United States v. Miller

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit

United States v. Miller

Opinion

5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21 3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH 

(/(&7521,& &,7$7,21  )(' $SS 3 WK &LU )LOH 1DPH DS

81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6 )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

81,7(' 67$7(6 2) $0(5,&$ ; 3ODLQWLII$SSHOOHH    1R  Y  !  &$5/ 5$< 0,//(5  'HIHQGDQW$SSHOODQW  1 $SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW IRUWKH(DVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI.HQWXFN\DW/RQGRQ 1RnsHQQLIHU%&RIIPDQ'LVWULFWsXGJH $UJXHG 2FWREHU  'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG 'HFHPEHU %HIRUH 6,/(5DQG0225(&LUFXLWsXGJHV 0F.,1/(< 'LVWULFWsXGJH  BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB &2816(/ $5*8('   sDPHV ( +LEEDUG /RQGRQ .HQWXFN\ IRU $SSHOODQW  sRKQ 3DWULFN *UDQW $66,67$17 81,7(' 67$7(6$77251(</H[LQJWRQ.HQWXFN\IRU$SSHOOHH

7KH +RQRUDEOH sRVHSK + 0F.LQOH\ sU 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 'LVWULFW sXGJH IRU WKH :HVWHUQ 'LVWULFW RI .HQWXFN\ VLWWLQJ E\ GHVLJQDWLRQ

  8QLWHG6WDWHVY0LOOHU 1R 

21 %5,()   sDPHV ( +LEEDUG /RQGRQ .HQWXFN\ IRU $SSHOODQW&KDUOHV3:LVGRPsU$66,67$1781,7(' 67$7(6 $77251(< /H[LQJWRQ .HQWXFN\ 6WHSKHQ & 6PLWK $66,67$17 81,7(' 67$7(6 $77251(< /RQGRQ.HQWXFN\IRU$SSHOOHH 0F.,1/(<'sGHOLYHUHGWKHRSLQLRQRIWKHFRXUWLQ ZKLFK 6,/(5 s MRLQHG  0225( s S   GHOLYHUHG D VHSDUDWHFRQFXUULQJRSLQLRQ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 23,1,21 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 0F.,1/(<'LVWULFWsXGJH'HIHQGDQW&DUO5D\0LOOHU DSSHDOVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVGHQLDORIKLVPRWLRQWRVXSSUHVV HYLGHQFHREWDLQHGIURPDVHDUFKRIKLVPRELOHKRPH)RUWKH IROORZLQJUHDVRQVZH$)),50WKHMXGJPHQWRIWKHGLVWULFW FRXUW 67$1'$5'2)5(9,(: 7KLV&RXUWUHYLHZVDGLVWULFWFRXUWjVGHFLVLRQRQDPRWLRQ WR VXSSUHVV HYLGHQFH XQGHU WZR FRPSOHPHQWDU\ VWDQGDUGV 8QLWHG6WDWHVY/HDNH )G  WK&LU   )LUVW ZH PXVW XSKROG WKH GLVWULFW FRXUWjV IDFWXDO ILQGLQJV XQOHVVFOHDUO\HUURQHRXV8QLWHG6WDWHVY+LOO )G  WK &LU    6HFRQG OHJDO FRQFOXVLRQV DV WR WKH H[LVWHQFH RI SUREDEOH FDXVH DUH UHYLHZHG GH QRYR  ,G  ,Q UHYLHZLQJWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVGHFLVLRQWKHHYLGHQFHPXVWEH YLHZHGLQWKHOLJKWPRVWIDYRUDEOHWRWKHJRYHUQPHQW8QLWHG 6WDWHVY:DONHU)G WK&LU  67$7(0(172))$&76 2QsXO\7LP)HHWKH6KHULIIRIsDFNVRQ&RXQW\ .HQWXFN\ UHFHLYHG LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP DQ LQIRUPDQW QDPHG 7RQ\ +DDV UHJDUGLQJ DQ LQGRRU PDULMXDQD JURZ RSHUDWLRQ EHLQJFRQGXFWHGDWWKHPRELOHKRPHUHVLGHQFHRI&DUO5D\ 0LOOHU+DDVLQIRUPHG6KHULII)HHWKDWKHKDGREVHUYHGWKH  8QLWHG6WDWHVY0LOOHU 1R  1R  8QLWHG6WDWHVY0LOOHU 

