NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 24a0467n.06

                                           No. 24-3043

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                                   FILED
                                                                                    Nov 25, 2024
                                                                             KELLY L. STEPHENS, Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       )
                                                )
        Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                )          ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                )          UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v.
                                                )          COURT FOR THE NORTHERN
                                                )          DISTRICT OF OHIO
LOUCANE MCCORMICK,
                                                )
        Defendant-Appellant.                    )

OPINION

                                                )
                                                )

Before: BATCHELDER, MOORE, and BUSH, Circuit Judges.

       KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Defendant-appellant Loucane McCormick

appeals his sentence for Hobbs Act robbery, arguing that the district court erred when it applied a

two-level enhancement because McCormick “physically restrained” a person to facilitate the

robbery, rendering his sentence procedurally unreasonable. Because the district court interpreted

the Sentencing Guidelines’ use of the term “physically restrained” in accord with our precedent,

we AFFIRM McCormick’s sentence.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

       After McCormick and an associate committed an armed robbery of a Family Dollar store,

McCormick was convicted upon a jury trial of interference with commerce by robbery in violation

of 

(a) (Count One), and of using or carrying, and discharging a firearm during

and in relation to a crime of violence in violation of 

(c)(1)(A)(ii) and (2) (Count

Two). R. 98 (Judgment at 1) (Page ID #733). The district court sentenced McCormick to 36
No. 24-3043, United States v. McCormick


months of imprisonment on Count One and 120 months of imprisonment on Count Two, to be

served consecutively. 

 (Page ID #734).

         In imposing McCormick’s sentence on Count One, the district court applied U.S.

Sentencing Guidelines (U.S.S.G.) Manual § 2B3.1(b)(4)(B), a two-level enhancement for

robberies where a “person was physically restrained to facilitate commission of the offense,”

noting that the evidence admitted at trial showed that McCormick “led an employee [named

Brandon Serrano] from the back of the store to the front of the store at gunpoint, and once at the

front of the store pointed the firearm at [him and] the [other] employees working at the cash register

and locked the front doors limiting these employees’ movements” and concluding that “the specific

offense characteristic [of physical restraint] d[id] apply.” R. 116 (Sent’g Tr. at 10:4–9) (Page ID

#1771); see also R. 112 (Trial Tr. Vol. II at 324) (Page ID #1079); R. 94 (PSR at 4) (Page ID

#696).    McCormick argues that the district court erred by applying the physical-restraint

enhancement, but he does not dispute the version of the facts stated by the district court and

summarized above. See Appellant Br. at 7–8.

         McCormick asserts that his sentence for Count One is procedurally unreasonable because,

under McCormick’s construction of our law, “[t]here was no evidence that Mr. McCormick

physically restrained any person.” Appellant Br. at 9. McCormick thus argues that the district

court erred in applying the physical-restraint enhancement resulting in a two-level increase in

McCormick’s offense level for Count One and, accordingly, a Guideline sentence of 51–63 months

of imprisonment on that count. R. 116 (Sent’g Tr. at 9:19–11:9) (Page ID #1770–72). McCormick

concludes that his sentence is procedurally unreasonable because, absent the physical-restraint




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No. 24-3043, United States v. McCormick


enhancement, his Guideline sentence on Count One would have been 41–51 months.1 Appellant

Br. at 17.

                                               II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review

        We review criminal sentences for both substantive and procedural reasonableness. United

States v. Stewart, 

 (6th Cir. 2010). “Substantive reasonableness is concerned

with the length of a sentence in context, ‘tak[ing] into account the totality of the circumstances,

including the extent of any variance from the Guidelines range.’” United States v. Snelling, 

, 511–12 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting United States v. Novales, 

 (6th Cir.

2009)). “Procedural reasonableness, on the other hand, is concerned with the method by which

the court arrives at the sentence. For a sentence to be procedurally reasonable, the court ‘must

properly calculate the Guidelines range, treat the guidelines as advisory, consider the § 3553(a)

factors and adequately explain the chosen sentence.’” Id. at 512 (quoting United States v. Presley,

 (6th Cir. 2008)).

        Ordinarily, we review a district court’s sentence for abuse of discretion. Gall v. United

States, 

 (2007). But “whether th[e] facts as determined by the district court warrant

the application of a particular guideline provision is purely a legal question and is reviewed de

novo.” Snelling, 

 (quoting United States v. Rothwell, 

 (6th Cir.

2004)). McCormick asks us to determine whether the facts of his offense trigger the physical-




        1
          We note that the district court imposed a below-Guidelines sentence for Count One that is actually lower
than the 41–51 months’ Guidelines range McCormick claims the court should have calculated.

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No. 24-3043, United States v. McCormick


restraint enhancement. We thus review de novo the district court’s decision to impose the

enhancement, but we ultimately reach the same result.

