United States v. Campbell
United States v. Campbell
Opinion
5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21 3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH
(/(&7521,& &,7$7,21 )(' $SS 3 WK &LU )LOH 1DPH DS
81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6 )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
81,7(' 67$7(6 2) $0(5,&$ ; 3ODLQWLII$SSHOOHH 1R Y ! s(66( &$03%(// 'HIHQGDQW$SSHOODQW 1 $SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW IRUWKH:HVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI.HQWXFN\DW/RXLVYLOOH 1R n&KDUOHV56LPSVRQ,,, &KLHI'LVWULFWsXGJH 6XEPLWWHG 0D\ 'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG $XJXVW %HIRUH 6,/(5DQG*,/0$1&LUFXLWsXGJHV '8**$1 'LVWULFWsXGJH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB &2816(/ 21 %5,() sHQQLIHU s +DOO /RXLVYLOOH .HQWXFN\ IRU $SSHOODQW sDPHV $ (DUKDUW 7HUU\ 0 &XVKLQJ
7KH +RQRUDEOH 3DWULFN s 'XJJDQ 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 'LVWULFW sXGJH IRU WKH (DVWHUQ 'LVWULFW RI 0LFKLJDQ VLWWLQJ E\ GHVLJQDWLRQ
8QLWHG6WDWHVY&DPSEHOO 1R 1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY&DPSEHOO
$66,67$1781,7('67$7(6$77251(<6/RXLVYLOOH FRXOGKDYHHQWHUHGWKHEXLOGLQJXQGHUWKHVHDUFKZDUUDQWWKH\ .HQWXFN\IRU$SSHOOHH KDGREWDLQHGLQRUGHUWRSUHYHQWWKHGHVWUXFWLRQRIHYLGHQFH +RZHYHUWKHSDFNDJHZDVXQH[SHFWHGO\PRYHGWRDQRWKHU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ORFDWLRQZKHUHLWZDVRSHQHGEHIRUHWKHRIILFHUVFRXOGREWDLQ DVHDUFKZDUUDQW7KHRIILFHUVLQWKLVFDVHSOD\HGDEVROXWHO\ 23,1,21 QRUROHLQ&DPSEHOOjVUHORFDWLRQRIWKHSDFNDJHWKHSUHVHQFH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB RI WKH PDUNHG SROLFH FDU LQ IURQW RI &DPSEHOOjV UHVLGHQFH ZKHQ KH DUULYHG WKHUH ZLWK WKH SDFNDJH RU WKH SUDFWLFDO 3$75,&. s '8**$1 'LVWULFW sXGJH 'HIHQGDQW LPSRVVLELOLW\ RIREWDLQLQJDVHDUFKZDUUDQWIRU&DPSEHOOjV $SSHOODQW sHVVH &DPSEHOO m&DPSEHOOl ZDV LQGLFWHG DQG UHVLGHQFHSULRUWRWKHFRQWUROOHGGHOLYHU\ FKDUJHGZLWKRQHFRXQWRISRVVHVVLQJPHWKDPSKHWDPLQHZLWK LQWHQWWRGLVWULEXWHLQYLRODWLRQRI86& D DQG $FFRUGLQJO\ZHFRQFOXGHWKDWWKHSROLFHRIILFHUVGLGQRW 86& DQG RQH FRXQW RI DWWHPSWLQJ WR SRVVHVV mFUHDWHlWKHH[LJHQWFLUFXPVWDQFHVLQWKLVFDVH