Neal v. Janssen

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit

Neal v. Janssen

Opinion

5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21 3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH 

(/(&7521,& &,7$7,21  )(' $SS  3 WK &LU )LOH 1DPH D S

81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6 )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

s2+1 5 1($/DQG/($ $ ; 1($/  3ODLQWLIIV$SSHOOHHV   1R  Y !   6s() s$166(1  'HIHQGDQW$SSHOODQW   1 $SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW IRUWKH0LGGOH'LVWULFWRI7HQQHVVHHDW&ROXPELD 1R  n7KRPDV$+LJJLQV'LVWULFWsXGJH $UJXHG 6HSWHPEHU 'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG 2FWREHU %HIRUH 0(55,776,/(5DQG'$8*+75(<&LUFXLW sXGJHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB &2816(/ $5*8(' &OLVE\+DOO%DUURZ:$/.(5%5<$17 7,336 1DVKYLOOH 7HQQHVVHH IRU $SSHOODQW  .HLWK & 'HQQHQ %$.(5 '21(/621 %($50$1 &$/':(// +XQWVYLOOH 7HQQHVVHH IRU $SSHOOHHV 21%5,() &OLVE\+DOO%DUURZsRKQ&+D\ZRUWK5REHUW

  1HDOHWDOYsDQVVHQ 1R 1R 1HDOHWDOYsDQVVHQ 

s :DONHU :$/.(5 %5<$17  7,336 1DVKYLOOH PD\ EH SUHVHQW RYHU WKDW GHIHQGDQW ZLWKRXW GHIHQGDQWjV 7HQQHVVHH IRU $SSHOODQW  .HLWK & 'HQQHQ %$.(5 SUHVHQFHLQWKHVWDWH '21(/621 %($50$1  &$/':(// +XQWVYLOOH 7HQQHVVHH sDPHV & %UDGVKDZ ,,, sRQDWKDQ ' 5RVH )LQDOO\ 0RKDVFR UHTXLUHV XV WR GHWHUPLQH ZKHWKHU WKH :<$777$55$17 &20%61DVKYLOOH7HQQHVVHHIRU FRQWDFWV DUH VXEVWDQWLDO HQRXJK WR PDNH LW UHDVRQDEOH WR $SSHOOHHV VXEMHFW WKH GHIHQGDQW WR WKH SHUVRQDO MXULVGLFWLRQ RI WKH 7HQQHVVHHFRXUWVsDQVVHQHQJDJHGLQDEXVLQHVVWUDQVDFWLRQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB ZLWKSODLQWLIIVWKDWZHQWRQRYHUDVXEVWDQWLDOSHULRGRIWLPH +HHVWDEOLVKHGDUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKSODLQWLIIVIURPZKLFKKH 23,1,21 KRSHG WR SURILW ILQDQFLDOO\  +H WKHQ GHIUDXGHG SODLQWLIIV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DOWHULQJWKHDPRXQWRIPRQH\WREHVHQWWRWKHPLQ7HQQHVVHH 7KHVHIDFWVDUHVXIILFLHQWWRPDNHLWUHDVRQDEOHIRU7HQQHVVHH 0(55,77&LUFXLWsXGJH7KLVWRUWDFWLRQIRUIUDXGDQG WR H[HUFLVH SHUVRQDO MXULVGLFWLRQ RYHU GHIHQGDQW  %HFDXVH EUHDFKRIILGXFLDU\GXW\ZDVEURXJKWE\SODLQWLIIVsRKQ1HDO GHIHQGDQW LV QRW D FLWL]HQ RI WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV ZH DUH DQGKLVGDXJKWHU/HD$QQHUHVLGHQWVRI7HQQHVVHHDJDLQVW VHQVLWLYH WR WKH m>V@SHFLDO FRQFHUQV >WKDW@ DULVH ZKHQ D 6MHIsDQVVHQDFLWL]HQRI%HOJLXP7KHVROHLVVXHRQDSSHDO SODLQWLII DWWHPSWV WR EULQJ D IRUHLJQ GHIHQGDQW ZLWKLQ RXU LV ZKHWKHU WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW SURSHUO\ H[HUFLVHG SHUVRQDO QDWLRQDOERUGHUVl1DWLRQZLGH0XW,QV&RY7U\J,QWjO MXULVGLFWLRQRYHUGHIHQGDQW ,QV &R  )G     WK &LU     ,Q WKLV FDVH KRZHYHUGHIHQGDQWDSSHDUVWREHZHOOWUDYHOHGWKURXJKRXWWKH 3ODLQWLIIVRZQHGDGUHVVDJHKRUVHQDPHGm$ULVWRFUDWl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sDQXDU\ GHIHQGDQWFDOOHG7\URQH1HDOsRKQ 1HDOjVVRQLQ7HQQHVVHHDQGVWDWHGWKDWKHKDGDSRVVLEOH EX\HUIRU$ULVWRFUDWIRUDERXW7\URQH1HDOWROG GHIHQGDQW WKDW  ZDV WRR ORZ EXW GHIHQGDQW WROG 7\URQHWKDWSODLQWLIIVKDGSODFHGDQXQUHDOLVWLFDOO\KLJKYDOXH RQ WKH KRUVH  'HIHQGDQW QHJRWLDWHG IXUWKHU ZLWK WKH SURVSHFWLYHEX\HUDQGFDOOHGEDFNWR7\URQHWRVD\WKDWWKH  1HDOHWDOYsDQVVHQ 1R 1R 1HDOHWDOYsDQVVHQ 

