Plaintiff Matthew N. Fulton, DDS, P.C., a dental practice in Linden, Michigan, brings this suit on behalf of itself and others similarly situated. Fulton alleges that it received a fax from Defendants in September 2016 that was an unsolicited advertisement under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA), 47 U.S.C. § 227 , but that failed to include the requisite opt-out provision. Arguing that the fax did not qualify as an advertisement under the TCPA, Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint. The district court granted the motion. Applying the standards governing dismissal of a complaint for failure to state a claim, we find that Fulton has plausibly alleged that the fax was an unsolicited advertisement insofar as it alleged that the fax served as a pretext to send Fulton additional marketing materials. Accordingly, we REVERSE and REMAND this case for additional proceedings consistent with this opinion.

I. BACKGROUND

This lawsuit stems from a fax Fulton's dental practice received on September 7, 2016. 1 The fax provided in pertinent part:

*950 Re: Fax Number Verification for Delivery of Patient PHI (Internal ID: 34290748)

The purpose of this Fax Verification Request is to help preserve the privacy and security of your patients' Protected Health Information ("PHI"), as defined by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ("HIPAA"). LexisNexis is seeking your cooperation to verify or update your information. We validate and update the fax in our system so our clients can use them for clinical summaries, prescription renewals, and other sensitive communications. Verifying the practice address, phone number[,] and your secure fax number(s) for this location will minimize the potential privacy risks that could arise from information sent to an unsecured location. As part of our effort to assure that the [sic] transmission of PHI, it is vital to verify the information for Dr. Matthew Norman Fulton, DDS is accurate. This information will be verified once each year.

(R. 1-2 at PageID 32) The fax then provided space for recipients either to validate the contact information listed in the fax's heading or to update their contact information. It also had a signature line and room for comments. The fax ended by providing a phone number and by incorporating a website of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) with the inclusion of the following Universal Resource Locator (URL): http://www.enclarity.com/providerfaqs.php. The fax did not contain an opt-out notice.

Fulton attached the LexisNexis Provider FAQs as an exhibit to the complaint. The FAQs indicate that the "system" referred to in the fax is the Master Provider Referential Database. Defendants explain that providers' contact information will be licensed to their "customer base," which is comprised of "health insurance plans, preferred provider organizations, pharmacy network companies, pharmacy benefit managers, property and casualty insurance carriers, retail pharmacies, government entities, as well as life sciences companies (pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers)." (R. 1-3 at PageID 35) According to the FAQs, Defendants "have compiled the largest, most accurate database of medical provider business and professional demographic data in the United States." ( Id. at PageID 36) The FAQs also indicate what will happen to providers' verified contact information:

Our customers use provider information in a variety of ways, including communicating patient prescription data, validating provider identity for claims payments, reimbursing providers for medical bills, updating provider directories, renewing prescriptions, researching health care practitioners to invite them to become part of a provider network, sending important notifications, such as product recalls, and other uses.

( Id. at PageID 37) Validating one's contact information, the FAQs state, will "help to drive more business to you." ( Id. at PageID 40)

Other portions of Defendants' website promote the advantages of using Defendants' "ProviderLookup" product, which is their "Web-based, real-time provider information search service" that uses the information in the Master Provider Referential Database. (R. 1-4 at PageID 43) In other words, the contact information gathered by faxes like the one Fulton received is used to build the Master Provider Referential *951 Database, which Defendants sell to their customer base through ProviderLookup.

Fulton filed a two-count class action complaint in October 2016. Count I asserted that the fax violated the TCPA, and Count II asserted a state law conversion claim. Fulton named as Defendants Enclarity, Inc., LexisNexis Risk Solutions, Inc., LexisNexis Risk Solutions GA, Inc., LexisNexis Risk Solutions FL, Inc., and John Does 1-12 (collectively referred to herein as Defendants). The complaint included the fax itself, as well as printouts from Defendants' referenced website, including the FAQs, a provider lookup form, Defendants' privacy policy, and Defendants' terms and conditions. Fulton alleged that the fax was a pretext to obtain both "participation in Defendants' proprietary database" and "consent ... to send additional marketing faxes to recipients." (R. 1 at PageID 5) Fulton alleged that both "Defendants and third parties will use the information to contact the recipients regarding products, services, competitions and promotions." ( Id. at PageID 13)

Fulton also contended that the fax was "a pretext to increase awareness and use of Defendants' proprietary database service and increase traffic to Defendants' website." ( Id. ) According to Fulton, "Defendants consolidate healthcare provider contact information into their proprietary Master Provider Referential Database, a commercially available product or service that Defendants sell or lease to their subscribers and licensees." ( Id. at PageID 8) The complaint set forth class allegations, including that Defendants sent the same fax that Fulton received to at least 39 other similarly situated individuals.