PHWKDPSKHWDPLQHZLWKLQWHQWWRGLVWULEXWHLQYLRODWLRQRI 86&DQG86&7KHLQGLFWPHQWIROORZHGD &RQFOXVLRQ ZDUUDQWOHVV VHDUFK RI &DPSEHOOjV UHVLGHQFH E\ QDUFRWLFV RIILFHUV IROORZLQJ D mFRQWUROOHG GHOLYHU\l RI D SDFNDJH )RU WKH UHDVRQV VWDWHG DERYH ZH $)),50 WKH GLVWULFW GHWHUPLQHGWRFRQWDLQJUDPVRIPHWKDPSKHWDPLQH7KH FRXUWjVGHQLDORI&DPSEHOOjVPRWLRQWRVXSSUHVVHYLGHQFH GLVWULFWFRXUWGHQLHG&DPSEHOO VPRWLRQWRVXSSUHVVHYLGHQFH REWDLQHG GXULQJ WKH VHDUFK &DPSEHOO WKHQ HQWHUHG D FRQGLWLRQDOSOHD RI JXLOW\UHVHUYLQJKLVULJKWWRDSSHDOWKH GLVWULFW FRXUWjV RUGHU GHQ\LQJ KLV PRWLRQ WR VXSSUHVV &DPSEHOOQRZEULQJVWKLVGLUHFWDSSHDO)RUWKHUHDVRQVVHW IRUWK EHORZ WKH GLVWULFW FRXUWjV RUGHU GHQ\LQJ &DPSEHOOjV PRWLRQWRVXSSUHVVHYLGHQFHVKDOOEH$)),50(' %DFNJURXQG 2QsDQXDU\ RIILFHUVZLWKWKH/RXLVYLOOHsHIIHUVRQ &RXQW\ 0HWUR 1DUFRWLFV 8QLW H[DPLQLQJ SDFNDJHV DW D )HGHUDO([SUHVVRIILFHLQ/RXLVYLOOH.HQWXFN\ZHUHDOHUWHG E\DWUDLQHGQDUFRWLFVGRJWRWKHSUHVHQFHRIQDUFRWLFVLQD SDFNDJHDGGUHVVHGDVIROORZV m&20U%XOODWWQ UHDURI EOGJ'L[LH+Z\/RXLVYLOOH.<l%DVHGXSRQ WKHDOHUWRIWKHQDUFRWLFVGRJDQGRWKHULQGLFLDRISRWHQWLDO GUXJWUDIILFNLQJ'HWHFWLYH(GGLH1DSLHU m1DSLHUl REWDLQHG DQG H[HFXWHG D VHDUFK ZDUUDQW XSRQ WKH SDFNDJH 7KH SDFNDJHZDVIRXQGWRFRQWDLQDSSUR[LPDWHO\JUDPVRI PHWKDPSKHWDPLQH 8QLWHG6WDWHVY&DPSEHOO 1R 1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY&DPSEHOO
+RZHYHUWKHFDVHDWEDUFDQHDVLO\EHGLVWLQJXLVKHGIURP $IWHUGLVFRYHULQJWKHGUXJVWKHRIILFHUVGHFLGHGWRPDNHD 'XFKLsRKQVRQDQG7HPSOHPDQ,QDOORIWKRVHFDVHVLQ mFRQWUROOHGGHOLYHU\l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jV % %3ULQWLQJDQGHQWHUHGWKHEXLOGLQJ+RZHYHULQVWHDGRI UHVLGHQFH7KHSROLFHRIILFHUVLQWKLVFDVHGLGQRWmFUHDWHlWKH RSHQLQJWKHSDFNDJHLQVLGHWKHEXLOGLQJ&DPSEHOOUHWXUQHG YDULRXV IDFWRUV WKDW FRQYHUJHG WR FUHDWH WKH H[LJHQW WRKLVWUXFNFDUU\LQJWKHXQRSHQHGSDFNDJH$IWHU&DPSEHOO FLUFXPVWDQFHV0RUHRYHULWLVLUUHOHYDQWWKDWLWPD\KDYH SODFHG WKH SDFNDJH LQ KLV WUXFN KH DQG DQ XQLGHQWLILHG EHHQ IRUHVHHDEOH WKDW WKH DOWHUDWLRQ RI WKH FRQWHQWV RI WKH SDVVHQJHUGURYHDZD\IURPWKH'L[LH+LJKZD\DGGUHVV7KH SDFNDJHFRXOGDOHUWWKHUHFLSLHQWRIWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQZKHQWKH RIILFHUVIROORZHG&DPSEHOOjVWUXFNWRDUHVLGHQFHDW6W