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB JURZRSHUDWLRQLQWKHHDUO\SDUWRIsXO\ZKLOHKHZDV SHUIRUPLQJ HOHFWULFDO DQG SOXPELQJ ZRUN IRU 0LOOHU DW &21&855(1&( 0LOOHUjVQHZKRPHWKDWZDVXQGHUFRQVWUXFWLRQ$W0LOOHUjV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB LQYLWDWLRQ+DDVHQWHUHG0LOOHUjVGRXEOHZLGHPRELOHKRPH .$5(1 1(/621 0225( &LUFXLW sXGJH FRQFXUULQJ $WWKLVWLPH0LOOHUVKRZHG+DDVKLVLQGRRUPDULMXDQDJURZ $OWKRXJK,FRQFXULQWKHPDMRULW\jVRSLQLRQ,QRWHWKDWWKLVLV RSHUDWLRQ ZKLFK FRQVLVWHG RI WKUHH EHGURRPV FRQWDLQLQJ DFORVHFDVH7KHUHFRUGLVVLOHQWZKHWKHU7RQ\+DDVNQHZ QXPHURXV PDULMXDQD SODQWV  2Q sXO\   DW WKDW KH ZRXOG EH QDPHG LQ WKH DIILGDYLW LQ VXSSRUW RI WKH DSSUR[LPDWHO\QRRQ0LOOHUDJDLQLQYLWHG+DDVLQWRKLVPRELOH VHDUFK ZDUUDQW DQG WKH DIILGDYLW GRHV QRW DWWHVW WR +DDVjV KRPH ZKHUH IRU D VHFRQG WLPH +DDV REVHUYHG 0LOOHUjV UHOLDELOLW\  6KHULII )HHjV FRUURERUDWLRQ FRQVLVWHG RI WKH LQGRRU PDULMXDQD JURZ RSHUDWLRQ LQ DGGLWLRQ WR PDULMXDQD ZKROO\LQQRFHQWIDFWVRIWKHORFDWLRQDQGRZQHUVKLSRIWKH SODQWVDQGPDULMXDQDEHLQJGULHG$WDSSUR[LPDWHO\  SURSHUW\  :HUH LW QRW IRU WKLV FRXUWj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jVQLFNQDPHZDVm+LSS\l%DVHGRQWKHVHIDFWV6KHULII )HHWKHDIILDQWREWDLQHGDVHDUFKZDUUDQWRQs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