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jO$VVRF)G WK&LU   IURPGHIHQGDQWIRU VKRUWO\WKHUHDIWHU 7KH VLWXDWLRQ ZLWK ZKLFK ZH DUH FRQIURQWHG KHUH LV 3ODLQWLIIV VXEVHTXHQWO\ OHDUQHG ZLWKRXW GLVFORVXUH IURP GLIIHUHQW  ,Q 6HUUDV DQG WKH RWKHU FDVHV UHOLHG RQ E\ GHIHQGDQW WKDW WKH EX\HU KDG DFWXDOO\ SDLG GHIHQGDQW GHIHQGDQW WKH FRPPXQLFDWLRQV PHUHO\ VROLFLWHG EXVLQHVV 3ODLQWLIIVEURXJKWDQDFWLRQDJDLQVWGHIHQGDQWLQ IURPWKHIRUXPRULQYROYHGVHUYLFHVQRWDOOHJHGWRIRUPWKH WKH0LGGOH'LVWULFWRI7HQQHVVHHIRUEUHDFKRIILGXFLDU\GXW\ EDVLVRIWKHFRPSODLQWsDQVVHQGLGQRWPDNHMXVWRQHSKRQH DQGIUDXG'HIHQGDQWILOHGDPRWLRQWRGLVPLVVEDVHGRQODFN FDOOWRSODLQWLIIVLQ7HQQHVVHHLQDQHIIRUWWRVROLFLWEXVLQHVV RI SHUVRQDO MXULVGLFWLRQ LQ OLHX RI DQ DQVZHU  3ODLQWLIIV IURPWKHP7KHXQGLVSXWHGIDFWVGHPRQVWUDWHWKDWsDQVVHQ RSSRVHGWKHPRWLRQDQGWKHGLVWULFWMXGJHUHIHUUHGWKHPRWLRQ HQJDJHG LQ D FRXUVH RI FRQGXFW RYHU D SHULRG RI WLPH WKDW WRDPDJLVWUDWHMXGJHIRUDUHFRPPHQGDWLRQ7KH0DJLVWUDWH LQYROYHG D VLQJOH EXVLQHVV WUDQVDFWLRQ o WKH VDOH RI DQ sXGJHKHDUGRUDODUJXPHQWRQWKHPRWLRQEXWGLGQRWKROGDQ H[SHQVLYHKRUVHoZLWKSODLQWLIIVFRQGXFWHGE\SKRQHDQG HYLGHQWLDU\KHDULQJ7KH0DJLVWUDWHsXGJHUHFRPPHQGHGWKDW ID[7KHDFWLRQVWKDWFRQVWLWXWHWKHHQWLUHWUDQVDFWLRQZHUHWKH WKHPRWLRQWRGLVPLVVEHGHQLHG'HIHQGDQWILOHGREMHFWLRQV DOOHJHGO\ IUDXGXOHQW FRPPXQLFDWLRQV DQG WKHVH VDPH WR WKH 5HSRUW DQG 5HFRPPHQGDWLRQ EXW WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW FRPPXQLFDWLRQV IRUP WKH EDVHV IRU SODLQWLIIVj WRUW FODLPV DGRSWHGWKH0DJLVWUDWHsXGJHjV5HSRUWDQG5HFRPPHQGDWLRQ 7KHDOOHJHGPLVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVDUHWKHHOHPHQWVRIWKHFDXVH