SDFNDJHZDVRSHQHG,IWKHSDFNDJHKDGEHHQRSHQHGLQVLGH $QGUHZV &KXUFK 5RDG ODWHU GHWHUPLQHG WR EH &DPSEHOOjV WKHGZHOOLQJZKHUHWKHSDFNDJHZDVDGGUHVVHGWKHRIILFHUV UHVLGHQFHZKHUH&DPSEHOOSXOOHGWKHWUXFNLQWRWKHJDUDJH 8QUHODWHGWRWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQVXUURXQGLQJWKHSDFNDJHD PDUNHG SROLFH FDU ZDV VWRSSHG LQ IURQW RI &DPSEHOOjV 8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y sRKQVRQ )G WK &LU UHVLGHQFHLVVXLQJDWUDIILFWLFNHW&DPSEHOODQGKLVSDVVHQJHU JRWRXWRIWKHWUXFNDQGVWRRGRXWVLGHWKHJDUDJHIRUDIHZ PLQXWHVZDWFKLQJWKHDFWLYLW\LQWKHDUHD'HWHFWLYH1DSLHU 7KLV GLVWLQFWLRQ LV SDUWLFXODUO\ FRPSHOOLQJ DV WKLV &RXUW KDV DOVR IRXQG H[LJHQW FLUFXPVWDQFHV QRW WR H[LVW LQ VLWXDWLRQV ZKHUH WKH RIILFHUV WHVWLILHGWKDWWKHWZRPHQZHUHmORRNLQJDURXQGLQGLIIHUHQW FRXOG KDYH REWDLQHG D VHDUFK ZDUUDQW IRU WKH SUHPLVHV EHIRUH D FRQWUROOHG GLUHFWLRQVlDQGmDSSHDUHGWREHQHUYRXVl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
$OWKRXJK WKH\ GLG QRW KDYH D VHDUFK ZDUUDQW IRU WKH 6W ,,,*RYHUQPHQW&UHDWHG([LJHQF\ $QGUHZV&KXUFK5RDGUHVLGHQFH6HUJHDQW+DWFKHURUGHUHG WKHRIILFHUVWRHQWHUWKHUHVLGHQFHDQGWKHDWWDFKHGJDUDJHDV &DPSEHOOFRQWHQGVWKDWE\DOWHULQJWKHSDFNDJHSULRUWRWKH VRRQDVWKHWUDQVPLWWLQJGHYLFHDFWLYDWHG&DPSEHOOWKHRQO\ FRQWUROOHGGHOLYHU\WKHSROLFHRIILFHUVLQWKLVFDVHmFUHDWHGl SHUVRQ RQ WKH SUHPLVHV ZDV IRXQG LQ WKH JDUDJH WRJHWKHU WKHH[LJHQWFLUFXPVWDQFHVXSRQZKLFKWKH\UHOLHGWRMXVWLI\ ZLWK WKH RSHQHG SDFNDJH 1DSLHU WKHQ UHDG &DPSEHOO KLV WKHLUZDUUDQWOHVVHQWU\LQWR&DPSEHOOj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jVPRWLRQ WK&LU +RZHYHUWKLV&LUFXLWKDVQRWDGGUHVVHGWKH WR VXSSUHVV ZDV UHIHUUHG WR D PDJLVWUDWH MXGJH $IWHU DQ QDUURZLVVXHRIZKHWKHUSROLFHRIILFHUVPDNLQJDFRQWUROOHG HYLGHQWLDU\KHDULQJWKHPDJLVWUDWHMXGJHLVVXHGD5HSRUWDQG GHOLYHU\DUHGHHPHGWRKDYHmFUHDWHGlWKHGDQJHURILPPLQHQW 5HFRPPHQGDWLRQ m5 5l ILQGLQJWKDWH[LJHQWFLUFXPVWDQFHV GHVWUXFWLRQ RI HYLGHQFH E\ DOWHULQJ WKH FRQWHQWV RI WKH MXVWLILHG WKH ZDUUDQWOHVV HQWU\ RI &DPSEHOOjV KRPH DQG SDFNDJHDQGWKXVDUHSURKLELWHGIURPDZDUUDQWOHVVHQWU\LQ WKHUHIRUH UHFRPPHQGHG WKDW WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW GHQ\ VLWXDWLRQVZKHUHWKH\ODFNDVXIILFLHQWRSSRUWXQLW\WRREWDLQD &DPSEHOOjVPRWLRQWRVXSSUHVV$IWHUUHYLHZLQJ&DPSEHOOjV ZDUUDQW REMHFWLRQVWRWKH5 5WKHGLVWULFWFRXUWGHQLHG&DPSEHOOjV PRWLRQWRVXSSUHVV&DPSEHOOWKHQHQWHUHGDFRQGLWLRQDOSOHD &DPSEHOOXUJHVWKLV&RXUWWRFRQVLGHUWKHUHDVRQLQJIURP RIJXLOW\UHVHUYLQJKLVULJKWWRDSSHDOWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVRUGHU VHYHUDO (LJKWK &LUFXLW FDVHV ZKHUH WKH FRXUW IRXQG WKDW GHQ\LQJKLVPRWLRQWRVXSSUHVV&DPSEHOOZDVVHQWHQFHGWR H[LJHQWFLUFXPVWDQFHVGLGQRWH[LVWEHFDXVHWKHSROLFHFUHDWHG DWHUPRILPSULVRQPHQWRI PRQWKV WKHGDQJHURIWKHGHVWUXFWLRQRIHYLGHQFH,QGHHGLQ8QLWHG 6WDWHVY'XFKL )G WK&LU 8QLWHG6WDWHV 6WDQGDUGRI5HYLHZ YsRKQVRQ)G WK&LU DQG8QLWHG6WDWHVY 7HPSOHPDQ )G WK&LU WKH(LJKWK&LUFXLW $ ILQGLQJ RI H[LJHQF\ LV KHOG WR D mPL[HGl VWDQGDUG RI FRQFOXGHGWKDWH[LJHQWFLUFXPVWDQFHVGLGQRWH[LVWEHFDXVH UHYLHZ 8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y 6WUDXJKWHU )G WKH SROLFH KDG FUHDWHG RU JUHDWO\ LQFUHDVHG WKH GDQJHU WKDW WK&LU $GLVWULFWFRXUWjVILQGLQJVRIIDFWVKDOOEH HYLGHQFH ZRXOG EH GHVWUR\HG %XW VHH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y RYHUUXOHG RQO\ LI WKH\ DUH FOHDUO\ HUURQHRXV +RZHYHU D sRKQVRQ )G WK &LU ILQGLQJ GLVWULFWFRXUWjVFRQFOXVLRQWKDWDJLYHQVHWRIIDFWVFRQVWLWXWHV ZDUUDQWOHVV HQWU\ MXVWLILHG LQ D FRQWUROOHG GHOLYHU\ RI DQ H[LJHQWFLUFXPVWDQFHVVKDOOEHUHYLHZHGGHQRYR,G DOWHUHGSDFNDJHZKHUHREWDLQLQJDVHDUFKZDUUDQWmZRXOGYHU\ OLNHO\KDYHEHHQLPSRVVLEOHl 'LVFXVVLRQ &DPSEHOOFRQWHQGVWKDWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWHUUHGLQGHQ\LQJ KLVPRWLRQWRVXSSUHVVHYLGHQFHDQGDGYDQFHVWKUHHWKHRULHV WRVXSSRUWKLVSRVLWLRQ KHZDVQRWDmWKLUGSDUW\l WKH 8QLWHG6WDWHVY&DPSEHOO 1R 1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY&DPSEHOO
PXVWEHDWKLUGSDUW\SUHVHQWEHIRUHH[LJHQWFLUFXPVWDQFHV IDFWVRIWKLVFDVHGRQRWFRQVWLWXWHH[LJHQWFLUFXPVWDQFHVDQG H[LVWPXVWIDLO WKH JRYHUQPHQW FUHDWHG DQ\ H[LJHQW FLUFXPVWDQFHV WKDW H[LVWHG ,,([LJHQW&LUFXPVWDQFHV ,m7KLUG3DUW\l5HTXLUHPHQW m7KH ODZ LV ZHOO VHWWOHG WKDW D ZDUUDQWOHVV HQWU\ ZLOOEH XSKHOGZKHQWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHVWKHQH[WDQWZHUHVXFKDVWR ,Q WKH 5 5 WKH PDJLVWUDWH MXGJH VWDWHG m2XU &LUFXLW OHDG D SHUVRQ RI UHDVRQDEOH FDXWLRQ WR FRQFOXGH WKDW VXFK UHFHQWO\ GLVFXVVHG WKH WHVW XVHG WR