In the

United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 22-1845 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Respondent-Appellant, v.

DOE CORPORATION, Petitioner-Appellee. ____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. No. 2:22-mc-00001-JPS-NJ — J. P. Stadtmueller, Judge. ____________________

ARGUED DECEMBER 8, 2022 — DECIDED FEBRUARY 3, 2023 ____________________

Before RIPPLE, ROVNER, and WOOD, Circuit Judges. WOOD, Circuit Judge. Doe Corporation is the target of a fed- eral grand-jury investigation. Pursuant to a search warrant, federal and state agents conducted a day-long search of the company’s premises. After the search, Doe Corporation ac- cused the agents of serious misconduct and produced still im- ages from its security-camera footage that appeared to show agents pointing guns at employees. The government wanted to know more, and so it served Doe Corporation with a grand- 2 No. 22-1845

jury subpoena for the original video footage. Doe Corporation moved to quash the subpoena, and the district court granted its request. Because the grand jury is entitled to inquire into the circumstances surrounding the collection of evidence rel- evant to its investigation, we reverse. I The federal government is investigating Doe Corporation for suspected criminal violations of the Clean Water Act. See 33 U.S.C. §§ 1317(d), 1319(c)(2)(A). After obtaining a search warrant, federal and state agents conducted a day-long search of Doe Corporation’s premises. An hour into the search, agents ordered Doe Corporation to turn off all security cameras. 1 After the search, Doe Corporation contacted the U.S. Attorney’s Office and accused the agents of executing the search in a dangerous and threatening manner in violation of the corporation’s Fourth Amendment rights. See G.M. Leasing Corp. v. United States, 429 U.S. 338, 353 (1977). Doe Corporation also filed an emergency motion to unseal the affidavit supporting the search warrant. The motion included still images from security-camera video footage of the search; the images showed agents pointing guns at employees. The government promptly acknowledged the seriousness of the allegations and asked to view the original video footage from the security cameras. Doe Corporation refused that re- quest. The government then served Doe Corporation with a grand-jury subpoena for the video.

1 The government represents that this step was taken for safety rea-

sons. That strikes us as odd, but the question whether, by so doing, the agents were engaged in misconduct is not before us. No. 22-1845 3

Doe Corporation moved to quash the subpoena under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 17(c)(2) on the ground that the video was irrelevant to the potential Clean Water Act violations that the grand jury was investigating. It further ar- gued that the subpoena was for the improper purpose of con- ducting pre-trial discovery in advance of Doe Corporation’s criminal trial or for potential civil litigation over the alleged constitutional violation. The government offered two reasons why there was a rea- sonable possibility that the video would be relevant to the grand jury’s investigation. First, “the grand jury is entitled to consider potential evidence of law enforcement misconduct in evaluating whether to indict.” Second, the video could be directly relevant to whether Doe Corporation committed Clean Water Act violations, because the video could provide details on such questions as what evidence was collected dur- ing the search, which employees had access to evidence, and whether anyone tampered with potential evidence. The district court granted Doe Corporation’s motion to quash the subpoena, holding that the video was not relevant to the grand jury’s investigation. The court first rejected the government-misconduct theory of relevance. Any miscon- duct was beside the point, it thought, because the grand jury is entitled to consider evidence regardless of its admissibility. The district court thus reasoned that “the manner, or fairness, of the search” cannot factor into the grand jury’s decision to indict. The court then rejected the substantive relevance the- ory, reasoning that the agents would not have ordered the se- curity cameras to be shut down if the footage was so im- portant. It added that the agents’ testimony could substitute for the security footage. The district court concluded that the 4 No. 22-1845

subpoena was issued for the “improper purpose” of “as- sess[ing] whether the fruits of the search warrant are vulner- able to pre trial suppression motions,” which it considered a form of impermissible pre-trial discovery. II We review a district court’s grant of a motion to quash a grand-jury subpoena for abuse of discretion. See Horne v. Elec. Eel Mfg. Co., Inc., 987 F.3d 704, 726 (7th Cir. 2021); In re Special Apr. 1977 Grand Jury, 581 F.2d 589, 595 (7th Cir. 1978). A court abuses its discretion when it bases its decision on a legal error. United States v. Chaparro, 956 F.3d 462, 474 (7th Cir. 2020). The grand jury “serves the ‘dual function of determining if there is probable cause to believe that a crime has been com- mitted and of protecting citizens against unfounded criminal prosecutions.’” United States v. Sells Eng’g, Inc., 463 U.S. 418, 423 (1983) (quoting Branzburg v. Hayes, 408 U.S. 665, 686–87 (1972)). To carry out these duties, the grand jury has broad authority to investigate potential wrongdoing and, if wrong- doing is discovered, to decide whether to return a criminal indictment. United States v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338, 343 (1974). Among the grand jury’s investigatory tools is the power to issue subpoenas. This power is broad but not unlimited. Under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 17(c)(2), a district court may quash or modify a subpoena that is “unreasonable or oppressive.” The party opposing the subpoena bears the burden of proving its unreasonableness or oppressiveness. United States v. R. Enterprises, Inc., 498 U.S. 292, 293 (1991). Rule 17(c)(2) does not define what makes a subpoena “un- reasonable or oppressive,” and the Supreme Court has em- phasized that this depends on context. R. Enterprises, Inc., 498 No. 22-1845 5

