United States v. Rapanos
United States v. Rapanos
Opinion
5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21 8QLWHG6WDWHVY5DSDQRV 1RV 3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH
(/(&7521,& &,7$7,21 )(' $SS 3 WK &LU )LOH 1DPH DS
VRPH UHOHYDQW IDFWV ZH DJUHH ZLWK WKH GLVWULFW FRXUWjV DSSOLFDWLRQ RI ODZ WR IDFW DQG FRQFOXGH WKDW LWV UHIXVDO WR 81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6 HQKDQFH5DSDQRVjVVHQWHQFHIRUREVWUXFWLRQRIMXVWLFHZDVQRW DQHUURU )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ,,, :H WKHUHIRUH 5(0$1' IRU UHVHQWHQFLQJ ZLWK WKH IROORZLQJVSHFLILFLQVWUXFWLRQV WKHVHQWHQFHFDOFXODWLRQIRXQG 81,7(' 67$7(6 2) $0(5,&$ ; DW SDJHV RI WKH GLVWULFW FRXUWjV $SULO 3ODLQWLII$SSHOOHH PHPRUDQGXPDQGRUGHULVFRUUHFWH[FHSWIRUWKHWZROHYHO &URVV$SSHOODQW UHGXFWLRQIRUDFFHSWDQFHRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\7KHWZRRQHOHYHO 1RV GHFUHDVHVJUDQWHGRUDOO\WKDWGRQRWDSSHDULQWKHVHQWHQFLQJ PHPRUDQGXP ZHUH HUURU DQG VKRXOG QRW EH LQFOXGHG LQ Y ! 5DSDQRVjVVHQWHQFHRQUHPDQG:HWKHUHIRUHDIILUPDWRWDO RIIHQVHOHYHORI:HDOVR$)),505DSDQRVjVFRQYLFWLRQ s2+1 $ 5$3$126 DQG$)),50WKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVGHQLDORIKLV PRWLRQIRU 'HIHQGDQW$SSHOODQW QHZWULDO &URVV$SSHOOHH 1 $SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW IRUWKH(DVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI0LFKLJDQDW%D\&LW\ 1R n/DZUHQFH3=DWNRII&KLHI'LVWULFWsXGJH $UJXHG 2FWREHU 'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG 'HFHPEHU %HIRUH 0$57,1&KLHIsXGJH 1255,6&LUFXLWsXGJH )25(67(5'LVWULFWsXGJH
7KH +RQRUDEOH .DUO 6 )RUHVWHU 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 'LVWULFW sXGJH IRU WKH (DVWHUQ 'LVWULFW RI .HQWXFN\ VLWWLQJ E\ GHVLJQDWLRQ
8QLWHG6WDWHVY5DSDQRV 1RV 1RV 8QLWHG6WDWHVY5DSDQRV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB GHVLVWRUGHUVIURPERWKWKH0LFKLJDQ'HSDUWPHQWRI1DWXUDO 5HVRXUFHVDQGWKH(QYLURQPHQWDO3URWHFWLRQ$JHQF\QHYHU &2816(/ FRPSOHWHG D SHUPLW DSSOLFDWLRQ DQG UHIXVHG WR SURYLGH UHTXHVWHG ILQDQFLDO LQIRUPDWLRQ WR WKH SUREDWLRQ RIILFHU $5*8(' 7KRPDV 9 :LOKHOP %ORRPILHOG +LOOV FRQGXFWLQJWKHSUHVHQWHQFHUHSRUW 0LFKLJDQ IRU $SSHOODQW sHQQLIHU s 3HUHJRUG 81,7(' 67$7(6 $77251(< 'HWURLW 0LFKLJDQ IRU $SSHOOHH )XUWKHUPRUH $SSOLFDWLRQ 1RWH RI WKH &RPPHQWDU\ WR 21 %5,() 7KRPDV 9 :LOKHOP %ORRPILHOG +LOOV ( OLVWV HLJKW DSSURSULDWH FRQVLGHUDWLRQV IRU 0LFKLJDQ IRU $SSHOODQW sHQQLIHU s 3HUHJRUG 81,7(' GHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUDGHIHQGDQWTXDOLILHVIRUDQDFFHSWDQFH 