GHWHUPLQH ZKHQ WKH HYLGHQFH ZRXOG SUREDEO\ EH GHVWUR\HG ZLWKLQ WKH WLPH SRVVLEOH GHVWUXFWLRQ RI HYLGHQFH ZLOO VDWLVI\ WKH H[LJHQW QHFHVVDU\WRREWDLQDVHDUFKZDUUDQWl8QLWHG6WDWHVY5DGND FLUFXPVWDQFHVUHTXLUHPHQWl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m:DUUDQWOHVVHQWU\WRSUHYHQWWKHGHVWUXFWLRQRIHYLGHQFH ,Q WKLV FDVH WKH RIILFHUV REVHUYHG &DPSEHOO SLFN XS WKH µLV MXVWLILHG LI WKH JRYHUQPHQW GHPRQVWUDWHV D SDFNDJHIURPWKH'L[LH+LJKZD\DGGUHVVDQGXQH[SHFWHGO\ UHDVRQDEOH EHOLHI WKDW WKLUG SDUWLHV DUH LQVLGH WKH UHORFDWH WKH SDFNDJH WR DQRWKHU DGGUHVV 7KH SROLFH NQHZ GZHOOLQJ DQG D UHDVRQDEOH EHOLHI WKDW WKH ORVV RU &DPSEHOO ZDV LQVLGH WKH JDUDJH DW WKH UHVLGHQFH ZKHQ WKH GHVWUXFWLRQRIHYLGHQFHLVLPPLQHQWjl8QLWHG6WDWHVY WUDQVPLWWHU DFWLYDWHG LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW WKH SDFNDJH KDG EHHQ 6WUDXJKWHU )G WK&LU VHHDOVR RSHQHG ,W ZDV REMHFWLYHO\ UHDVRQDEOH IRU WKH RIILFHUV WR 8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y 5RKULJ )G WK &LU EHOLHYH WKDW &DPSEHOO ZKRVH VXVSLFLRQV ZHUH DOUHDG\ ZDUUDQWOHVVHQWU\mWRSUHYHQWDVXVSHFWjVHVFDSHl KHLJKWHQHGGXHWRWKHSUHVHQFHRIWKHPDUNHGSROLFHFDULQ LVDOVRSHUPLVVLEOHLIVXSSRUWHGE\SUREDEOHFDXVH IURQWRIKLVKRXVHZRXOGLPPHGLDWHO\H[DPLQHWKHFRQWHQWV RI WKH SDFNDJH DQG GLVFRYHU HLWKHU WKH SUHVHQFH RI WKH 7KHPDJLVWUDWHMXGJHWKHQVWDWHG WUDQVPLWWLQJGHYLFHRUWKDWWKHEXONRIWKHPHWKDPSKHWDPLQH KDGEHHQUHPRYHGDQGUHSODFHGE\DQRWKHUVXEVWDQFH<HWWKH +HUH QR TXHVWLRQ H[LVWV FRQFHUQLQJ WKH SUHVHQFH RI RIILFHUVKDGQRUHDOLVWLFRSSRUWXQLW\WRREWDLQDVHDUFKZDUUDQW WKLUGSDUWLHVLQVLGH&DPSEHOOjVKRPH7KHSROLFHNQHZ IRU&DPSEHOOj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
,QKLVEULHIRQDSSHDO&DPSEHOODUJXHVIRUWKHILUVWWLPH 6WDWHVY6DQJLQHWR0LUDQGD )G WK&LU WKDW WKH PDJLVWUDWH MXGJHjV FRQFOXVLRQ ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKH ,Q6DQJLQHWR0LUDQGDWKH6L[WK&LUFXLWUHO\LQJRQ9DOHY mWKLUG SDUW\l LVVXH ZDV ZURQJ &DPSEHOO DVVHUWV WKDW WKH /RXLVLDQD 86 6&W / (GG PDJLVWUDWH MXGJHjV mFRQFOXVLRQ FRPSOHWHO\ PLVXQGHUVWDQGV VWDWHG DQGPLVVWDWHVWKHFDVHODZ0U&DPSEHOOZDVQRWDWKLUG SDUW\ KH ZDV WKH VXVSHFW WKH RQO\ VXVSHFWl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m,Q RUGHU WR SUHVHUYH