.
But then argued nearly all factual issues. In any event, where the School
District’s argument can properly be considered legal, we review de novo. See
Hovem, 690 F.3d at 397. Other arguments we review for clear error. Boone,140 F.4th at 706
.
III.Discussion
A. The IDEA offers states federal funds to educate children in
exchange for providing those children with an appropriate education.
The IDEA offers states federal funds to educate disabled children.
Endrew F. ex rel. Joseph F. v. Douglas Cnty. Sch. Dist. RE-1, 580 U.S. 386, 390(2017) (citing20 U.S.C. § 1400
et seq.). In return, a state must provide disabled students with “a free appropriate public education.”Id.
(citing20 U.S.C. § 1412
(a)(1)). That includes “special education and related services” tailored to a child’s individual needs.Id.
The primary vehicle to ensure an appropriate education is an IEP.
Endrew F., 580 U.S. at 399. That is, a written plan prepared by the school district’s representative, “a teacher, the child’s parents . . . and when appropriate, the child.” Est. of Lance v. Lewisville Indep. Sch. Dist.,743 F.3d 982, 989
(5th Cir. 2014) (citation modified). The team must follow detailed
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procedures, which “require careful consideration of the child’s individual
circumstances.” Endrew F., 580 U.S. at 391.
An IEP must be “reasonably calculated to enable a child to make
progress appropriate in light of the child’s circumstances.” Endrew F., 580
U.S. at 399. We gauge this progress using the Michael F. factors.118 F.3d at 253
. Those are: whether “(1) the program is individualized [based on] the student’s assessment and performance; (2) [it] is administered in the least restrictive environment; (3) the services are provided in a coordinated and collaborative manner by the key stakeholders; and (4) [it demonstrates] . . . academic and non-academic benefits.”Id.
(citation modified). The fourth factor is “critical” because a child must be likely to progress, not regress or achieve “trivial educational advancement.” See Boone,140 F.4th at 707
(quoting Renee J.,913 F.3d at 529
).
B. Concluding that IM received an IDEA-appropriate education was
not clear error.
The School District challenges the district court’s conclusion that it
denied IM an IDEA-appropriate education. Because the district court found
for the School District on the second and third factors, it challenges only the
first and fourth. 1 Those are the program’s individualization and its benefits.
See Michael F., 118 F.3d at 253. After considering each, we conclude the
district applied the right legal principles, and did not clearly err in its factual
findings.
_____________________
1
The School District’s passing challenge to the hearing officer’s order that IM
must have an electronic communication device year-round was not raised below, so it is
forfeited. See Siplast, Inc. v. Emps. Mut. Cas. Co., 23 F.4th 486, 498 (5th Cir. 2022).
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1. The IEP was insufficiently individualized.
On the first factor, the district court found that the School District
failed to individualize the IEP sufficiently because the program neglected
IM’s toileting issues and “alarming” elopements. The School District
disagrees. Because it does not meaningfully argue that the district court
misapprehended the controlling principles, we review for clear error. See
Hovem, 690 F.3d at 39; Boone,140 F.4th at 708
.
From our review, we cannot conclude that the district court clearly
erred in finding that IM’s IEP was insufficiently individualized.
When a child’s behavior impedes their learning, the IEP team must
“consider [using] positive behavioral interventions and supports, and other
strategies, to address that behavior.” 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(3)(B)(i). Yet an IEP need not be perfect. E. R. ex rel. E. R. v. Spring Branch Indep. Sch. Dist.,909 F.3d 754, 769
(5th Cir. 2018). “[T]he question is [instead] whether the IEP is reasonable . . . .” Endrew F.,580 U.S. at 399
. It must only “aim to enable the child to make progress.” E. R.,909 F.3d at 769
(citation modified).
As the School District points out, IM’s IEP reflected myriad
behavioral interventions and supports to address elopement and
toileting—including a behavior intervention plan. For elopement, the IEP
offered strategies like an incentive system and a “stop sign” cue. For
toileting, it employed visual reinforcement to encourage IM to eliminate in
designated areas.
The School District claims this was enough. Granted, with these
interventions, IM’s elopements reduced, and his toileting improved. Over
second grade, his elopement diminished from 83% of school days to only 23%.