67$7(6$77251(<'HWURLW0LFKLJDQIRU$SSHOOHH RIUHVSRQVLELOLW\GHFUHDVH5DSDQRVKDVPHWQRQHRIWKHVH HLJKWIDFWRUV6LPSO\EHFDXVH5DSDQRVSXWWKHJRYHUQPHQWWR BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB LWVEXUGHQRISURRIRQWKHDSSOLFDELOLW\RIWKHVWDWXWHWRKLV FRQGXFWUDWKHUWKDQRQWKHIDFWVWKHPVHOYHVGRHVQRWPHDQKH 23,1,21 DXWRPDWLFDOO\ UHFHLYHV DQ DFFHSWDQFH RI UHVSRQVLELOLW\ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB UHGXFWLRQm7RTXDOLI\IRUWKLVUHGXFWLRQWKHGHIHQGDQWEHDUV %2<&()0$57,1s5&KLHIsXGJHsRKQ$5DSDQRV WKHEXUGHQRIVKRZLQJE\DSUHSRQGHUDQFHRIWKHHYLGHQFH DSSHDOVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVGHQLDORIKLV PRWLRQIRUQHZ WKDW KH KDV DFFHSWHG UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU WKH FULPH WULDO DV ZHOO DV KLV FRQYLFWLRQ IRU ILOOLQJ ZHWODQGV LQ FRPPLWWHGl:LOOLDPV )GDW5DSDQRVFLWHVQR YLRODWLRQRI86& D 7KH8QLWHG6WDWHVFURVV H[DPSOHVRIKLVDFFHSWDQFHRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\DQGQHLWKHUGRHV DSSHDOV5DSDQRVjVVHQWHQFHRIWKUHH\HDUVjSUREDWLRQDQGD WKHGLVWULFWFRXUW%HFDXVHRIWKHODFNRISURRIWKDW5DSDQRV ILQHDQGDVVHVVPHQW)RUWKHIROORZLQJUHDVRQVZH mFOHDUO\ GHPRQVWUDWH>G@ DFFHSWDQFH RI UHVSRQVLELOLW\l WKH $)),50WKHGHQLDORI5DSDQRVjV PRWLRQIRUQHZWULDO GLVWULFW FRXUWjV JUDQW RI DQ DFFHSWDQFH RI UHVSRQVLELOLW\ $)),50 KLV FRQYLFWLRQ DQG 5(0$1' ZLWK VSHFLILF VHQWHQFHUHGXFWLRQFRQVWLWXWHGFOHDUHUURU LQVWUXFWLRQVIRUUHVHQWHQFLQJ & , 2Q FURVVDSSHDO WKH JRYHUQPHQW DUJXHV WKDW 5DSDQRV 7KHIDFWVRIWKLVFDVHZHUHVHWIRUWKLQGHWDLOE\WKLV&RXUW VKRXOGKDYHUHFHLYHGDWZROHYHOHQKDQFHPHQWIRUREVWUXFWLRQ LQ8QLWHG6WDWHVY5DSDQRV)G WK&LU RIMXVWLFHXQGHU&RIWKHJXLGHOLQHV2XUVWDQGDUGIRU DQGQHHGQRWEHUHVWDWHGKHUH2QDSSHDO5DSDQRVFKDOOHQJHV UHYLHZLQJDGLVWULFWFRXUWjVDSSOLFDWLRQRI&LVVHWIRUWK KLV FRQYLFWLRQ FODLPLQJ HUURUV LQ WKH MXU\ LQVWUXFWLRQV LQ8QLWHG6WDWHVY0F'RQDOG)G WK&LU SURVHFXWRULDOPLVFRQGXFWDQGLQVXIILFLHQF\RIWKHHYLGHQFH :H DSSO\ WKH IROORZLQJ WKUHHVWHS UHYLHZ ZH UHYLHZ D 5DSDQRVDOVRDSSHDOVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVGHQLDORIKLV GLVWULFW FRXUWjV ILQGLQJV RI IDFW XQGHU D FOHDUO\ HUURQHRXV PRWLRQIRUQHZWULDO:HKDYHUHYLHZHGHDFKRIWKHVHFODLPV VWDQGDUG EHFDXVHLWLVDPL[HGTXHVWLRQRIODZDQGIDFWZH DQGILQGWKDWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWGLGQRWHUU UHYLHZGHQRYRDGLVWULFWFRXUWjVGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIZKHWKHUWKH IDFWVFRQVWLWXWHDQREVWUXFWLRQRIMXVWLFH DQG LIREVWUXFWLRQ RIMXVWLFHLVIRXQGWKHHQKDQFHPHQWPXVWEHDSSOLHG,GDW :HKDYHUHYLHZHGWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVILQGLQJVRIIDFW DQGILQGQRFOHDUHUURU%HFDXVHWKHUHFRUGZDVXQFOHDURQ 8QLWHG6WDWHVY5DSDQRV 1RV 1RV 8QLWHG6WDWHVY5DSDQRV