Defendants responded to the complaint by filing a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). They argued that the fax did not meet the TCPA's definition of an advertisement and therefore was not required to have an opt-out provision. The district court agreed. It found that "[n]othing mentioned in the fax is available to be bought or sold," and concluded that the fax "lack[ed] the commercial components inherent in ads." Matthew N. Fulton, D.D.S., P.C. v. Enclarity, Inc. , No. 16-13777, 2017 WL 783499 , at *3 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 1, 2017) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). The court also found that even if Defendants might "profit from verifying Plaintiff's contact information to third parties, there is no allegation or argument that Defendants are advertising-or will advertise-any goods or services to Plaintiff." Id. The district court disregarded the attachments to the complaint, on the basis that this court's decision in Sandusky WellnessCenter., LLC v. Medco Health Solutions, Inc. , 788 F.3d 218 , 221 (6th Cir. 2015), constrained its analysis to the four corners of the fax. Id. After dismissing Fulton's TCPA claim with prejudice, the district court determined that the state law conversion claim belonged in state court and dismissed it without prejudice. Id. at *5.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

We review de novo the grant of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). Keys v. Humana, Inc. , 684 F.3d 605 , 608 (6th Cir. 2012). Courts must "construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff[ ] [and] accept all well-pleaded factual allegations as true." Hill v. Snyder , 878 F.3d 193 , 203 (6th Cir. 2017). To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to "state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly , 550 U.S. 544 , 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955 , 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). A claim is facially plausible when a plaintiff "pleads factual content that allows the court to *952 draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Ashcroft v. Iqbal , 556 U.S. 662 , 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 , 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009).

B. The Sandusky Decision

We begin by clarifying this court's decision in Sandusky , 788 F.3d 218 . The district court's opinion is founded upon its interpretation of Sandusky , which it understood as compelling its holding that the TCPA claim fails unless the commercial nature of the fax is evident from the face of the fax. The district court also adopted the Defendants' argument that Sandusky requires a fax to "propose a commercial exchange between the sender and the recipient" to trigger TCPA coverage. These holdings reflect an improper understanding of Sandusky and impose undue restrictions on TCPA claims.

Sandusky , a summary judgment decision, addressed two faxes sent to a chiropractor by Medco Health Solutions, a benefit manager that acted "as an intermediary between health plan sponsors (often employers) and prescription drug companies." 788 F.3d at 220 . The faxes contained notifications of certain drugs included in Medco's "formulary," the list of drugs available to some of the chiropractor's patients through healthcare plans offered by one of Medco's sponsor-clients. Id. The chiropractor brought suit under the TCPA, alleging that the faxes were unsolicited advertisements. Applying summary judgment standards, we concluded that "[t]he undisputed facts in the record ... show that each [fax] merely informed [the plaintiff] which drugs its patients might prefer, irrespective of Medco's financial considerations." Id. at 221 . After examining the record, Sandusky found that the faxes were "not sent with hopes to make a profit, directly or indirectly, from [the plaintiff] or others similarly situated" and no "record evidence show[ed] that Medco hope[d] to attract clients or customers by sending the faxes." Id. at 222 . Instead, we determined that those faxes had a "purely informational" and "non-pecuniary" purpose and were sent as part of "a paid service already rendered not to [the plaintiff] but to Medco's clients." Id. Summarizing the applicable TCPA test, Sandusky held that to qualify as an unsolicited advertisement under the TCPA, a fax "must promote goods or services that are for sale, and the sender must have profit as an aim." Id. at 223-24 . Because the faxes Medco sent did not meet this definition, the TCPA was not implicated.

The plaintiff in Sandusky also asked that the faxes be interpreted in the context of Medco's previous business, a mail-order pharmacy, and Medco's history of noncompliance with state laws when operating that pharmacy. Id. at 225 . We declined to factor in this "extraneous and speculative down-the-stream evidence" for the purpose of determining whether "Medco might financially benefit from these faxes several locks down the stream of commerce." Id. Sandusky stands for the proposition that in this situation, an "ancillary, remote, and hypothetical economic benefit later on does not convert a noncommercial, informational communication into a commercial solicitation." Id. at 225 . But nowhere does Sandusky confine a court's consideration of TCPA claims to the face of the challenged fax. To the contrary, Sandusky repeatedly surveyed "the record evidence" for proof of a financial benefit to Medco and, in so doing, went beyond the faces of the two faxes. Id. ; see also id. at 222 (reviewing the record evidence). Sandusky also acknowledged that a fax could be an advertisement without overtly offering a product or service for sale, such as offers for free seminars that turn out to be pretext for a later solicitation. Id. at 225 (citing *953 Rules and Regulations Implementing the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991; Junk Fax Prevention Act of 2005, 71 Fed. Reg. 25,967 , 25,973 (May 3, 2006) ). Finding a fax to be pretext for a subsequent advertising opportunity would require looking to what came after the fax. A court could not possibly resolve a claim that a fax was pretextual if it confined its evaluation to the fax itself.