Yet after any break, IM regressed. When second grade began, he ran
away on 46% of school days. After spring break, he had two toileting incidents.
The IEP Team thus resolved that breaks caused IM to regress “in behavior
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and skills related to independence (i.e., toileting).” Indeed, the team
observed that he generally “has a documented history of regression caused
by the interruption of services.” So the team concluded that he would benefit
from extended ESY.
In short, the School District knew that IM regressed over breaks. And
it identified the solution: to extend the ESY program. The School District
thus extended the program by two weeks, and IM clearly benefited. In the
ESY program after third grade, he ran away on only 25% of days and had no
toileting incidents.
But even with the extra weeks, IM kept regressing. He had 20
toileting incidents in the first two months of fourth grade. Puzzlingly, the
School District stopped systematically tracking elopement—impeding
precise comparisons. Yet the string of incidents suggests severe regression.
In the first two weeks, IM ran away on more than 30% of days. He also ran
away from the bus several times. Most seriously, he escaped from school and
crossed a busy road. Save for the intervention of bystanders, he might have
been seriously injured or killed. Naturally, this incident and the bus escapes,
placed Bianca “in fear for her son’s life.”
This fourth-grade regression shows that the summer, six-week ESY
program did not fully address IM’s toileting-and-elopement regression. And
the School District did not offer ESY services during the other breaks, even
though those breaks caused regression too. Nevertheless, the district
maintained the ESY status quo, and limited IM’s access to six weeks.
These facts track our recent Boone decision neatly. There, we held that
when an IEP fails to adequately address elopement in an autistic child, it is
insufficiently individualized. See Boone, 140 F.4th at 708. The school district “had a behavior intervention plan in place . . . which addressed elopement.”Id.
But this did not adequately address this “major issue.”Id.
Even though
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the school district knew “the elopement accommodations [the student]
required, [it did not have a] plan to implement them.” Id.So the district court found the IEP insufficiently individualized.Id.
at 708–09. We affirmed.Id.
True, the School District here tried harder to address elopement than
the Boone district. But IM’s elopement posed a more serious threat. Boone
notes only one elopement, which was controlled at the student’s current
school. Id. at 704–05. By contrast, IM’s elopements posed a present, grave
danger. “When [IM] elopes, he is unconcerned with his safety and is likely
to cross streets without awareness of traffic . . . [and] [h]e does not take his
[communication device] when he elopes.” This danger required more from
the School District.
Overall, even though the School District implemented behavioral
strategies, IM’s breaks from school frustrated their benefit. The district
knew the summer ESY program improved toileting and elopement, and
admitted it was too short. It refused to offer full-summer services even so.
Weighing this evidence, the district court found the IEP insufficiently
individualized. We see no clear error.
2. IM’s behavioral regression outweighed the IEP’s academic benefits.
On the fourth Michael F. factor, the district court found that even
though IM progressed academically, he did not adequately progress toward
nonacademic goals. The School District counters that the district court could
not have found against it on the fourth factor, while finding that IM received
both academic and nonacademic benefits.
We read the School District as asserting two errors. That the district
court engaged in “disability remediation in disguise.” And that the district
court erred when it did not accord IM’s academic benefits enough weight.
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i. The district court did not improperly focus on disability remediation.
The School District claims that the district court focused solely on
disability remediation. Because this challenges the legal principles the district
court relied on, we review de novo. See Hovem, 690 F.3d at 397.
At its core, an IEP is “a plan for pursuing academic and functional
advancement.” Endrew F., 580 U.S. at 399. So the fourth, and critical, Michael F. factor asks whether “the child received positive academic and non-academic benefits.” A.A. ex. rel. K.K. v. Northside Indep. Sch. Dist.,951 F.3d 678
, 691 (5th Cir. 2020) (emphasis added). The analysis must be “holistic.” See Hovem,690 F.3d at 399
. Hence defining the educational benefit “exclusively or even primarily in terms of correcting the child’s disability” is error.Id. at 397
. That is pure “disability remediation.”Id. at 399
. Even so, “remediation may often be part of an IEP.”Id. at 397
. Take behavioral modification, for example, which is a “strategy that may remediate . . . while also being necessary to confer educational benefits.”Id.
