In the

United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 22-1429 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.

JAMES CONEY, Defendant-Appellant. ____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin. No. 3:19-cr-00144-jdp-1 — James D. Peterson, Chief Judge. ____________________

ARGUED APRIL 4, 2023 — DECIDED AUGUST 4, 2023 ____________________

Before EASTERBROOK, WOOD, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge. A jury convicted James Coney on multiple charges of sex-trafficking minors. The jury reached its verdicts after about five hours of deliberation over two days. The evidence presented at Coney’s trial included what the district judge described as “the compelling and memora- ble testimony of the six minor victims.” Coney did not deny his involvement with these girls, nor did he deny posting 2 No. 22-1429

prostitution advertisements featuring them on Back- page.com. He offered instead the unusual defense that, al- though the evidence made it look as if he had run a prostitu- tion ring, he actually committed only violent robberies, using the girls to lure men to hotel rooms. The issue on appeal arose while the jury was deliberating. The parties and court realized that the laptop computer that had been sent back with the jury containing the evidence for the jury to consider had too many files on it. The court ordered the computer removed from the jury deliberation room. While the parties were attempting to sort out what had hap- pened, the jury reported that it had reached a verdict. That verdict was never examined by the court but was destroyed. After a weekend break to figure out what had happened, briefing on the issue, a curative instruction, and more deliber- ation time, the jury returned its verdict of guilty on all counts. Coney then moved for a new trial, and the district court carefully considered the inadvertently provided evidence that the defense highlighted as unfairly prejudicial. The court de- nied the motion for a new trial, finding no reasonable possi- bility that the evidence affected the jury’s verdict. We affirm. I. Factual and Procedural Background A. Evidence Presented at Trial At Coney’s trial, six women testified that when they were minors, Coney posted prostitution advertisements on the website Backpage.com including sexually explicit photo- graphs of them. One of these women testified that Coney helped her post a Backpage listing but that she ultimately re- fused to let him “take [her] to calls” because Coney would then “tak[e] all of [her] money.” The other five women No. 22-1429 3

testified that they did have sex for money on “calls” con- trolled by Coney. He would receive messages from potential customers, schedule the time and place of “calls,” drive the girls to and from the “calls,” set the rates, provide the girls with drugs, alcohol, and condoms, and take most or all of the money. In addition to the victims’ testimony, the government pre- sented Backpage.com advertisements, hotel receipts, text messages, Facebook posts from Coney’s account, as well as testimony from case agents and witnesses who knew Coney and the victims and corroborated the victims’ accounts of Co- ney’s prostitution scheme. One of Coney’s Facebook posts presented during trial read “I got at least five hoes cashing me out.” One text message sent from Coney to his underage girl- friend and sex-trafficking victim read “all I know is how to get money from hos.” Another message from her to Coney read “James u had me selling my [body and] takin [sic] all my money.” Yet another message that Coney sent implored his girlfriend to help get another girl to participate, not mention- ing robberies and saying: “We got to get [her] to sell [her body].” One victim testified that she began a romantic relationship with Coney when she was sixteen and he was twenty-eight. The jury heard about the physical and emotional abuse that characterized the relationship and saw photographs of the underage girl’s face covered in bruises. She testified that Co- ney slapped, punched, kicked, and choked her, sometimes be- cause she returned from a “call” without money. She testified that on one occasion, Coney tied her to a chair and punched her until blood gushed from her face. Coney would tell her that “he was going to marry me or kill me, but [there] was no 4 No. 22-1429

way I would be able to walk out of this relationship free.” The government presented a Facebook message in which Coney said: “On my dead kids, if I see you again, I’ll beat the dog s*** out of you.” This girl met Coney after her release from a ten- month stay in a mental health treatment facility following her father’s death. Other victims testified to similar experiences meeting Co- ney. Another also met him shortly after her release from a mental health treatment facility. Another met him shortly af- ter her father had died and she had run away from home. An- other met him while she was homeless. Two victims testified that, in addition to making money from the prostitution scheme, Coney would occasionally schedule a “call” to interrupt it and to rob the client, some- times forcing him to hand over his debit card and ATM pin. The victims testified that Coney pistol-whipped one man with a fake gun and choked another until he passed out so that Co- ney could take his money. One of the women testified that Coney robbed a customer once. The other woman testified that Coney robbed customers on a few occasions. Both testi- fied to far more instances of prostitution than robbery. Coney’s trial strategy was unusual, to say the least. He ad- mitted that his relationship with the underage girl involved domestic violence, but he denied that the violence related to prostitution. He also admitted to posting the prostitution ad- vertisements for minors on Backpage.com and scheduling and facilitating “calls.” He claimed, however, that he always robbed the customers rather than require the girls to engage in sex for money. His defense was that he ran a violent rob- bery and extortion scheme that merely masqueraded as sex- trafficking, so he was not guilty of the sex-trafficking charges. No. 22-1429 5

