United States v. Talley

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit

United States v. Talley

Opinion

5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21  8QLWHG6WDWHVY7DOOH\ 1R 3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH 

(/(&7521,& &,7$7,21  )(' $SS 3 WK &LU

$V WKH JRYHUQPHQW SRLQWV RXW KRZHYHU WKH 'LFNHUVRQ )LOH 1DPH DS

PDMRULW\ H[SUHVVO\ LQFRUSRUDWHG H[LVWLQJ GHFLVLRQV OLNH 4XDUOHVLQWRWKHmFRQVWLWXWLRQDOl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jV  1R GHFLVLRQWRJUDQWWKHVXSSUHVVLRQPRWLRQDQGUHPDQGWKHFDVH Y  IRUIXUWKHUSURFHHGLQJV !  &857,6 7$//(<  'HIHQGDQW$SSHOOHH  1 $SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW IRUWKH:HVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI7HQQHVVHHDWsDFNVRQ 1R nsDPHV'7RGG&KLHI'LVWULFWsXGJH $UJXHG 2FWREHU 'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG 'HFHPEHU %HIRUH .(,7+.(11('<DQG%$7&+(/'(5&LUFXLW sXGJHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB &2816(/ $5*8('   sRKQ 7 )RZONHV $66,67$17 81,7(' 67$7(6$77251(<0HPSKLV7HQQHVVHHIRU$SSHOODQW 'DQQ\ 5 (OOLV +$5'(( 0$57,1 s$<1(6  ,9< sDFNVRQ 7HQQHVVHH IRU $SSHOOHH  21 %5,()   sRKQ 7 )RZONHV $66,67$17 81,7(' 67$7(6 $77251(< 0HPSKLV7HQQHVVHHIRU$SSHOODQW*:LOOLDP+\PHUV,,,

  8QLWHG6WDWHVY7DOOH\ 1R 1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY7DOOH\ 

+$5'((0$57,1s$<1(6 ,9<sDFNVRQ7HQQHVVHH SUHYLRXVO\VKRXWHGIRUHYHU\RQHWRFRPHRXW:KHQ2IILFHU IRU$SSHOOHH 5XVKDVNHGWKHVHFRQGGHWDLQHGLQGLYLGXDO7DOOH\ZKHWKHU DQ\RWKHUVUHPDLQHGLQWKHKRXVH7DOOH\jVUHVSRQVHZDVWKDW BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB KLVJLUOIULHQGZDVLQVLGHWKHKRXVH7KXV2IILFHU5XVKZDV XQGHUVWDQGDEO\VXUSULVHGDQGWKUHDWHQHGE\WKHDSSHDUDQFHRI 23,1,21 WKH WZR VKDGRZ\ ILJXUHV  7KLV SRWHQWLDO WKUHDW MXVWLILHG BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 5XVKjV HQWU\ LQWR WKH UHVLGHQFH  DQG WKURXJK WKDW HQWU\ 2IILFHU5XVKGLVFRYHUHGWKHPDJD]LQHDQGDPPXQLWLRQ2QFH .(11('<&LUFXLWsXGJH7KH8QLWHG6WDWHVDSSHDOVWKH 2IILFHU5XVKKDGVHHQWKHPDJD]LQHKHKDGUHDVRQWREHOLHYH 'LVWULFW &RXUWjV RUGHU VXSSUHVVLQJ GHIHQGDQWj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m:KHUHLVWKHJXQ"l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jVHQWU\WKURXJKZKLFKKH 6XSUHPH&RXUWjVGHFLVLRQLQDUHFHQW)LIWK$PHQGPHQWFDVH VDZ WKH PDJD]LQH RI D VHPLDXWRPDWLF ZHDSRQ DQG 'LFNHUVRQ Y 8QLWHG 6WDWHV  6&W    ZKLFK DPPXQLWLRQ ZKLFKSURPSWHGKLVTXHVWLRQ ZDVSHUPLWWHG VHHPVWRFRQWUDGLFWODQJXDJHLQ4XDUOHV,Q'LFNHUVRQWKH XQGHU WKH 4XDUOHV H[FHSWLRQ 7KHUHIRUH ZH UHYHUVH DQG &RXUW KHOG WKDW WKH ULJKW WR D 0LUDQGD ZDUQLQJ LV UHPDQG FRQVWLWXWLRQDOO\ EDVHG UDWKHU WKDQ mSURSK\ODFWLFl  7KH 4XDUOHVFRXUWVHHPHGWRMXVWLI\WKHSXEOLFVDIHW\H[FHSWLRQWR ,)DFWXDO%DFNJURXQG 0LUDQGD E\ GLVWLQJXLVKLQJ SURSK\ODFWLF DQG FRQVWLWXWLRQDO 7KHUH LV QR GLVSXWH DV WR WKH IDFWV XQGHUO\LQJ WKH ULJKWV  6HH 4XDUOHV  86 DW  Q sXVWLFH 6FDOLD GHIHQGDQWjV DUUHVW  %HFDXVH WKH FRQWH[W RI WKH DUUHVW LV ZULWLQJ LQ GLVVHQW LQ 'LFNHUVRQ VXJJHVWHG WKDW PDNLQJ D LPSRUWDQWLQGHWHUPLQLQJWKHOHJDOLW\RIWKHRIILFHUVjDFWLRQV 0LUDQGD ZDUQLQJ D FRQVWLWXWLRQDO ULJKW UDWKHU WKDQ D ZHUHYLHZWKHIDFWXDOUHFRUGDWVRPHOHQJWK SURSK\OD[LV ZRXOG XQGHUPLQH WKH &RXUWjV GHFLVLRQ LQ 4XDUOHV'LFNHUVRQ6&WDW  8QLWHG6WDWHVY7DOOH\ 1R 1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY7DOOH\ 