GHSDUWXUHIURPWKHJXLGHOLQHVVWDWHVm>'@LVVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWK ,, WKHDYDLODEOHVHQWHQFLQJUDQJHRUDSUHIHUHQFHIRUDGLIIHUHQW VHQWHQFH WKDQ WKDW DXWKRUL]HG E\ WKH JXLGHOLQHV LV QRW DQ 7KH JRYHUQPHQW DSSHDOV 5DSDQRVjV VHQWHQFH RQ WKUHH DSSURSULDWH EDVLV IRU D VHQWHQFH RXWVLGH WKH DSSOLFDEOH JURXQGV WKDWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWLPSURSHUO\JUDQWHG5DSDQRV JXLGHOLQH UDQJHl :KLOH ZH DIILUP WKH WZR WZROHYHO WZRRQHOHYHOGRZQZDUGGHSDUWXUHV WKDWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW GRZQZDUGGHSDUWXUHVXQGHU$SSOLFDWLRQ1RWHVDQGWKH LPSURSHUO\ JUDQWHG 5DSDQRV D WZROHYHO GHFUHDVH IRU GLVWULFWFRXUWjVJUDQWRIWZRDGGLWLRQDORQHOHYHOGRZQZDUG DFFHSWDQFH RI UHVSRQVLELOLW\ DQG WKDW WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW GHSDUWXUHVLQWKLVFDVHZDVDQDEXVHRIGLVFUHWLRQ HUUHGLQQRWHQKDQFLQJ5DSDQRVjVVHQWHQFHIRUREVWUXFWLRQRI MXVWLFH:HFRQFOXGHWKDWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWHUUHGLQJUDQWLQJ % 5DSDQRVWZRRQHOHYHOGRZQZDUGGHSDUWXUHVDQGDWZROHYHO GHFUHDVHIRUDFFHSWDQFHRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\7KHGLVWULFWFRXUW 7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW DOVR JUDQWHG 5DSDQRV D WZROHYHO GLG QRW HUU LQ QRW HQKDQFLQJ 5DSDQRVjV VHQWHQFH IRU DFFHSWDQFHRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\GHFUHDVHSXUVXDQWWRDQH[FHSWLRQ REVWUXFWLRQRIMXVWLFH WR(IRXQGLQ$SSOLFDWLRQ1RWHRIWKH&RPPHQWDU\ m,Q UDUH VLWXDWLRQV D GHIHQGDQW PD\ FOHDUO\ GHPRQVWUDWH DQ $ DFFHSWDQFH RI UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU KLV FULPLQDO FRQGXFW HYHQ WKRXJKKHH[HUFLVHVKLVFRQVWLWXWLRQDOULJKWWRDWULDO7KLV 7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWJUDQWHG5DSDQRVDWZROHYHOGRZQZDUG PD\RFFXUIRUH[DPSOHZKHUHDGHIHQGDQWJRHVWRWULDOWR GHSDUWXUH XQGHU 4 E $ RI WKH 86 6HQWHQFLQJ DVVHUWDQGSUHVHUYHLVVXHVWKDWGRQRWUHODWHWRIDFWXDOJXLOWl *XLGHOLQHV 0DQXDO ZKLFK DGGUHVVHV mDQ RQJRLQJ 7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW MXVWLILHG LWV GHFUHDVH LQ LWV VHQWHQFLQJ FRQWLQXRXVRUUHSHWLWLYHGLVFKDUJHUHOHDVHRUHPLVVLRQRID PHPR m$OWKRXJKWKH'HIHQGDQWSXWWKH*RYHUQPHQWWRLWV SROOXWDQW LQWR WKH HQYLURQPHQWl 7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW DOVR EXUGHQ RI SURRI DW WULDO LW ZDV QRW EHFDXVH KH GHQLHG WKH JUDQWHGDWZROHYHOGRZQZDUGGHSDUWXUHXQGHU4 E IDFWXDOHOHPHQWRIKLVJXLOWLHDOWHULQJWKHODQGEXWUDWKHU ZKLFKLQYROYHVGLVFKDUJHVmZLWKRXWDSHUPLWRULQYLRODWLRQRI