B. Mishandling of Evidence Sent to Jury for Deliberations The evidence at Coney’s trial included text messages and photographs from data extractions of his Facebook account and cell phone. The cell phone extractions totaled over 5,000 pages, with approximately 2,500 of those pages containing in- accessible videos, audio files, and metadata. The court admit- ted these full extractions into evidence. In addressing the Facebook data, however, the court said that the “mass exhib- its” would not be sent back to the jury in their entirety for de- liberations. Only the parts actually shown to the jury during trial were to be provided. That was the plan, at least. But, as they say, “mistakes were made.” The government loaded the exhibits for the jury deliberations onto a laptop computer that was to be connected to a larger display screen in the deliberation room. Instead of providing the jury with only the exhibits actually shown to the jury during trial, how- ever, the entirety of the cell phone extraction and parts of the Facebook extraction that were not meant to be given to the jury for deliberations ended up on the computer given to the jury. 1 Jury deliberations began at 12:10 PM on a Friday. At 2:53 PM, the jury sent a note asking for the “reference numbers” to find certain messages between Coney and one of the victims that the jury had seen at trial. While looking to provide the page number references, the court and counsel discovered that too many documents had been included on computer given to the jury. The judge immediately ordered the

1 We share the district judge’s frustration and dismay with the prose-

cution’s errors that led to this mistake, and with the fact that neither the defense nor the court double checked the exhibits that the jury would see. 6 No. 22-1429

computer removed from the deliberation room and sent a note to the jury saying the court would “have a response for you after we review the documents.” Before any further com- munications and with the computer removed from the delib- eration room, the jury reported that it had reached a verdict at 4:35 PM. The judge told the jurors that they would need to recon- vene on Monday to “reconsider” their deliberations with “the proper evidence.” The court destroyed the first verdict sheet. The parties submitted briefing over the weekend attempting to identify the improperly provided exhibits. The defense also moved for a new trial or a mistrial and requested an eviden- tiary hearing on prosecutorial misconduct. On Monday morn- ing, the district judge denied those motions and said that if the jury found Coney guilty, the defense could file “a more full-blown motion for a new trial and we will have a hearing on how this happened.” On Monday, the district court provided the jurors with a curative instruction: [S]ome of the documents provided to you had not been shown during the trial. As I have in- structed you, you must decide the case based only on the evidence that I have deemed to be appropriate for your consideration. We have now provided you with a corrected set of exhib- its. I ask you return to your deliberations and take a fresh look at the documentary evidence. You must base your verdict on the testimony presented at trial and the set of exhibits availa- ble to you now. You must disregard any No. 22-1429 7

document that is not included in the set of ex- hibits available to you now. The jury deliberated for about one more hour on that Monday before returning verdicts of guilty on all counts: four counts of sex-trafficking a minor, 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a)(1), (b)(2), & (c), four counts of transporting a minor to engage in criminal sex- ual activity, 18 U.S.C. § 2423(a), one count of sex-trafficking a minor accomplished by force, fraud, or coercion, 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a)(1), (b)(1), & (c), and one count of attempting to sex- traffic a minor, 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a)(1), (b)(2), (c), & 18 U.S.C. § 1594(a). The district court sentenced Coney to 330 months in prison (27.5 years) on each count to run concurrently, fol- lowed by 25 years of supervised release on each count, also to run concurrently. C. Motion for New Trial The district court later held an evidentiary hearing on whether any prosecutorial misconduct occurred. The court concluded that the improper evidence was given to the jury inadvertently. 2 Chief Judge Peterson carefully reviewed each specific piece of evidence highlighted by the defense as poten- tially prejudicial among the thousands of pages inadvertently placed on the computer that was given to the jury. The court examined this evidence in “the context of other evidence pre- sented” and walked through each category of evidence that the defense identified as unfairly prejudicial. The court found