B. The Physical-Restraint Enhancement

       The U.S. Sentencing Guidelines provide for a two-level enhancement in the base offense

level if, during a robbery, “any person was physically restrained to facilitate commission of the

offense or to facilitate escape.” U.S. Sent’g Guidelines Manual § 2B3.1(b)(4)(B) (U.S. Sent’g

Comm’n 2023). Application note 1(L) to U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1 defines “physical restraint” as

“forcible restraint of the victim such as by being tied, bound, or locked up.”

       We have joined other circuits in holding that the physical-restraint enhancement may be

properly applied where a defendant brandishes a firearm to “impos[e] [a] restraint on [a victim’s]

movement.” United States v. Coleman, 

, 1050–51 (6th Cir. 2012). Courts have

reasoned that, for purposes of U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(4)(B), “the mere ‘obvious presence of

handguns ensure[s] the victims’ compliance and effectively prevent[s] them from leaving the

room’ during a . . . robbery.” Id. at 1049 (quoting United States v. Jones, 

 (11th

Cir. 1994)).

       In Coleman, we agreed with other circuits that a physical restraint exists “where a

defendant limits a victim’s freedom of movement by brandishing a firearm and compelling the

victim to move from one location to another.” Id. at 1050 (holding enhancement properly applied

where, at gun point, robber ordered a bank employee to leave the employee’s office and sit on the

floor of the lobby while the robbery progressed); see also United States v. Carpenter, 

 (6th Cir. 2016), rev’d on other grounds, Carpenter v. United States, 

(2018) (determining that physical restraint existed where “robbers entered the store, brandished


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No. 24-3043, United States v. McCormick


their guns, herded customers and employees to the back, and ordered the employees to fill the

robbers’ bags with new smartphones”); United States v. Smith-Hodges, 

(6th Cir. 2013) (holding enhancement applied to defendant’s sentence for armed robbery when

defendant “‘walked [the victim] over to the passenger’s side of [his] car and made [the victim] lay

down on the sidewalk . . . at gunpoint’” (citing testimony)); United States v. Perry, 

, 619 (6th Cir. 2018) (“Under the Guidelines, physically restraining a bank teller includes

pointing a gun at him and forcing him to move.”).

        The facts of this case fall squarely within the ambit of our precedent. McCormick located

Brandon Serrano at the back of the store, pointed a gun at him, and caused Serrano to walk from

the back of the store to the front where Serrano was made to stand with the other employees as

McCormick locked the front door and held the employees at gunpoint while instructing the store

manager, Jennifer Bonnell, to open the store’s safe and empty the cash register drawers. See R.

94 (PSR at 4) (Page ID #696); R. 112 (Trial Tr. Vol. II at 324–26) (Page ID #1079–82); R. 116

(Sent’g Tr. at 10) (Page ID #1771). These facts, to which McCormick does not object, clearly

show that he “limit[ed] a victim’s freedom of movement by brandishing a firearm and compelling

the victim to move from one location to another.” Coleman, 

.

        McCormick makes two arguments to the contrary that warrant a response. First, he argues

that Coleman is distinguishable because “[t]he purpose of sequestering the victim in Coleman was

not in order to facilitate the robbery itself; rather, it was to monitor that individual afterwards in a

separate room. Here, the Defendant moved the store employee to the cash register, not to surveille

[sic] him, nor for any purpose other than to facilitate the robbery itself.” Appellant Br. at 13. But

this is a distinction without a difference because the Guidelines expressly provide that the


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No. 24-3043, United States v. McCormick


enhancement applies if physical restraint is used “to facilitate commission of the offense.”

U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(4)(B). And McCormick admits this was the very reason he forced Serrano to

walk at gunpoint from the back of the store to the front.

       Second, McCormick asserts that, “for the physical restraint enhancement to apply, the

movement must be from one location to a more vulnerable position in a second location.” Reply

Br. at 4.   Contrary to McCormick’s assertion, Coleman simply does not stand for such a

proposition; the word “vulnerable” does not appear in our Coleman opinion. Nor does it appear

in any controlling opinion of this court interpreting § 2B3.1(b)(4)(B).           The reference to

vulnerability in our unreported Smith-Hodges decision serves to demonstrate why restraint beyond

“being tied, bound, or locked up” is serious enough to trigger the enhancement, see U.S.S.G.

§ 1B1.1 cmt. n.1(L), and why “a strict ‘physical component limitation is inapt,’” Smith-Hodges,

 (quoting Coleman, 

).

        In any event, if, as McCormick asserts, the employee in Coleman was more “vulnerable”

in the bank lobby than in the bank employee’s office, one could just as easily argue that here, in

the front of the store (where the armed robbers were present), Serrano was more vulnerable than

in the back of the store where he could have hidden or even escaped out of a back exit.

       Because we hold that under our law U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(4)(B)’s physical-restraint

enhancement applies to the facts at hand and, accordingly, that the district court did not err, there

is no need to conduct a harmless-error analysis.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM McCormick’s sentence.




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