DQG SURFHVVHG VXEVWDQFHV ZHUH LQ IDFW PDULMXDQD FULPHl WKDQ +DDVjV GLUHFW YLHZLQJ RI WKH LQGRRU JURZ 6XEVHTXHQWO\ 0LOOHU ZDV DUUHVWHG DQG LQGLFWHG RQ WKUHH RSHUDWLRQLQ0LOOHUjVPRELOHKRPH FRXQWV     LQWHQWLRQDOO\ PDQXIDFWXULQJ D 6FKHGXOH , FRQWUROOHGVXEVWDQFHLQYLRODWLRQRI86&† D  $GGLWLRQDOIDFWVVXSSRUWWKHYHUDFLW\DQGUHOLDELOLW\RI+DDV  NQRZLQJO\DQGLQWHQWLRQDOO\SRVVHVVLQJZLWKWKHLQWHQWWR +DDVH[SODLQHGLQGHWDLOWKHEDVLVE\ZKLFKKHREWDLQHGWKLV GLVWULEXWHD6FKHGXOH,FRQWUROOHGVXEVWDQFHLQYLRODWLRQRI LQIRUPDWLRQ+HHYHQSURYLGHGGDWHVDQGWLPHVWKDWKHKDG 86& †  D   DQG   IRUIHLWXUH RI SURSHUW\ XVHG WR EHHQ LQ 0LOOHUjV PRELOH KRPH DQG REVHUYHG WKH LQGRRU FRPPLWRUIDFLOLWDWHWKHGUXJFULPHVSXUVXDQWWR86& JURZLQJRSHUDWLRQ7KHLQIRUPDWLRQSURYLGHGE\+DDVZDV † VXIILFLHQWO\ GHWDLOHG UDWKHU WKDQ EHLQJ JHQHUDOL]HG RU DPELJXRXV  7KH DIILGDYLW VSHFLILHV WKDW 0LOOHU OLYHG LQ D 2Q6HSWHPEHU0LOOHUILOHGDPRWLRQWRVXSSUHVV PRELOHKRPHQRWMXVWDKRPH0RUHRYHU+DDVDSSDUHQWO\ DOOHYLGHQFHVHL]HGIURPWKHPRELOHKRPHDQGWKHVXUURXQGLQJ NQHZWKHGLUHFWLRQVWR0LOOHUjVPRELOHKRPHDVHYLGHQFHGE\ DUHD  0LOOHU FODLPHG WKDW WKH VHDUFK ZDUUDQW DQG DIILGDYLW +DDVOHDGLQJ6KHULII)HHWRWKHPRELOHKRPHjVORFDWLRQ7KH ZHUH IDFLDOO\ LQYDOLG GXH WR D ODFN RI SUREDEOH FDXVH  2Q DIILGDYLW DOVR VSHFLILHG WKDW WKH GUXJ LQ TXHVWLRQ ZDV 2FWREHU   0DJLVWUDWH sXGJH s % sRKQVRQ sU PDULMXDQD o DQG QRW MXVW PDULMXDQD EXW VSHFLILFDOO\ UHFRPPHQGHG WKDW WKH PRWLRQ WR VXSSUHVV EH JUDQWHG  2Q PDULMXDQDSODQWVDQGGULHGPDULMXDQD+DDVIXUWKHUSURYLGHG 2FWREHUIROORZLQJREMHFWLRQVDQGUHVSRQVHVE\WKH WKDWWKHLQGRRUPDULMXDQDJURZLQJRSHUDWLRQFRXOGEHIRXQG SDUWLHV sXGJH sHQQLIHU % &RIIPDQ GHQLHG WKH PRWLRQ WR LQWKUHHEHGURRPV+DDVDOVRQRWHGWKDWPDULMXDQDZDVLQWKH VXSSUHVV2Q0DUFK0LOOHUHQWHUHGDFRQGLWLRQDO SURFHVVRIEHLQJGULHGDVRSSRVHGWRVLPSO\VWDWLQJWKDWWKHUH JXLOW\ SOHD WR &RXQW 2QH  &RXQWV 7ZR DQG 7KUHH ZHUH H[LVWHGGULHGRUSURFHVVHGPDULMXDQD6HHHJ8QLWHG6WDWHV GLVPLVVHG  2Q sXQH    WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW VHQWHQFHG Y6RQDJHUH)G WK&LU   ILQGLQJWKDW 0LOOHU WR D SULVRQ WHUP RI  PRQWKV WKH PDQGDWRU\ DQDPHGLQIRUPDQWWKDWKDGQHYHUSURYLGHGLQIRUPDWLRQWRWKH PLQLPXP7KLVDSSHDOIROORZHG SROLFHDQGKHQFHGLGQRWKDYHDKLVWRU\RIUHOLDELOLW\GLGQRW SRVHDSUREOHPJLYHQWKHULFKGHWDLOWKHLQIRUPDQWVXSSOLHG ',6&866,21 DQGWKHFRUURERUDWLYHHIIRUWVRIWKHDIILDQW )RUDOORIWKHVH UHDVRQVZHILQGWKDWWKHLVVXLQJMXGJHKDGDVXEVWDQWLDOEDVLV 7KH )RXUWK $PHQGPHQW VWDWHV WKDW mQR :DUUDQWV VKDOO IRUFRQFOXGLQJWKDWDVHDUFKRI0LOOHUjVPRELOHKRPHZRXOG LVVXH EXW XSRQ SUREDEOH FDXVH VXSSRUWHG E\ 2DWK RU XQFRYHUHYLGHQFHRIZURQJGRLQJ DIILUPDWLRQ    l  86 &RQVW DPHQG ,9  m7KH WHVW IRU SUREDEOHFDXVHLVVLPSO\ZKHWKHUWKHUHLVDIDLUSUREDELOLW\ %HFDXVHZHILQGWKDWWKHLQIRUPDWLRQFRQWDLQHGLQ6KHULIIjV WKDW FRQWUDEDQG RU HYLGHQFH RI D FULPH ZLOO EH IRXQG LQ D )HH DIILGDYLW JDYH WKH LVVXLQJ MXGJH D VXEVWDQWLDO EDVLV IRU SDUWLFXODUSODFHl8QLWHG6WDWHVY0XUSK\)G FRQFOXGLQJ WKDW D VHDUFK ZRXOG XQFRYHU HYLGHQFH RI WK&LU  TXRWLQJ8QLWHG6WDWHVY6KDPDHL]DGHK ZURQJGRLQJLWLVQRWQHFHVVDU\WRDGGUHVVWKHDSSOLFDELOLW\RI )G WK&LU  8QLWHG6WDWHVY)LQFK  WKH mJRRG IDLWKl H[FHSWLRQ DUWLFXODWHG LQ 8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y )G  WK&LU  ,WLVQRWQHFHVVDU\WKDWWKH /HRQ86     HYLGHQFH HVWDEOLVKLQJ SUREDEOH FDXVH UHIOHFW WKH GLUHFW SHUVRQDOREVHUYDWLRQVRIDODZHQIRUFHPHQWRIILFLDO8QLWHG &21&/86,21 6WDWHVY:LOOLDPV)G WK&LU  FLWLQJ 8QLWHG6WDWHVY9HQWUHVFD86   ,Q )RU WKH UHDVRQV VWDWHG ZH $)),50 WKH GLVWULFW FRXUWjV IDFW WKH HYLGHQFH PD\ EH EDVHG XSRQ D FRQILGHQWLDO GHQLDORI'HIHQGDQW0LOOHUjVPRWLRQWRVXSSUHVV  8QLWHG6WDWHVY0LOOHU 1R  1R  8QLWHG6WDWHVY0LOOHU 