Sandusky thus does not entail the two requirements imposed by the district court: that the fax must propose a direct commercial transaction between the sender and the recipient and that courts are constrained to examining only the face of the fax. In contravention of such requirements, Sandusky recognizes that the fax "need not be an explicit sale offer" and that the "best ads" are sometimes not "so overt," and then concludes that TCPA coverage is accorded where the fax is "an indirect commercial solicitation, or pretext for" such a solicitation." Id. at 225 . This understanding of the TCPA is buttressed by the text of the statute itself, which likewise lacks the requirements imposed by the district court. See 47 U.S.C. § 227 .

This clarification of Sandusky governs our analysis. The district court misconstrued Sandusky when it disregarded the exhibits attached to Fulton's complaint. The exhibits are part of the record, and we may consider them when evaluating Fulton's TCPA claim. And we may do so without converting Defendants' motion to dismiss into one for summary judgment. Commercial Money Ctr., Inc. v. Ill. Union Ins. Co. , 508 F.3d 327 , 335-36 (6th Cir. 2007) (explaining that courts may consider documents "referred to in the pleadings" and "integral to the claims ... without converting a motion to dismiss into one for summary judgment"). Under this circuit's precedent, "documents attached to the pleadings become part of the pleadings and may be considered on a motion to dismiss." Id. (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(c) ). Indeed, Defendants do not challenge the authenticity of Fulton's exhibits, having conceded that their contents may be accepted as facts. (R. 18 at PageID 126-27) Our review of Defendants' motion to dismiss properly includes the exhibits Fulton attached to the complaint.

C. Unsolicited Faxes Under the TCPA

The TCPA prohibits sending a fax that is an "unsolicited advertisement" unless, among other requirements, the fax has a satisfactory opt-out notice. See 47 U.S.C. § 227 (b)(1)(C). 2 The TCPA creates a private right of action for recipients of unsolicited advertisements, which provides for statutory damages of $500 per violation and for injunctive relief to prevent future violations. Id. § 227(b)(3). The parties do not dispute that the fax Defendants sent to Fulton was unsolicited and lacked an opt-out provision. The issue is whether the fax qualified as an advertisement within the meaning of the TCPA.

Whether a fax constitutes an unsolicited advertisement is a question of law. See Sandusky , 788 F.3d at 221 . The TCPA defines an unsolicited advertisement as "any material advertising the commercial availability or quality of any property, goods, or services which is transmitted to any person without that person's prior express invitation or permission, in writing or otherwise." 47 U.S.C. § 227 (a)(5). As we *954 acknowledged in Sandusky , the TCPA covers faxes that serve as "pretext for a commercial solicitation." 788 F.3d at 225 . The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has promulgated a rule defining unsolicited advertisements and explaining pretextual faxes:

The Commission concludes that facsimile messages that promote goods or services even at no cost, such as free magazine subscriptions, catalogs, or free consultations or seminars, are unsolicited advertisements under the TCPA's definition. In many instances, "free" seminars serve as a pretext to advertise commercial products and services. Similarly, "free" publications are often part of an overall marketing campaign to sell property, goods, or services. For instance, while the publication itself may be offered at no cost to the fascimile recipient, the products promoted within the publication are often commercially available. Based on this, it is reasonable to presume that such messages describe the "quality of any property, goods, or services." Therefore, facsimile communications regarding such free goods and services, if not purely "transactional," would require the sender to obtain the recipient's permission beforehand, in the absence of an [established business relationship].

71 Fed. Reg. at 25973 . According to Fulton's complaint, providing verified contact information paves the way for Defendants' customers to "send additional marketing faxes to recipients." (R. 1 at PageID 5) This allegation finds some support in the FAQs, which confirm that Defendants' customers use the system to "invite [providers] to become part of a provider network" and "send[ ] important notifications," among "other uses." (R. 1-3 at PageID 37) The potential for future advertising is also implied by Defendants' assertion that verifying contact information will "drive more business to" providers. ( Id. at PageID 40) Defendants have not contested this allegation.