DQ LVVXH IRU DSSHDO D GHIHQGDQW LV EXWWKLUGSDUWLHVZHUHSUHVHQWLQVLGHWKHGZHOOLQJZKRPWKH UHTXLUHG WR ILOH REMHFWLRQV ZLWK WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW WR WKH SROLFHEHOLHYHGZRXOGGHVWUR\HYLGHQFH ILQGLQJVRIWKHPDJLVWUDWHMXGJHl8QLWHG6WDWHVY+XQWHU :/ DW WK&LU FLWLQJ8QLWHG6WDWHV $SSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH WZRSURQJ 6DQJLQHWR0LUDQGD WHVW Y :DOWHUV )G WK &LU %HFDXVH UHTXLULQJ WKH SUHVHQFH RI mWKLUG SDUWLHVl LV DSSURSULDWH LQ &DPSEHOOIDLOHGWRILOHDQ\REMHFWLRQVUHJDUGLQJWKLVmWKLUG VLWXDWLRQVZKHUHDVXVSHFWLVDUUHVWHGRXWVLGHRIDGZHOOLQJ SDUW\lLVVXHWKHLVVXHKDVEHHQZDLYHG ,G EXW WKLUG SDUWLHV ZKRP WKH SROLFH EHOLHYH ZLOO GHVWUR\ HYLGHQFH DUH LQVLGH WKH GZHOOLQJ ,Q WKRVH OLPLWHG IDFWXDO (YHQLI&DPSEHOOKDGQRWZDLYHGWKLVLVVXHKLVFODLPWKDW VLWXDWLRQVWKHH[LJHQWFLUFXPVWDQFHRILPPLQHQWGHVWUXFWLRQ WKHHYLGHQFHPXVWEHVXSSUHVVHGEHFDXVHKHZDVQRWDmWKLUG RI HYLGHQFH FRXOG QRW H[LVW LI WKHUH ZDV QR mWKLUG SDUW\l SDUW\lLVZLWKRXWPHULW&DPSEHOODUJXHVWKDWXQGHU8QLWHG SUHVHQWLQWKHGZHOOLQJEHFDXVHWKHVXVSHFWZDVDOUHDG\LQ 6WDWHVY*DLWDQ$FHYHGR)GDWDQG8QLWHG6WDWHV SROLFHFXVWRG\RXWVLGHWKHGZHOOLQJ Y6WUDXJKWHU )GDWmH[LJHQWFLUFXPVWDQFHVRQO\ H[LVW ZKHQ WKH JRYHUQPHQW GHPRQVWUDWHV D UHDVRQDEOH 1RQHRIWKHFDVHVFLWHGDERYHFDQEHUHDGDVUHTXLULQJWKH EHOLHIWKDWWKLUGSDUWLHVDUHLQVLGHWKHGZHOOLQJl 'HIjV%U SUHVHQFHRIDmWKLUGSDUW\lLQFDVHVZKHUHLWLVWKH VXVSHFW DW HPSKDVLV DGGHG ,Q GHFLGLQJ ZKHWKHU H[LJHQW KLPVHOIZKRLVLQVLGHWKHGZHOOLQJDQGLVDOVRWKHLQGLYLGXDO FLUFXPVWDQFHV H[LVWHG WKH FRXUWV LQ *DLWDQ$FHYHGR DQG WKHSROLFHEHOLHYHPD\GHVWUR\HYLGHQFHLQVLGHWKHGZHOOLQJ 6WUDXJKWHUDSSOLHGDWZRSURQJWHVWWKDWRULJLQDWHGLQ8QLWHG 5DWKHU WKH PRUH JHQHUDO WHVW IRU ZKHWKHU RU QRW H[LJHQW FLUFXPVWDQFHV H[LVW LV DV ZH VWDWHG LQ 6DQJLQHWR0LUDQGD UHO\LQJRQ9DOH m%HIRUHH[LJHQWFLUFXPVWDQFHVDUHSUHVHQW WKHSROLFHPXVWKDYHDUHDVRQDEOHEDVLVIRUEHOLHYLQJWKHUH ,W LV XQFOHDU WR WKLV &RXUW ZKHWKHU WKH PDJLVWUDWH MXGJH ZDV LVVRPHRQHLQWKHKRXVHZKRZRXOGOLNHO\GHVWUR\HYLGHQFHl ,GDW$FFRUGLQJO\&DPSEHOO VDUJXPHQWWKDWWKHUH H[SUHVVLQJ D YLHZ WKDW LW ZDV REYLRXV WKDW WKHUH ZDV QR WKLUG SDUW\ LQYROYHG RU WKDW KH ZDV FRQVLGHULQJ &DPSEHOO WR EH DNLQ WR D mWKLUG SDUW\l
Reference
- Status
- Published