DQGIRXQGSHUVRQDOMXULVGLFWLRQRYHUGHIHQGDQWWREHSURSHU RI DFWLRQ LWVHOI o D IDFW WKDW WKH 6HUUDV FRXUW UHOLHG RQ LQ ILQGLQJ SHUVRQDO MXULVGLFWLRQ RYHU GHIHQGDQWV 6HUUDV  7KHPDWWHUZDVVHWIRUWULDO'HIHQGDQWILUVWDVNHGIRUD )G DW   $V WKH FRXUW EHORZ DSWO\ SXW LW WKH FRQWLQXDQFHRIWKHWULDODQGDIWHULWZDVGHQLHGKHLQIRUPHG FRPPXQLFDWLRQVIRUPWKHmKHDUWRISODLQWLIIVjFODLPVl7KH WKHFRXUWKHGLGQRWLQWHQGWRDSSHDUIRUWULDODQGZRXOGVWDQG FRQGXFWKHUHZDVPXFKPRUHWKDQDVLQJOHSKRQHFDOOPDGH RQKLVMXULVGLFWLRQDODUJXPHQWDVDGHIHQVH7ULDORFFXUUHG LQDQHIIRUWWRVWDUWDEXVLQHVVUHODWLRQVKLS ZLWKRXWGHIHQGDQWRUKLVFRXQVHOSUHVHQW7KHMXU\UHWXUQHG D YHUGLFW LQ IDYRU RI SODLQWLIIV LQ WKH DPRXQW RI  3K\VLFDO SUHVHQFH LV QRW WKH WRXFKVWRQH RI SHUVRQDO FRPSHQVDWRU\GDPDJHVDQGLQSXQLWLYHGDPDJHV MXULVGLFWLRQm,WLVDQLQHVFDSDEOHIDFWRIPRGHUQFRPPHUFLDO 7KLVDSSHDOIROORZHG OLIHWKDWDVXEVWDQWLDODPRXQWRIEXVLQHVVLVWUDQVDFWHGVROHO\ E\PDLODQGZLUHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVDFURVVVWDWH>DQGQDWLRQDO@ 7KHPHULWVRIWKHMXGJPHQWEHORZZHUHQRWSUHVHQWHGIRU OLQHVWKXVREYLDWLQJWKHQHHGIRUSK\VLFDOSUHVHQFHZLWKLQD UHYLHZ RQ DSSHDO  7KH VROH LVVXH UDLVHG E\ GHIHQGDQW RQ 6WDWHZKHQEXVLQHVVLVFRQGXFWHGl%XUJHU.LQJ86DW DSSHDOLVZKHWKHUKLVFRQWDFWVZLWK7HQQHVVHHDUHVXIILFLHQW  $FFRUGLQJO\ ZH KROG WKDW ZKHQ D IRUHLJQ GHIHQGDQW WRVXSSRUWWKHH[HUFLVHRISHUVRQDOMXULVGLFWLRQDFODLPZH SXUSRVHIXOO\ GLUHFWV FRPPXQLFDWLRQV LQWR WKH IRUXP WKDW UHYLHZGHQRYR5H\QROGVY,QWHUQDWLRQDO$PDWHXU$WKOHWLF FDXVH LQMXU\ ZLWKLQ WKH IRUXP DQG WKRVH FRPPXQLFDWLRQV )HGjQ)G WK&LU   IRUPWKHmKHDUWlRIWKHFDXVHRIDFWLRQSHUVRQDOMXULVGLFWLRQ  1HDOHWDOYsDQVVHQ 1R 1R 1HDOHWDOYsDQVVHQ 