VHDUFKIRUWKDWHYLGHQFHl,GDW,QWKDWFDVHRIILFHUV LQIRUPDQWjV WLS VR ORQJ DV WKH LVVXLQJ MXGJH LV UHDVRQDEO\ DUUHVWHGDPDQ %URZQ GULYLQJDWUXFNFRQWDLQLQJVL[SRXQGV DVVXUHGWKDWWKHFRQILGHQWLDOLQIRUPDQWZDVFUHGLEOHDQGWKH RIPDULMXDQD,GDW:KHQDVNHGE\WKHRIILFHUVZKHUH LQIRUPDWLRQZDVUHOLDEOH,G KHREWDLQHGWKHPDULMXDQD%URZQUHVSRQGHGWKDWWKHGUXJV ZHUH IURP msDPHV 3HOKDP DW   &RXUW $YHQXH LQ 7KH6XSUHPH&RXUWLQ,OOLQRLVY*DWHV86 0HPSKLVl,G7KHRIILFHUVWKHQGURYHWRWKLVDGGUHVVZKHUH   DGRSWHGDWRWDOLW\RIWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHVDSSURDFKWR %URZQLGHQWLILHGWKHUHVLGHQFHDVWKHSODFHIURPZKLFKKHKDG GHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUSUREDEOHFDXVHH[LVWVm5LJLGOHJDOUXOHVl REWDLQHGWKHPDULMXDQD,G,PPHGLDWHO\WKHUHDIWHURQHRI VKRXOG QRW EH WKH JXLGLQJ KDQG RI SUREDEOH FDXVH WKHRIILFHUVGUDIWHGWKHIROORZLQJDIILGDYLW GHWHUPLQDWLRQV8QLWHG6WDWHVY.LQJ)G  WK &LU    ,QVWHDG WKH WRWDOLW\ RI WKH FLUFXPVWDQFHV WHVW 2QsDQXDU\ WKHDIILDQW>6ZDLQ@WDONHGWR3D\WRQ UHTXLUHVWKHLVVXLQJMXGJHWRmPDNHDSUDFWLFDOFRPPRQVHQVH %URZQ ZKR VWDWHG WR WKH DIILDQW WKDW ZLWKLQ WKH SDVW GHFLVLRQ    JLYHQ DOO WKH FLUFXPVWDQFHV VHW IRUWK LQ WKH WZHQW\IRXU   KRXUV KH KDG EHHQ LQVLGH WKH DERYH DIILGDYLW EHIRUH KLP LQFOXGLQJ WKH µYHUDFLW\j DQG µEDVLV RI GHVFULEHG UHVLGHQFH RI sLP 3HOKDP DQG KDG VHHQ sLP NQRZOHGJHj RI SHUVRQV VXSSO\LQJ KHDUVD\ LQIRUPDWLRQl 3HOKDP VWRULQJ  VHOOLQJ 0DULMXDQD LQVLGH WKH 0XUSK\)GDW TXRWLQJ*DWHV86DW  DIRUHPHQWLRQHG UHVLGHQFH WKH VDPH EHLQJ ORFDWHG LQ :KLOHYHUDFLW\UHOLDELOLW\DQGEDVLVRINQRZOHGJHDUHKLJKO\ 0HPSKLV6KHOE\&RXQW\7HQQHVVHH UHOHYDQWLQGHWHUPLQLQJWKHYDOXHRIDQLQIRUPDQWjVUHSRUW WKHVHHOHPHQWVDUHQRWVHSDUDWHDQGLQGHSHQGHQWUHTXLUHPHQWV ,G%DVHGRQWKHVHIDFWVDQGQRRWKHUSROLFHFRUURERUDWLRQ WKDWDUHWREHLQIOH[LEO\H[DFWHGLQHYHU\FDVH*DWHV EHVLGHVKDYLQJ%URZQLGHQWLI\WKHUHVLGHQFHLQTXHVWLRQWKLV 86 DW   5DWKHU mD GHILFLHQF\ LQ RQH PD\ EH &RXUW KHOG WKDW LQWHUSUHWLQJ WKH DIILDQWjV DIILGDYLW mLQ D FRPSHQVDWHGIRULQGHWHUPLQLQJWKHRYHUDOOUHOLDELOLW\RIDWLS FRPPRQVHQVHPDQQHU>WKHPDJLVWUDWH@KDGDVXEVWDQWLDO E\DVWURQJVKRZLQJDVWRWKHRWKHURUE\VRPHRWKHULQGLFLD EDVLVIRUFRQFOXGLQJWKDWDVHDUFKZRXOGXQFRYHUHYLGHQFHRI RIUHOLDELOLW\l,GDW FLWDWLRQVRPLWWHG  ZURQJGRLQJl  ,G DW   $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH &RXUW m>W@KH DIILGDYLW ZKLFK ZDV EDVHG RQ WKH VWDWHPHQWV RI D QDPHG $QLVVXLQJMXGJHjVILQGLQJVRISUREDEOHFDXVHVKRXOGEH LQIRUPDQWVWDWHGWKDWµZLWKLQWKHSDVWWZHQW\IRXU  KRXUV JLYHQJUHDWGHIHUHQFHE\WKHUHYLHZLQJFRXUWDQGVKRXOGQRW >%URZQ@KDGEHHQLQVLGHWKHUHVLGHQFHRIsLP3HOKDPDQG EH UHYHUVHG XQOHVV DUELWUDULO\ H[HUFLVHG  8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y KDGVHHQsLP3HOKDPVWRULQJ VHOOLQJ0DULMXDQDjl,G $OOHQ)G   WK&LU  FLWLQJ8QLWHG6WDWHV 7KH&RXUWIXUWKHUVWDWHGm>L@QDSUDFWLFDOVHQVHWKHUHFRXOG Y6ZLKDUW)G WK&LU  &RXUWV KDUGO\EHPRUHVXEVWDQWLDOHYLGHQFHRIWKHH[LVWHQFHRIWKH VKRXOG UHYLHZ WKH VXIILFLHQF\ RI DQ DIILGDYLW XQGHUO\LQJ D PDWHULDO VRXJKW DQG LWV UHOHYDQFH WR D FULPH WKDQ %URZQjV VHDUFKZDUUDQWLQDFRPPRQVHQVHUDWKHUWKDQK\SHUWHFKQLFDO GLUHFWYLHZLQJRIPDULMXDQDLQ3HOKDPjVKRXVHl,G PDQQHU8QLWHG6WDWHVY3HOKDP)G WK&LU    FLWLQJ9HQWUHVFD86DW 7KHWUDGLWLRQDO sXVWDVLQ3HOKDP+DDVKDGEHHQLQ0LOOHUjVKRPHZLWKLQ VWDQGDUGIRUUHYLHZLQJDQLVVXLQJMXGJHjVILQGLQJRISUREDEOH WZHQW\IRXUKRXUVRIWKHLVVXDQFHRIWKHVHDUFKZDUUDQW+DDV FDXVH mKDV EHHQ WKDW VR ORQJ DV WKH PDJLVWUDWH KDG D KDGSHUVRQDOO\REVHUYHGWKHLQGRRUPDULMXDQDJURZRSHUDWLRQ µVXEVWDQWLDOEDVLVIRUFRQFOXG>LQJ@jWKDWDVHDUFKZRXOG )XUWKHUPRUH+DDVZDVZLOOLQJWREHQDPHGLQWKHDIILGDYLW XQFRYHU HYLGHQFH RI ZURQJGRLQJ WKH )RXUWK $PHQGPHQW $FFRUGLQJO\mWKHUHFRXOGKDUGO\EHPRUHVXEVWDQWLDOHYLGHQFH UHTXLUHVQRPRUHl,G TXRWLQJ*DWHV86DW  RIWKHH[LVWHQFHRIWKHPDWHULDOVRXJKWDQGLWVUHOHYDQFHWRD  8QLWHG6WDWHVY0LOOHU 1R  1R  8QLWHG6WDWHVY0LOOHU 

