Singh v. City of Greenville, MS

Case: 24-60644 Document: 54-1 Page: 1 Date Filed: 01/16/2026

United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

____________

FILED January 16, 2026

No. 24-60644

____________ Lyle W. Cayce

Clerk Surjit Singh; Santokh Singh; Satvinder Kaur,

Plaintiffs—Appellants, versus

The City of Greenville, Mississippi; Martavis Moore, Police Officer for City of Greenville, Mississippi; Carl Nichols, Chief Fire Marshal for City of Greenville, Mississippi,

Defendants—Appellees.

______________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi

USDC No. 4:22-CV-195 ______________________________

Before Jones, Duncan, and Douglas, Circuit Judges.

Per Curiam: *

We have reviewed the briefs, district court opinion, and pertinent portions of the record and find no reversible error.

One of the plaintiff-appellants’ contentions merits further discussion. The Singhs make much of the fact that the district court referenced Villareal Case: 24-60644 Document: 54-1 Page: 2 Date Filed: 01/16/2026

No. 24-60644 v. City of Laredo, 94 F.4th 374, 398 (5th Cir. 2024) (en banc), cert. granted, judgment vacated, and remanded, Villareal v. Alaniz, 145 S. Ct. 368 (2024), which the Supreme Court has since vacated. Regardless of the Supreme Court’s decision, the district court reached the correct result. The Supreme Court in Villareal remanded to this court with instructions to reconsider the case in the light of Gonzalez v. Trevino, 602 U.S. 653, 658, 144 S. Ct. 1663, 1667 (2024). Gonzalez determined that where, as here, plaintiffs must present comparator evidence about the treatment of similarly situated people, they need not show examples of people in “virtually identical” circumstances who received different treatment. Gonzalez, 602 U.S. at 658, 144 S. Ct. at 1667. But while Gonzalez lowered the bar for the type of comparator evidence plaintiffs must present, it did not eliminate the requirement altogether. Because the Singhs do not point to any evidence of unequal treatment, they fail to satisfy even the less stringent standard established by Villareal and Gonzalez. 1 The district court’s conclusion that the Singhs’ claim fails because they “ha[ve] not provided one example of another individual who was treated differently than them” remains valid in the wake of the Supreme Court’s decision.

Moreover, even if the district court reached the incorrect conclusion about the strength of the plaintiffs’ comparator evidence, qualified immunity Case: 24-60644 Document: 54-1 Page: 3 Date Filed: 01/16/2026

No. 24-60644 shields the individual defendants and the absence of a pattern or practice giving rise to a violation prevents municipal liability.

Finding no reversible error, we AFFIRM.