U.S. at 299. When a trial subpoena is issued after an indict- ment and in anticipation of trial, it must be a “reasonably spe- cific request for information that would be both relevant and admissible at trial.” Id. (citing United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683, 700 (1974)). But the Supreme Court rejected this formula- tion of 17(c)(2)’s reasonableness standard as too demanding in the context of grand-jury subpoenas. The grand jury often does not decide which offenses and offenders to charge until its investigation concludes, and so “[o]ne simply cannot know in advance whether information sought during the investiga- tion will be relevant and admissible in a prosecution for a par- ticular offense.” Id. at 299–300. The Court therefore rejected the requirement that evidence sought by grand-jury sub- poena be admissible and left only the narrowest of paths open to a relevance challenge. A motion to quash a grand-jury sub- poena on relevance grounds “must be denied unless the dis- trict court determines that there is no reasonable possibility that the category of materials the Government seeks will pro- duce information relevant to the general subject of the grand jury’s investigation.” Id. at 301. The question before us is whether there is any “reasonable possibility” that the video footage of the search of Doe Corporation’s premises is “relevant to the general subject of the grand jury’s investigation.” The district court thought not. Because the grand jury may view evidence regardless of its admissibility, the court reasoned, the grand jury had no legitimate interest in examining how the search was conducted. This was too narrow a view of the grand jury’s powers. It is well within the legitimate purview of the grand jury to inquire about the manner in which evidence was collected, including whether any government misconduct occurred in the process. 6 No. 22-1845

As we have noted, a grand jury’s responsibility does not begin and end with determining whether there is probable cause to believe a crime has been committed. The Supreme Court has expressly recognized that the grand jury “is not bound to indict in every case where a conviction can be ob- tained.” Vasquez v. Hillery, 474 U.S. 254, 263 (1986). And even where the grand jury decides to indict, it may choose whether “to charge a greater offense or a lesser offense; numerous counts or a single count; and perhaps most significant of all, a capital offense or a noncapital offense—all on the basis of the same facts.” Id. This discretion permits the grand jury to “serv[e] as a kind of buffer or referee between the Govern- ment and the people.” United States v. Williams, 504 U.S. 36, 47 (1992). We need not exhaustively list the grounds upon which a grand jury may choose not to indict. But surely one such rea- son is if there is no admissible evidence to support the gov- ernment’s case at trial. See Sells Eng’g, Inc., 463 U.S. at 430 (stating that a grand jury may decline to indict based on a prosecutor’s recommendation “that the law and admissible ev- idence will not support a conviction” (emphasis added)). Or perhaps an investigation uncovers evidence of government misconduct so outrageous that the grand jury is convinced that the government harbors improper animus against the target of the investigation. There is no basis in law that re- quires us to bar the grand jury from taking these considera- tions into account as it attempts to “ferret out crimes deserv- ing of prosecution, or to screen out charges not warranting prosecution.” Id. at 424. Because these considerations are within the legitimate scope of the grand jury’s investigation, evidence with any No. 22-1845 7

“reasonable possibility” of bearing upon them is relevant for purposes of Rule 17(c)(2)’s limitation on the subpoena power. R. Enterprises, Inc., 498 U.S. at 301. Given Doe Corporation’s allegations about the government’s misconduct during the search, we conclude that there is a reasonable possibility that the security-camera footage the grand jury wants to see will be relevant to the investigation. We note that even absent accusations of misconduct or in- admissibility, it is difficult to see how video footage of the ex- ecution of a search warrant has no possible relevance to the grand jury’s investigation. Evidence may be collected in a way that calls its reliability into question. That is why, for ex- ample, the government maintains careful chain-of-custody records. See 2 McCormick on Evidence § 213 (8th ed. 2022). Conversely, search footage may bolster the reliability of the collected evidence or point the grand jury toward further lines of inquiry by, for instance, showing where incriminating evidence was stored and who had access to the area. Doe Corporation’s remaining arguments for quashing the subpoena are unavailing. It argues that the testimony of the agents who conducted the search should be sufficient for the grand jury’s purposes, especially given the order the agents themselves gave to shut off all security cameras. In Doe Cor- poration’s view, the government’s insistence on viewing the video reveals that what it really wants is a sneak peek at the evidence Doe Corporation may use in future litigation. But there is no “rule requiring the government to show that the grand jury does not already have in its possession the information that it seeks” by subpoena. United States v. Bell, 902 F.2d 563, 566 (7th Cir. 1990). The grand jury is entitled to determine the depth of its investigation, and there is reason 8 No. 22-1845

enough here for the grand jury to prefer the video in lieu of (or in addition to) the agents’ accounts. Doe Corporation bears the burden of offering something more than pure spec- ulation about the government’s improper motives. See R. En- terprises, Inc., 498 U.S. at 300–01 (“[T]he law presumes, absent a strong showing to the contrary, that a grand jury acts within the legitimate scope of its authority.”) Because Doe Corpora- tion has not provided any such evidence, it has not shown that the subpoena was issued for an improper motive. III The grand jury is entitled to inquire into the circumstances surrounding the collection of evidence relevant to its investi- gation of Doe Corporation, including any government mis- conduct that may have occurred in the process. We REVERSE the district court’s grant of the motion to quash the grand jury subpoena.