Applying these principles, we reversed a district court that focused on
remediation alone. Id. at 399. In Hovem, the disabled child (Per) was a “high[ly] intelligen[t]” high-school student in regular classes, but he had attention deficit disorder and difficulty writing.Id. at 392
. In most subjects, Per performed acceptably, but in English, he struggled.Id.
So his school granted accommodations to improve his writing but denied greater accommodations.Id. at 393
. Still, he functioned well enough to graduate and go to college.Id.
at 399–400.
The district court found that Per’s school had denied him an IDEA-
appropriate education because he received “no academic benefit tailored to
his disability.” Id.at 396–97 (citation modified). We reversed.Id. at 400
.
When a disabled child attends a regular classroom, an IEP must “be
reasonably calculated to enable [them] to achieve passing marks and advance
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from grade to grade.” Id.at 397 (quoting Bd. of Educ. v. Rowley,458 U.S. 176, 204
(1982)). In other words, “the system itself confirms the . . . educational
benefit.” Id. at 399 (citation modified). Hence the Hovem district court erred
when it focused on lack of progress in one domain (writing), while
discounting Per’s successful graduation. Id. at 397–400.
The School District reasons from Hovem that the district court
focused only on remediating IM’s disability. For two reasons, we disagree.
First, Hovem is distinguishable on its own terms. That panel carefully
differentiated Per’s IEP from one “where [the child] regressed educationally
or could not measure up to ordinary grade-level standards.” See Hovem, 690
F.3d at 399. Those children require a different approach.Id.
When a child cannot fully be integrated into the regular classroom and cannot achieve at grade level, a court must consider all their circumstances and ensure that their IEP is still “appropriately ambitious.” Endrew F.,580 U.S. at 402
. After all, “every child should have the chance to meet challenging objectives.”Id.
When the hearing officer issued his decision, IM was a fourth grader
academically functioning at a kindergarten level. This required the district
court to look beyond traditional achievement. See Endrew F., 580 U.S. at 402.
It did so, addressing a different issue than Hovem.
Second, the district court did not focus solely on disability
remediation. Instead, it carefully weighed IM’s progress in different
domains. It recognized IM’s “clear academic progress.” But it also found
“the record . . . replete with instances where [IM] experienced documented
regression after school breaks, especially [with] elopement and toileting.”
The district court thus found that IM’s behavioral regression outweighed his
academic progress.
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So the district court did not, in fact, focus on remediation, or any other
consideration, to the exclusion of others. Instead, it conducted the holistic
analysis that Hovem prescribes—no error. See Hovem, 690 F.3d at 399. The
School District’s mischaracterization of the district court order adds little.
ii. The district court did not misweigh the IEP’s benefits.
The School District next argues that the district court erred when it
found “academic and non-academic benefits . . . in the summer [after] the
disputed ESY” yet ruled against it on the fourth factor. We review a finding
whether a student obtained an educational benefit for clear error. Boone, 140
F.4th at 706.
The School District relies on Hovem’s holding that academic benefit
clearly “militates in favor of a finding that an IEP is appropriate.” Hovem,
690 F.3d at 399(quoting Adam J. ex rel. Robert J. v. Keller Indep. Sch. Dist.,328 F.3d 804, 810
(5th Cir. 2003)). But it miscites Hovem to say that
“‘academic benefit’ alone ‘clearly’ militates” in favor of an appropriate IEP.
(emphasis added). This assuredly departs from Hovem and Adam J. Indeed,
the statement suggests that academic benefit can overwhelm nonacademic
factors.
Quite the contrary. An IEP review must be “fact-intensive,
individualized, [and] holistic.” H.W. ex rel. Jennie W. v. Comal Indep. Sch.
Dist., 32 F.4th 454, 468(5th Cir. 2022) (collecting cases). To be sure, progress toward academic goals aids this review.Id.
at 468–69. “[B]ut no one factor can overwhelm it.”Id. at 469
. So academic progress militates 2 in favor of the fourth factor, but it does not predominate. Seeid.
_____________________
2
Militate: “to have weight or effect.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate
Dictionary (11th ed. 2020).