    7KH 6XSUHPH &RXUW KDV KHOG WKDW mD TXLFN DQG 2Q $XJXVW    ILYH RIILFHUV RI WKH 6KHOE\ &RXQW\ OLPLWHG VHDUFK RI SUHPLVHV LQFLGHQW WR DQ DUUHVW DQG 6KHULIIjVGHSDUWPHQWVRXJKWWRH[HFXWHDIHGHUDODUUHVWZDUUDQW FRQGXFWHG WR SURWHFW WKH VDIHW\ RI SROLFH RIILFHUVl LV IRURQH9LGDOH&RWKUDQDWKLVUHVLGHQFHDW :DWHU*URYH SHUPLVVLEOHLIDQRIILFHUKDVDmUHDVRQDEOHEHOLHIlEDVHGRQ LQ0HPSKLV7HQQHVVHH7ZRRIILFHUVZHQWWRWKHUHDUGRRU mVSHFLILFDQGDUWLFXODEOHIDFWVlWRJHWKHUZLWKmLQIHUHQFHVIURP ZKLOH WZR VWD\HG LQ IURQW  7KH ILIWK RIILFHU DW VRPH SRLQW WKRVH IDFWVl ZKLFK UHDVRQDEO\ ZDUUDQWV WKH RIILFHU LQ EHIRUH WKH HQWU\ OHIW IRU WKH PDQDJHUjV RIILFH WR JHW EHOLHYLQJWKDWWKHDUHDWREHVZHSWKDUERUVDQLQGLYLGXDORU LQIRUPDWLRQDERXWZKRPLJKWEHLQWKHDSDUWPHQWDQGGLGQRW LQGLYLGXDOVmSRVLQJDGDQJHUWRWKHRIILFHURURWKHUVl  UHWXUQ XQWLO DIWHU WKH VWDWHPHQW ZDV PDGH  7KH RIILFHUV 86DW NQRFNHG RQ WKH IURQW GRRU DQG VDZ DQ LQGLYLGXDO ORRN RXW IURPRQHRIWKHZLQGRZV2IILFHU$QGUHZ5XVKVKRZHGKLV ,QWKLVFDVHWKHRIILFHUVKHDUGDFRQVLGHUDEOHDPRXQWRI EDGJH LGHQWLILHG KLPVHOI DQG FDOOHG IRU WKH LQGLYLGXDO WR QRLVHSULRUWR2IILFHU5XVKj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jGHFLVLRQWRGRQEXOOHWSURRI KRPH  &RWKUDQ RSHQHG WKH GRRU DQG REH\HG WKH RIILFHUV