KHFKDOOHQJHGZKHWKHUWKHODQGTXDOLILHVDVZHWODQGVLHWKH DSHUPLWl7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWZHQWEH\RQGWKHVHWZRWZROHYHO DSSOLFDELOLW\RIWKHVWDWXWHWRKLVFRQGXFWl$GLVWULFWFRXUWjV GRZQZDUG GHSDUWXUHV DQG DGGHG D VHSDUDWH RQHOHYHO GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI ZKHWKHU D GHIHQGDQW KDV DFFHSWHG GRZQZDUGGHSDUWXUHXQGHUHDFKSURYLVLRQUHDVRQLQJ UHVSRQVLELOLW\LVDIDFWXDOPDWWHUDQGZHZLOOQRWGLVWXUELW XQOHVVLWLVFOHDUO\HUURQHRXV8QLWHG6WDWHVY:LOOLDPV >7@KHVHJXLGHOLQHVDUHJHDUHGWRZDUGWKHGLVFKDUJHRI )G WK&LU KDUPIXOSROOXWDQWVWKDWUHVXOWLQDFWXDOFRQWDPLQDWLRQ,Q WKLV FDVH WKH SROOXWDQW LQ TXRWHV ZDV VDQG WKDW ZDV :KLOH5DSDQRVGLGSULPDULO\FKDOOHQJHWKHDSSOLFDELOLW\RI PRYHGIURPRQHHQGRIDSLHFHRISURSHUW\RZQHGE\WKH WKHVWDWXWHWRKLVFRQGXFW$SSOLFDWLRQ1RWHJRHVRQWRVWDWH GHIHQGDQWWRDQRWKHUHQGRIWKHSURSHUW\RZQHGE\WKH m,Q HDFK VXFK LQVWDQFH KRZHYHU D GHWHUPLQDWLRQ WKDW D GHIHQGDQW,WZDVQRWDQ\WR[LFGLVFKDUJHWKHUHZHUHQR GHIHQGDQWKDVDFFHSWHGUHVSRQVLELOLW\ZLOOEHEDVHGSULPDULO\ SHVWLFLGHVQRQXFOHDUPDWHULDOQRVHZDJHQRSDLQWOHDG XSRQSUHWULDOVWDWHPHQWVDQGFRQGXFWl5DSDQRVjVVWDWHPHQWV RU RWKHU KDUPIXO WKLQJV MXVW VDQG DQG VRLO WKDW ZDV DQG FRQGXFW EHIRUH WULDO FHUWDLQO\ GLG QRW mFOHDUO\ DOUHDG\RQWKLVSULYDWHSURSHUW\ GHPRQVWUDWH>@ DFFHSWDQFH RI UHVSRQVLELOLW\l )RU H[DPSOH 5DSDQRVILUHGDFRQVXOWDQWDIWHUWKHFRQVXOWDQWIRXQGQHDUO\ ILIW\ DFUHV RI ZHWODQGV RQ WKH SURSHUW\ LJQRUHG FHDVH DQG 8QLWHG6WDWHVY5DSDQRV 1RV 1RV 8QLWHG6WDWHVY5DSDQRV
,QDGGLWLRQWKH&RXUWILQGVWKDWWKHUHZDVOLWWOHKDUPRU GHSDUWXUHFDPHIURP$SSOLFDWLRQ1RWHZKLFKDOVRJUDQWVD ULVN,WjVQRWOLNH\RXjUHILOOLQJDIORZLQJULYHURUVWUHDP WZROHYHOGHSDUWXUHLQHLWKHUGLUHFWLRQm>G@HSHQGLQJXSRQWKH ZLWKFRQWDPLQDQWVRUSRLVRQ QDWXUH DQG TXDQWLW\ RI WKH VXEVWDQFH LQYROYHG DQG WKH ULVN DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH RIIHQVHl 7KH GLVWULFW FRXUWjV VWDWHG :H UHYLHZ D GLVWULFW FRXUWjV GHFLVLRQ WR GHSDUW IURP WKH FRQFHUQV DERXW WKH W\SH RI SROOXWDQW DQG WKH ULVN LQYROYHG 6HQWHQFLQJ*XLGHOLQHVIRUDQDEXVHRIGLVFUHWLRQ6HH.RRQ ZHUH WKXV FRQVLGHUHG LQ WKUHH GLIIHUHQW SURYLVLRQV RI WKH Y8QLWHG6WDWHV86 $FFRUGLQJWR JXLGHOLQHV DOO RI ZKLFK WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW DSSOLHG EHIRUH 86& E DVHQWHQFLQJFRXUWVKRXOGLPSRVHD JUDQWLQJWKHDGGLWLRQDOGRZQZDUGGHSDUWXUHV VHQWHQFHSUHVFULEHGE\WKHJXLGHOLQHVmXQOHVVWKHFRXUWILQGV WKDWWKHUHH[LVWVDQDJJUDYDWLQJRUPLWLJDWLQJFLUFXPVWDQFHRI 7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWSURYLGHGQRLQGLFDWLRQRIDQ\IDFWRUVWKDW DNLQGRUWRDGHJUHHQRWDGHTXDWHO\WDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ ZRXOG FDUU\ WKLV FDVH RXWVLGH WKH mKHDUWODQGl RI E\WKH6HQWHQFLQJ&RPPLVVLRQLQIRUPXODWLQJWKHJXLGHOLQHV HQYLURQPHQWDOFULPHVQRWLQYROYLQJWR[LFVKD]DUGRXVZDVWHV WKDWVKRXOGUHVXOWLQDVHQWHQFHGLIIHUHQWIURPWKDWGHVFULEHGl RUSHVWLFLGHV,QIDFWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVGRZQZDUGGHSDUWXUH $ GLVWULFW FRXUW DEXVHV LWV GLVFUHWLRQ ZKHQ LW WDNHV LQWR VHHPHGEDVHGSULPDULO\RQDIXQGDPHQWDOGLVDJUHHPHQWZLWK DFFRXQWDIDFWRUDOUHDG\FRQVLGHUHGE\WKH&RPPLVVLRQLQWKH WKH VHQWHQFLQJ JXLGHOLQHV SHUWDLQLQJ WR HQYLURQPHQWDO JXLGHOLQHV 6HH .RRQ 86 DW ,I D IDFWRU LV QRW FULPLQDOVDVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWPDGHFOHDULQDQQRXQFLQJLWV PHQWLRQHGLQWKHJXLGHOLQHVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWVKRXOGFRQVLGHU ILQDOGHFLVLRQWKDW5DSDQRVZRXOGUHFHLYHQRMDLOWLPH mZKHWKHULWLVVXIILFLHQWWRWDNHWKHFDVHRXWRIWKHJXLGHOLQHjV KHDUWODQGl,GDW 7KH&RPPLVVLRQKDVVWDWHGWKDWmVXFK ,GRQjWNQRZLILWjVMXVWDFRLQFLGHQFHWKDWWKHFDVHWKDW FDVHVZLOOEHKLJKO\LQIUHTXHQWl866HQWHQFLQJ*XLGHOLQHV , MXVW VHQWHQFHG SULRU WR WKLV FDVH KDV FRPH LQWR WKLV 0DQXDOFKSW$S FRXUW WKDW ZDV WKH FDVH RI 0U *RQ]DOH] ZKR ZDV D SHUVRQVHOOLQJGRSHRQWKHVWUHHWVRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV ,QWKHSUHVHQWFDVHWKHIDFWRUVUHOLHGXSRQE\WKHGLVWULFW +HLVDQLOOHJDOSHUVRQKHUH+Hj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mRWKHU SD\VIRULWZLWKKLVRZQPRQH\DQGKHPRYHVVRPHVDQG HQYLURQPHQWDO SROOXWDQWVl DQG XQGHU ZKLFK 5DSDQRV ZDV IURPRQHHQGWRWKHRWKHUDQGJRYHUQPHQWZDQWVPHWR VHQWHQFHG%RWKRIWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVWZROHYHOGRZQZDUG JLYHKLPVL[W\WKUHHPRQWKVLQSULVRQ1RZLIWKDWLVQjW GHSDUWXUHVDOVRFRQVLGHUHGWKHQDWXUHRIWKHSROOXWDQWDQGWKH RXUV\VWHPJRQHFUD]\,GRQjWNQRZZKDWLV$QG,DP ULVN LQYROYHG 7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW JUDQWHG D WZROHYHO QRWJRLQJWRGRLW GRZQZDUG GHSDUWXUH XQGHU $SSOLFDWLRQ 1RWH ZKLFK SURYLGHV IRU D WZROHYHO GHSDUWXUH LQ HLWKHU GLUHFWLRQ $ IXQGDPHQWDO GLVDJUHHPHQW ZLWK WKH ODZ DQG DQ m>G@HSHQGLQJXSRQWKHKDUPUHVXOWLQJIURPWKHGLVFKDUJH LQDSSURSULDWHFRPSDULVRQWRDZKROO\XQUHODWHGFDVHDUHQRW WKH TXDQWLW\ DQG QDWXUH RI WKH VXEVWDQFH RU SROOXWDQW WKH SHUPLVVLEOH IDFWRUV WR FRQVLGHU LQ JUDQWLQJ GRZQZDUG GXUDWLRQ RI WKH RIIHQVH DQG WKH ULVN DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH GHSDUWXUHV QRW SURYLGHG IRU E\ WKH JXLGHOLQHV 7KH YLRODWLRQl7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVVHFRQGWZROHYHOGRZQZDUG &RPPHQWDU\ WR . ZKLFK DGGUHVVHV JURXQGV IRU
Reference
- Status
- Published