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Nor has the School District persuaded us to rely on Lathrop R-II School
District v. Gray, 611 F.3d 419 (8th Cir. 2010). We are cautious to rely on Gray
for two reasons:
First, the Eighth Circuit applies a different standard. We use the
Michael F. factors. 118 F.3d at 253. But Gray relied on an Eighth Circuit standard that “even if ‘more positive behavior interventions could have been employed, that fact is largely irrelevant’ [if] the school district made ‘a good faith effort’ to help the student achieve . . . educational goals.” Gray,611 F.3d at 426
(quoting CJN v. Minneapolis Pub. Schs.,323 F.3d 630
, 639 (8th
Cir. 2003)). Our court views educational benefit differently. 3
Second, Gray is distinguishable. There, the student’s behaviors were
disruptive, whereas IM endangered himself. In Gray, the child would bite his
finger, have loud outbursts, and sometimes exhibit sexual behaviors like
touching his penis. 611 F.3d at 422. This impeded his learning of course.Id. at 426
. But not nearly so much as IM, who had more than 20 toileting
incidents at the start of fourth grade. And IM’s elopements placed him in
danger—as best evidenced by his 30-minute escape across busy road. The
seriousness of IM’s behaviors required a greater response from the School
District than the behaviors in Gray required.
While the School District cautions us against disability remediation, it
asks us to narrow IEP review to another single criterion (academic benefit)
in the next breath. That approach contradicts our precedent and the
requirement that an IEP be “reasonably calculated to enable a child to make
_____________________
3
Although we quoted the Eighth Circuit’s “good faith” test in a footnote to an
unpublished opinion, that is hardly enough to make it the law of this circuit. See B. S. ex rel.
Justin S. v. Waxahachie Indep. Sch. Dist., No. 22-10443, 2023 WL 2609320, at *8 n.36 (5th Cir. Mar. 23, 2023) (quoting M.M. v. Dist. 0001 Lancaster Cnty. Sch.,702 F.3d 479, 487
(8th Cir. 2012)).
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progress appropriate in light of the child’s circumstances.” See Endrew F.,
580 U.S. at 399. The district court inquired holistically into the IEP’s
academic and nonacademic benefits—as it ought to have done.
The School District objects even so, maintaining that the district court
could not find against it on the fourth factor while observing that IM made
educational progress. Just as with the first factor, we see no clear error.
The record assuredly reflects that the School District made
considerable effort with IM—both academically and nonacademically.
Academically, the district court found that the IEP reflected “clear academic
progress.” Indeed, IM “appropriately progress[ed], and even master[ed]”
some of his third-grade goals.
But the district court found that IM’s failure to make “adequate[]”
nonacademic progress outweighed his academic progress. Most importantly,
it noted the many times when IM regressed after school breaks with toileting
and elopement. As we discuss above, the record bears this out. IM regressed
with toileting, and his elopement grew more frequent (and more dangerous)
after every break. The School District knew that the interruption of services
caused this regression.
The School District counters that IM’s behavior intervention plan
guaranteed him an appropriate education. The district court and the hearing
officer took a different view. We do not disturb their finding.
For one thing, the record reflects that the behavioral interventions
were not working. Even though the School District implemented strategies
for toileting and elopement over several years, IM regressed nevertheless.
His worst period was in fourth grade when he had his most dangerous
elopement yet. Although the School District provided minor behavioral
interventions, his regression on toileting and elopement shows that more was
needed.
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For another, we review for clear error. That means that the School
District must go further than “posit[] a dueling view of the evidence.” Boone,
582 F.3d at 712. At best, the School District asks us to adopt its view of the
evidence over that of the hearing officer and the district court. On clear error
review, we cannot. See id.
Ultimately, this record is unique—like many IEP cases. The School
District made a laudable effort to ensure that IM progressed academically.
The district court never doubted that. But IM’s behavioral issues were
uniquely severe. The elopement particularly so, because it threatened IM’s
safety—a serious impediment to his education by any measure. These severe
deficits placed great responsibility on the School District to employ the most
effective strategies. Because the School District failed to employ a strategy—
known to be effective—to ameliorate IM’s regression, the district court and
the hearing officer found that the regression outweighed the School District’s
efforts. We are not left with a firm conviction that they were wrong.
IV.Conclusion
After considering the two contested Michael F. factors, we conclude
that the district court applied the right principles, and its findings were not
clear error. We thus AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.
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