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mSRSXSl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mSURWHFWLYH VZHHSl FRQGXFWHG E\ WKH RIILFHUV 7KRXJK &RWKUDQ LV QR GRRUWRWKHKRXVHWRHQDEOHRQHRIWKHWZRRIILFHUVZDLWLQJ ORQJHU D SDUW\ WR WKLV FDVH WKH GUXJV ZLOO XQGRXEWHGO\ EH VRXJKW WR EH WKHUH WR SDVV WKURXJK WKH KRXVH WR DVVLVW WKH VLQJOH RIILFHU LQWURGXFHG DJDLQVW 7DOOH\ LQGHHG KH WRRN UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU WKH GUXJV  UHPDLQLQJRQWKHSRUFKLQVHFXULQJWKHILYHLQGLYLGXDOV :KLOH 7DOOH\ PDGH QR PRWLRQ WR VXSSUHVV WKH GUXJV WKH RUGHU LV FDSWLRQHG ZLWK ERWK GHIHQGDQWVj QDPHV 7KH GLVWULFW FRXUWjV RUGHU ZDV DPELJXRXV DV WR ZKHWKHU WKH HYLGHQFH ZDV VXSSUHVVHG DV WR ERWK 2IILFHU5XVKWKHQUHWXUQHGWRWKHIURQWRIWKHKRXVHDQG GHIHQGDQWV RU PHUHO\ WR &RWKUDQ %HFDXVH 7DOOH\ KDG QR H[SHFWDWLRQ RI DVNHGWKHVHFXUHGLQGLYLGXDOV:KHUHLVWKHJXQ"'HIHQGDQW SULYDF\ DQG 2IILFHU 5XVKjV HQWU\ ZDV MXVWLILHG XQGHU %XLH  WKH GUXJ VDLGWKHJXQFRXOGEHIRXQGLQWKHYDFXXPFOHDQHUZKHUHLW HYLGHQFH LV DGPLVVLEOH DJDLQVW 7DOOH\  8QLWHG6WDWHVY7DOOH\ 1R 1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY7DOOH\ 