$ IHGHUDO FRXUW LQ D GLYHUVLW\ DFWLRQ PD\ DVVXPH RI WKH SULYLOHJH RI DFWLQJ LQ WKH IRUXP VWDWH RU FDXVLQJ D MXULVGLFWLRQRYHUDQRQUHVLGHQWGHIHQGDQWRQO\WRWKHH[WHQW FRQVHTXHQFHLQWKHIRUXPVWDWH   WKHFDXVHRIDFWLRQPXVW SHUPLWWHG E\ WKH VWDWHjV ORQJDUP VWDWXWH DQG E\ WKH 'XH DULVH IURP GHIHQGDQWjV DFWLYLWLHV WKHUH  DQG   WKH DFWV RI 3URFHVV&ODXVH,QRUGHUIRUWKHUHWREHMXULVGLFWLRQFRQVLVWHQW GHIHQGDQWRUFRQVHTXHQFHVFDXVHGE\GHIHQGDQWPXVWKDYHD ZLWK GXH SURFHVV sDQVVHQ PXVW KDYH VXIILFLHQW PLQLPXP VXEVWDQWLDO HQRXJK FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK WKH IRUXP WR PDNH WKH FRQWDFWVZLWK7HQQHVVHHVRWKDWmµWUDGLWLRQDOQRWLRQVRIIDLU H[HUFLVH RI MXULVGLFWLRQ RYHU WKH GHIHQGDQW UHDVRQDEOH SOD\DQGVXEVWDQWLDOMXVWLFHjlDUHQRWRIIHQGHG,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5H\QROGV)GDW 6RXWKHUQ0DFK&RY0RKDVFR 6KRH&RY:DVKLQJWRQ86    TXRWLQJ ,QGXV,QF)G WK&LU   0LOOLNHQY0H\HU86   sDQVVHQPXVW KDYH FRQGXFWHG KLPVHOI VR WKDW KH FRXOG mUHDVRQDEO\ 8QGHU 0RKDVFR ZH PXVW ILUVW GHFLGH LI GHIHQGDQW DQWLFLSDWHEHLQJKDOHGLQWRFRXUWlLQ7HQQHVVHH:RUOG:LGH mSXUSRVHIXOO\DYDLOHGKLPVHOIlRIWKHSULYLOHJHRIDFWLQJLQ 9RONVZDJHQ&RUS Y :RRGVRQ86     7HQQHVVHH  7KH DFWV RI PDNLQJ SKRQH FDOOV DQG VHQGLQJ 7KLV UHTXLUHPHQW LV PHW LI WKH GHIHQGDQW mSXUSRVHIXOO\ IDFVLPLOHVLQWRWKHIRUXPVWDQGLQJDORQHPD\EHVXIILFLHQWWR GLUHFWHGKLVDFWLYLWLHVDWUHVLGHQWVRIWKHIRUXPDQGWKH FRQIHUMXULVGLFWLRQRQWKHIRUHLJQGHIHQGDQWZKHUHWKHSKRQH OLWLJDWLRQ UHVXOWV IURP DOOHJHG LQMXULHV WKDW µDULVH RXW RI RU FDOOV DQG ID[HV IRUP WKH EDVHV IRU WKH DFWLRQ  6HH HJ UHODWH WRj WKRVH DFWLYLWLHV   l  %XUJHU .LQJ &RUS Y 2ULHQWDO7UDGLQJ&RY)LUHWWL)G   WK&LU 5XG]HZLF]  86       3ODLQWLIIV VHHN WR  :LHQ$LU$ODVND,QFY%UDQGW )G HVWDEOLVK MXULVGLFWLRQ RYHU GHIHQGDQW XQGHU WKH 7HQQHVVHH WK &LU   +HULWDJH +RXVH 5HVWDXUDQWV ,QF Y ORQJDUPVWDWXWHZKLFK7HQQHVVHHFRQVWUXHVWRH[WHQGWRWKH &RQWLQHQWDO)XQGLQJ*URXS,QF )G WK&LU OLPLWVRIGXHSURFHVV7HQQHVVHHDOORZVDFRXUWWRH[HUFLVH     7KH SODLQWLIIV FRQWHQG WKDW sDQVVHQ LQWHQWLRQDOO\ MXULVGLFWLRQmLIDWRUWLRXVDFWLVFRPPLWWHGRXWVLGHWKHVWDWH