The Second Circuit recently considered whether a TCPA plaintiff who claimed that a fax was pretextual had satisfied the Rule 12(b)(6) pleading standard. See Physicians Healthsource, Inc. v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharm., Inc. , 847 F.3d 92 (2d Cir. 2017). In Boehringer , a medical office received a fax inviting a doctor to a free dinner meeting to discuss certain health conditions, which was sponsored by the defendant, a pharmaceutical company. Id. at 93 . The defendant had created a drug to treat those health conditions but could not legally market its treatment until it had received approval from the Federal Drug Administration. Id. at 94 . The district court reviewed the FCC's rule, acknowledged that it tracks the language of the statute, then dismissed the complaint on the basis that plaintiffs were required "to show that the fax has a commercial pretext-i.e., 'that the defendant advertised, or planned to advertise, its products or services at the seminar.' " Id. at 95 (quoting Physicians Healthsource, Inc. v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharm., Inc. , No. 3:14-CV-405, 2015 WL 144728 , at * 3 (D. Conn. Jan. 12, 2015) ). The Second Circuit reversed, emphasizing that at the motion to dismiss phase, a plaintiff need only plausibly allege a commercial pretext, not actually show it, and noting that a requirement of more specificity would "impede the purposes of the TCPA." Id. at 95-96. Even though the free dinner meeting would not feature discussion of the defendant's drug, the Second Circuit found sufficient the allegation that the defendant sent a fax on a subject that "relate[d] to [its] products or services," which led to "a plausible conclusion that the fax had the commercial purpose of promoting those products or services." Id. at 95.

*955 The decision in Boehringer centered on the alleged "commercial nexus" between the free dinner offered in the fax and the defendant's "business, i.e., its property, products, or services." Id. at 96. According to Fulton, that same nexus exists here: The fax solicits information to verify its system of provider information, which Defendants make commercially available to other health care organizations, who may subject Fulton to future unsolicited advertising.

Taking the complaint's allegations as true and drawing all inferences in Fulton's favor, as we must at the motion to dismiss stage, we find that Fulton has adequately alleged that the fax Fulton received was an unsolicited advertisement because it served as a commercial pretext for future advertising opportunities. Fulton has therefore stated a plausible TCPA claim under the fax-as-pretext theory. Because this conclusion is sufficient to warrant reversing and remanding the case, we need not reach Fulton's alternative theory that the fax was an advertisement because Defendants sent it with a profit motive.

D. Fulton's State Law Claim

After dismissing Fulton's TCPA claim, the district court dismissed Fulton's state law conversion claim. The district court concluded that "[b]ecause no federal law claim remains before the Court, and because this case is in its preliminary stages, the court concludes that the litigation of Plaintiff's state law claim would most appropriately be conducted in state court." Fulton , 2017 WL 783499 , at *5. Because Fulton stated a TCPA claim over which the district court had original jurisdiction, Fulton's conversion claim also remains before the district court.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the judgment in favor of Defendants and REMAND Fulton's TCPA and conversion claims for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

DISSENT

JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

I agree with the majority's analysis of Sandusky 's import and its assessment of the district court's errors. But I disagree with its legal conclusion that the fax at issue was an unsolicited advertisement under TCPA.

The majority holds that Fulton has plausibly alleged that the fax was an unsolicited advertisement, because "it alleged that the fax served as a pretext to send Fulton additional marketing materials." (Majority at 949.) However, I respectfully disagree on this point. In its complaint, Fulton alleges that if it updated its contact information as requested by the fax, it would then have agreed to Enclarity's privacy policy, which in turn would have allowed Enclarity to send promotional material for other products and services. But, as Enclarity refutes, this argument is highly speculative. There are no alleged facts suggesting that Enclarity would have used, or even intended to use, this fax as a stepping stone to future solicitations of Fulton. Moreover, as Enclarity points out, Fulton is able to manage any of its communications preferences and opt out of receiving any future faxes from Enclarity. A conclusory allegation stating that Enclarity sent this request for information as a pretext to advertise is not sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal , 556 U.S. 662 , 129 S.Ct. 1937 , 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (stating that "a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter," and that it will not suffice "if it tenders 'naked assertion[s]' devoid of 'further factual enhancement' " (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly , 550 U.S. 544 , 557, 127 S.Ct. 1955 , 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) ) ).

*956 Thus, I believe the fax was not an advertisement under the TCPA because its primary purpose was to improve the service and not to solicit business or sales from, or through, Fulton. Accordingly, we should affirm the district court's decision based on alternative reasoning.