$FFRUGLQJO\WKHLVVXHLQWKLVFDVHLVZKHWKHUWKHmWRWDOLW\ KRPH  7KH DIILDQW ZHQW WR WKH sDFNVRQ &RXQW\ 39$ RI WKH FLUFXPVWDQFHVl VXSSRUWHG WKH LVVXLQJ MXGJHjV 2IILFHWRGHWHUPLQHZKRRZQHGWKHSURSHUW\7KHDIILDQW GHWHUPLQDWLRQWKDWWKHUHZDVDmVXEVWDQWLDOEDVLVlWRFRQFOXGH OHDUQHG WKDW &DUO 5 0LOOHU ZDV DOVR NQRZQ E\ WKH mWKDWDVHDUFKZRXOGXQFRYHUHYLGHQFHRIZURQJGRLQJl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sXO\DWDSSUR[LPDWHO\  VXEVWDQWLDOSROLFHFRUURERUDWLRQ SPDIILDQWUHFHLYHGLQIRUPDWLRQIURPREVHUYHG 7RQ\ +DDV7RQ\+DDVVWDWHVWKDWKHKDGEHHQ ZRUNLQJIRU :HGLVDJUHHZLWK0LOOHUDQGILQGWKDWWKHDIILGDYLWSURYLGHV &DUO 5 0LOOHU GRLQJ HOHFWULFDO DQG SOXPELQJ ZRUN RQ DVXEVWDQWLDOEDVLVWRFRQFOXGHWKDWDVHDUFKZRXOGXQFRYHU 0U0LOOHUjVQHZKRXVH0U0LOOHULQYLWHG7RQ\+DDV HYLGHQFH RI ZURQJGRLQJ 7KH VLPSOH IDFW LV WKDW WKH LQWR KLV GRXEOH ZLGH PRELOH KRPH DQG VKRZHG 7RQ\ LQIRUPDQW +DDV ZDV QDPHG LQ WKH DIILGDYLW LQ TXHVWLRQ +DDVKLVLQGRRUJURZLQJRSHUDWLRQ*URZLQJRSHUDWLRQ 6KHULII )HH VSRNH WR +DDV RQ WZR RFFDVLRQV RYHU WKH FRQVLVWHG RI WKUHH EHGURRPV WKDW FRQWDLQHG QXPHURXV WHOHSKRQH6KRUWO\DIWHURQHRIWKRVHFDOOV6KHULII)HHDQG PDULMXDQD SODQWV  7RQ\ +DDV REVHUYHG WKLV LQGRRU +DDVGURYHWRJHWKHUWRWKHORFDWLRQRI0LOOHUjVPRELOHKRPH JURZLQJRSHUDWLRQLQWKHILUVWSDUWRIsXO\2QsXO\ 7KDWEHLQJVR+DDVZDVQRWDQDQRQ\PRXVWLSVWHUDQGZLOO DWDSSUR[LPDWHO\ SP7RQ\+DDVZDVLQ QRW EH WUHDWHG DV VXFK  0RUHRYHU ZLWK +DDVjV LGHQWLW\ WKHGRXEOHZLGHPRELOHKRPHRI&DUO50LOOHUDQGDJDLQ VHFXUHG +DDV KLPVHOI ZDV VXEMHFW WR SURVHFXWLRQ LI WKLV VDZ WKH LQGRRU JURZLQJ RSHUDWLRQ DQG WKH PDULMXDQD LQIRUPDWLRQZDVIDEULFDWHG $GDPVY:LOOLDPV86 SODQWV LQ WKH PRELOH KRPH DQG 7RQ\ +DDV REVHUYHG     PDULMXDQDEHLQJGULHGLQWKHPRELOHKRPH 7KHIDFWVRIWKLVFDVHDUHYHU\VLPLODUWRWKRVHLQ8QLWHG 7RQ\+DDVWROGWKHDIILDQWRQsXO\RIZKDWKH 6WDWHV Y 3HOKDP  )G  WK &LU    ZKHUH ZH KDGREVHUYHGLQWKHPRELOHKRPHRI&DUO50LOOHUDQG IRXQGWKDWWKHUHZDVSUREDEOHFDXVHWRLVVXHDZDUUDQW,Q VKRZHGWKHDIILDQWWKHORFDWLRQRI&DUO50LOOHUjVPRELOH 3HOKDP WKLV &RXUW KHOG WKDW m>Z@KHQ D ZLWQHVV KDV VHHQ KRPH2QsXO\7RQ\+DDVFDOOHGWKHDIILDQWDW HYLGHQFHLQDVSHFLILFORFDWLRQLQWKHLPPHGLDWHSDVWDQGLV DSSUR[LPDWHO\ DQGLQIRUPHGWKHDIILDQWDVWRZKDW ZLOOLQJ WR EH QDPHG LQ WKH DIILGDYLW WKH µWRWDOLW\ RI WKH KHKDGREVHUYHGLQWKHPRELOHKRPHRQsXO\ FLUFXPVWDQFHVjSUHVHQWVDµVXEVWDQWLDOEDVLVjIRUFRQGXFWLQJD $FWLQJRQWKHLQIRUPDWLRQUHFHLYHGDIILDQWFRQGXFWHG WKHIROORZLQJLQGHSHQGHQWLQYHVWLJDWLRQ 7RQ\+DDVDQG  DIILDQW GURYH WR WKH ORFDWLRQ RI WKH PRELOH KRPH .HQWXFN\ 5HYLVHG 6WDWXWHV †   SURYLGHV WKDW m>D@ SHUVRQ LV

REVHUYHGWKHPRELOHKRPHDQGVXUURXQGLQJDUHDZURWH JXLOW\ RI IDOVHO\ UHSRUWLQJ DQ LQFLGHQW ZKHQ KH NQRZLQJO\ JLYHV IDOVH LQIRUPDWLRQ WR DQ\ ODZ HQIRUFHPHQW RIILFHU ZLWK LQWHQW WR LPSOLFDWH GRZQ WKH GLUHFWLRQ DQG PLOHDJH WR JHW WR WKH PRELOH DQRWKHUl 6XFK DQ RIIHQVH LV D &ODVV $ PLVGHPHDQRU

Reference

Status
Published