GHIUDXGHGWKHPLQSKRQHFDOOVDQGID[HVGLUHFWHGWRSODLQWLIIV DQG WKH UHVXOWLQJ LQMXU\ LV VXVWDLQHG ZLWKLQ WKH VWDWH WKH RUWKHLUDJHQWVLQ7HQQHVVHHDERXWWKHSULFHKHUHFHLYHGIURP WRUWLRXVDFWDQGWKHLQMXU\DUHLQVHSDUDEOHDQGMXULVGLFWLRQOLHV WKH VDOH RI $ULVWRFUDW  :KHQ WKH DFWXDO FRQWHQW RI WKH LQ 7HQQHVVHHl  7HQQ &RGH $QQ †  D  FRPPXQLFDWLRQVLQWRWKHIRUXPJLYHVULVHWRDQLQWHQWLRQDO $FFRUGLQJO\HYHQDVLQJOHDFWE\GHIHQGDQWGLUHFWHGWRZDUG WRUWDFWLRQWKDWDORQHPD\FRQVWLWXWHSXUSRVHIXODYDLOPHQW 7HQQHVVHHWKDWJLYHVULVHWRDFDXVHRIDFWLRQFDQVXSSRUWD ,W LV WKH TXDOLW\ RI WKH FRQWDFWV QRW WKH TXDQWLW\ WKDW ILQGLQJRIPLQLPXPFRQWDFWVVXIILFLHQWWRH[HUFLVHSHUVRQDO GHWHUPLQHVZKHWKHUWKH\FRQVWLWXWHmSXUSRVHIXODYDLOPHQWl MXULVGLFWLRQ ZLWKRXW RIIHQGLQJ GXH SURFHVV  6HH &DOGHU Y /$.,QFY'HHU&UHHN(QWHU)G  WK&LU sRQHV  86     PLQLPXP FRQWDFWV ZLWK   )XUWKHUPRUHWKHDFWLRQVRIVHQGLQJIDOVHLQIRUPDWLRQ &DOLIRUQLDIRXQGZKHUHMRXUQDOLVWZURWHGHIDPDWRU\DUWLFOHLQ LQWR7HQQHVVHHE\SKRQHDQGID[KDGIRUHVHHDEOHHIIHFWVLQ )ORULGDWKDWKHNQHZZRXOGDIIHFWSODLQWLIILQ&DOLIRUQLD  7HQQHVVHH DQG ZHUH GLUHFWHG DW LQGLYLGXDOV LQ 7HQQHVVHH 7KHVHIDOVHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVDUHWKHKHDUWRIWKHODZVXLWoWKH\ :HKDYHHPSOR\HGWKUHHFULWHULDIRUGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHU ZHUH QRW PHUHO\ LQFLGHQWDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQV VHQW E\ WKH LQSHUVRQDPMXULVGLFWLRQEDVHGRQDVLQJOHDFWFRPSRUWVZLWK GHIHQGDQWLQWR7HQQHVVHH GXHSURFHVV   WKHGHIHQGDQWPXVWSHUVRQDOO\DYDLOKLPVHOI 7KHVHFRQG0RKDVFRUHTXLUHPHQWoWKDWWKHFDXVHRIDFWLRQ DULVHIURPWKHGHIHQGDQWjVIRUXPVWDWHDFWLYLWLHVoLVDOVRPHW  :H QRWH WKDW GXH SURFHVV DV DSSOLHG WR QRQ8QLWHG 6WDWHV FLWL]HQV 'HIHQGDQWDUJXHVWKDWKHGLGQRWKDYHVXIILFLHQWPLQLPXP PD\ LQFRUSRUDWH SULQFLSOHV RI LQWHUQDWLRQDO ODZ 800 5HVWDWHPHQW 7KLUG FRQWDFWV ZLWK 7HQQHVVHH EHFDXVH KH QHYHU ZDV SK\VLFDOO\ RI )RUHLJQ 5HODWLRQV ††  FPW D FPW D 5HSRUWHUVj 1RWHV   SUHVHQW LQ WKH VWDWH DQG RQO\ PDGH SKRQH FDOOV DQG VHQW EXW EHFDXVH WKH SDUWLHV GLG QRW UDLVH WKLV LVVXH ZH ZLOO QRW DGGUHVV LW KHUH

Reference

Status
Published