United States v. Taylor
United States v. Taylor
Opinion
5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21 3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH
(/(&7521,& &,7$7,21 )(' $SS 3 WK &LU )LOH 1DPH DS
81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6 )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
81,7(' 67$7(6 2) $0(5,&$ ; 3ODLQWLII$SSHOOHH 1R Y ! '(55,&. 7$</25 'HIHQGDQW$SSHOODQW 1 $SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW IRUWKH1RUWKHUQ'LVWULFWRI2KLRDW&OHYHODQG 1R n$QQ$OGULFK'LVWULFWsXGJH $UJXHG 6HSWHPEHU 'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG $SULO %HIRUH 6,/(5&/$<DQG*,%621&LUFXLWsXGJHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB &2816(/ $5*8(' 'HQQLV*7HUH]&OHYHODQG2KLRIRU$SSHOODQW (GZDUG ) )HUDQ $66,67$17 81,7(' 67$7(6 $77251(<&OHYHODQG2KLRIRU$SSHOOHH21%5,() 'HQQLV*7HUH]&OHYHODQG2KLRIRU$SSHOODQW(GZDUG)
7KH +RQRUDEOH sRKQ 5 *LEVRQ &LUFXLW sXGJH RI WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV &RXUW RI $SSHDOV IRU WKH (LJKWK &LUFXLW VLWWLQJ E\ GHVLJQDWLRQ
8QLWHG6WDWHVY7D\ORU 1R
)HUDQ $66,67$17 81,7(' 67$7(6 $77251(< &OHYHODQG2KLRIRU$SSHOOHH BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 23,1,21 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB s2+15*,%621&LUFXLWs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oD WKUHHIROG LQFUHDVH 5HGXFWLRQRIWKHRIIHQVHOHYHOIRUDFFHSWDQFHRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\ OHIW7D\ORUZLWKDJXLGHOLQHUDQJHRIPRQWKV
7KH +RQRUDEOH $QQ $OGULFK 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 'LVWULFW sXGJH IRU WKH 1RUWKHUQ 'LVWULFW RI 2KLR
:H FLWH WKH YHUVLRQ RI WKH JXLGHOLQHV EHFDXVH WKDW ZDV WKH YHUVLRQ LQ HIIHFW DW WKH WLPH RI VHQWHQFLQJ 0D\ $00 866* % D 1RY FRXUW VKDOO XVH JXLGHOLQH LQ HIIHFW DW WLPH RI VHQWHQFLQJ 8QLWHG6WDWHVY7D\ORU 1R 1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY7D\ORU
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
/ E $ 1RY $FFRUGLQJO\ZHDIILUPWKH DQG IRUPHU $SSOLFDWLRQ 1RWH HOLPLQDWHG 800 $PHQGPHQW 866*
VHQWHQFHLPSRVHGE\WKHGLVWULFWFRXUW $SS & 6XSS EXW QR RQH KDV DUJXHG WKDW WKLV DPHQGPHQW VKRXOG
KDYH DQ\ HIIHFW LQ WKLV FDVH 3DUHQWKHWLFDOO\ LI WKH $PHQGPHQW ZDV
DSSOLFDEOH LW ZRXOG DSSDUHQWO\ GLFWDWH WKH VDPH UHVXOW WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW
UHDFKHG LQ WKLV FDVH 7D\ORU V FRFDLQH WUDIILFNLQJ FRQYLFWLRQ UHVXOWHG LQ D
WZHQW\ILYH \HDU VHQWHQFH DQG WKH DPHQGHG VHFWLRQ / SUHVFULEHV D
SRLQW LQFUHDVH LI WKH SULRU FRQYLFWLRQ ZDV D GUXJ WUDIILFNLQJ RIIHQVH IRU
ZKLFK WKH VHQWHQFH LPSRVHG H[FHHGHG PRQWKV 8QLWHG6WDWHVY7D\ORU 1R 1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY7D\ORU
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
Reference
- Status
- Published