ZDVODWHUGLVFRYHUHG7ZRRIILFHUVEHJDQDSURWHFWLYHVZHHS 7DOOH\ KDG QR H[SHFWDWLRQ RI SULYDF\ LQ WKH KRPH  7KH RIWKHVHFRQGIORRUORRNLQJLQDOOWKHURRPVDQGFKHFNLQJWKH m)RXUWK $PHQGPHQW SURWHFWV SHRSOH QRW SODFHVl  .DW] Y FORVHWV'XULQJWKHVZHHS2IILFHU5XVKUHFRQQHFWHGSRZHU 8QLWHG 6WDWHV   86       ,W LV ZHOO WRWKHUHVLGHQFH7KHVZHHSUHYHDOHGQRRWKHULQGLYLGXDOV HVWDEOLVKHGWKDWDGHIHQGDQWFODLPLQJWKDWDVHDUFKYLRODWHGKLV DQGLQLWLDOO\QRFRQWUDEDQG$V2IILFHU5XVKZDVSDVVLQJE\ )RXUWK$PHQGPHQWULJKWVKDVWKHEXUGHQRIGHPRQVWUDWLQJ WKH NLWFKHQ RQ KLV ZD\ WR H[LW WKH KRXVH KH VPHOOHG WKDWKHKDGDOHJLWLPDWHH[SHFWDWLRQRISULYDF\LQWKHSODFH VRPHWKLQJEXUQLQJLQWKHNLWFKHQ+HORRNHGLQWKHNLWFKHQ WKDWZDVVHDUFKHG8QLWHG6WDWHVY6DQJLQHWR0LUDQGD DUHDDQGVDZWKDWDWRZHOKDGEHJXQWREXUQRQRQHRIWKH )G WK&LU  $QGDOWKRXJKDQRYHUQLJKW HOHFWULFEXUQHUVRQWKHVWRYH5XVKUHPRYHGWKHWRZHODQG JXHVW PD\ EH DEOH WR HVWDEOLVK D OHJLWLPDWH H[SHFWDWLRQ RI WKHQ VDZ VHYHUDO LWHPV RI GUXJ SDUDSKHUQDOLD LQFOXGLQJ D SULYDF\LQWKHKRPHRIKLVKRVWVHH0LQQHVRWDY2OVRQ  ZKLWH VXEVWDQFH ODWHU LGHQWLILHG DV FRFDLQH EDVH 86     SHUVRQVZKRDUHLQDQRWKHUjVKRPHVROHO\ 6XEVHTXHQWO\&RWKUDQFRQVHQWHGWRDVHDUFKDQGGUXJGRJV IRUEXVLQHVVSXUSRVHVDVRSSRVHGWREHLQJRQWKHSUHPLVHV ZHUHEURXJKWWRWKHKRXVH IRUDSHUVRQDORFFDVLRQoGRQRWKDYHVXFKDQH[SHFWDWLRQRI SULYDF\  0LQQHVRWD Y &DUWHU  86      ,,$QDO\VLV 7DOOH\OLNHWKHGHIHQGDQWVLQ&DUWHUSUHVHQWHGQRHYLGHQFH WKDWKHKDGEHHQLQWKHDSDUWPHQWIRUDQ\SHULRGRIWLPHRUIRU 7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWJUDQWHG7DOOH\jVPRWLRQWRH[FOXGHKLV DQ\SXUSRVHWKDWZRXOGJLYHULVHWRKLVKDYLQJDOHJLWLPDWH VWDWHPHQWFRQFHUQLQJWKHORFDWLRQRIWKHJXQ$SSDW H[SHFWDWLRQRISULYDF\LQWKDWDSDUWPHQW7KHUHIRUH7DOOH\ ,WLVXQGLVSXWHGWKDW7DOOH\KDGUHFHLYHGQR0LUDQGDZDUQLQJ ODFNVVWDQGLQJWREULQJD)RXUWK$PHQGPHQWFKDOOHQJHWRWKH ZKHQKHDQGWKHRWKHUVZHUHDVNHGWKHORFDWLRQRIWKHJXQ OHJDOLW\RI2IILFHU5XVKjVHQWU\LQWRWKHDSDUWPHQW :KLOHWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWQRWHGWKHUHZDVQRHYLGHQFHWKDWWKLV mVWDWHPHQW>@ZDVDQ\WKLQJRWKHUWKDQYROXQWDU\l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mWKH RIILFHUV KDG QR UHDVRQDEOH DUWLFXODEOH UHDVRQDEOHEHOLHIEDVHGRQDUWLFXODEOHIDFWVWKDWWKH\DUHLQ EDVLV IRU EHOLHYLQJ WKHUH ZDV DQ\RQH HOVH LQ WKH DSDUWPHQW GDQJHU7KHTXHVWLRQRIZKHWKHUDEHOLHILVUHDVRQDEOHLVRQH SRVLQJ D VDIHW\ WKUHDW DQG WKXV MXVWLI\LQJ WKH SURWHFWLYH ZHUHYLHZGHQRYRVLQFHWKHUHDVRQDEOHQHVVWHVWLVREMHFWLYH VZHHSl  $SS DW   7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW VXSSUHVVHG WKH QRW VXEMHFWLYH  6HH 4XDUOHV  86 DW   m>7@KH PDJD]LQHDQGWKHEXOOHWVRQFRGHIHQGDQW&RWKUDQjVPRWLRQ DYDLODELOLW\ RI WKDW H[FHSWLRQ GRHV QRW GHSHQG XSRQ WKH WRVXSSUHVVVLQFHLWFRQFOXGHGZLWKDQDO\VLVWKDWWKH\ZHUH PRWLYDWLRQ RI WKH LQGLYLGXDO RIILFHUV LQYROYHG    >DQG@ VSRWWHGDIWHUDQLOOHJDOHQWU\ VKRXOG QRW EH PDGH WR GHSHQG RQ SRVW KRF ILQGLQJV DW D VXSSUHVVLRQKHDULQJFRQFHUQLQJWKHVXEMHFWLYHPRWLYDWLRQRI 7KH JRYHUQPHQW DUJXHV WKDW 7DOOH\ D PHUH JXHVW DW WKH WKHDUUHVWLQJRIILFHUl  KRPH KDG QR H[SHFWDWLRQ RI SULYDF\ DQG WKHUHIRUH ODFNV VWDQGLQJWRFKDOOHQJHWKHRIILFHUVjHQWU\LQWRWKHDSDUWPHQW 7KH RIILFHUV KDG OHJDO MXVWLILFDWLRQ IRU HQWHULQJ WKH 7KH JRYHUQPHQW SURSHUO\ SUHVHUYHG WKLV LVVXH IRU DSSHDO UHVLGHQFHDVDUHVXOWRIZKLFK2IILFHU5XVKVDZWKHPDJD]LQH DOWKRXJKWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWGLGQRWDGGUHVVLWDQGZHDJUHHWKDW DQG DPPXQLWLRQ XQGHU 0DU\ODQG Y %XLH   86 

Reference

Status
Published