2 Our phrase “improper evidence” summarizes a more nuanced situ-

ation. Everything sent to the jury on the computer had been formally ad- mitted into evidence, but over objections that the district court overruled on the condition that only matters actually presented to the jury during trial would be made available during deliberations. 8 No. 22-1429

no reasonable possibility that the improper material affected the verdict. The court reached this conclusion “in light of the compelling testimony of the six victims, much of which was corroborated by defendant’s own words, taken from the phone and social media messages properly provided to the jury.” II. Analysis The parties dispute the proper standard of review. We ad- dress that disagreement and then proceed to review the dis- trict court’s holding. A. The Remmer Presumption Does Not Apply The defense argues that the district court erred in not pre- suming that Coney was prejudiced by the evidence that was inadvertently included on the laptop computer for jury delib- erations. The Supreme Court held in Remmer v. United States that in criminal cases, “any private communication, contact, or tampering, directly or indirectly, with a juror during a trial about the matter pending before the jury is, for obvious rea- sons, deemed presumptively prejudicial.” 347 U.S. 227, 229 (1954). In Remmer, the Supreme Court ordered an evidentiary hearing after an unknown person contacted the jury foreman and said he could profit by returning a verdict favorable to the defendant. The Remmer presumption of prejudice is not conclusive. Id. The Supreme Court later applied this presumption of prejudice where a bailiff told two jurors that a defendant was guilty and that if the jury did not return a guilty verdict, the Supreme Court would correct their error. Parker v. Gladden, 385 U.S. 363, 365 (1966). This court has applied the Remmer presumption of prejudice where the child of a juror who was No. 22-1429 9

incarcerated with the defendant told the juror the defendant was guilty, Hall v. Zenk, 692 F.3d 793, 795, 804 (7th Cir. 2012), and where a juror found the word “guilty” written in her trial notebook by an unknown person, United States v. Vasquez- Ruiz, 502 F.3d 700, 701, 707 (7th Cir. 2007). We have not applied the presumption of prejudice from Remmer in cases where two hundred transcripts that were ad- mitted into evidence but not used at trial were sent to the jury in error, United States v. Magana, 118 F.3d 1173, 1181–83 (7th Cir. 1997), or where binders produced by the government highlighting its theory of the case and its best exhibits reached the jury in error, United States v. Best, 939 F.2d 425, 427–29 (7th Cir. 1991) (en banc). In Coney’s case, we similarly conclude that the Remmer presumption of prejudice does not apply. All of the materials that were improperly sent to the jury were admitted into evidence. Nothing outside the record reached the jury, and no person communicated with a juror in an at- tempt to influence the outcome of the trial. There is also no evidence the jurors actually viewed any of the material the defense claimed was unfairly prejudicial. B. Standard of Review The district court applied the proper standard in review- ing Coney’s motion for a new trial. A “new trial is not auto- matically required whenever a jury is exposed to material not properly in evidence.” United States v. Sababu, 891 F.2d 1308, 1333 (7th Cir. 1989). The question for the district court was whether there was a “reasonable possibility” that the im- proper material affected the verdict. Id., quoting United States v. Bruscino, 687 F.2d 938, 940 (7th Cir. 1982). This is a fact-in- tensive inquiry, see id., and the primary responsibility for de- ciding whether this prejudice occurred lies with the district 10 No. 22-1429

judge, who “will always be in a better position than the appel- late judges to assess the probable reactions of jurors.” Bruscino, 687 F.2d at 941. We will not reverse “unless we have a very strong conviction of error.” Id.; see also United States v. Berry, 92 F.3d 597, 602 (7th Cir. 1996) (“These are relatively unique facts and ones that do not necessarily give the impres- sion of unfair prejudice. However, our deferential review leads us to the conclusion that, in light of the record, the dis- trict court did not abuse its discretion in granting the motion for a new trial.”). Whether the court grants or denies a new trial, we ask whether “any reasonable person could agree with the district court” and affirm if so. Best, 939 F.2d at 429, quoting Graefenhain v. Pabst Brewing Co., 870 F.2d 1198, 1201 (7th Cir. 1989). C. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion Several factors persuade us there was no abuse of discre- tion here. First, as the district court noted, there was over- whelming evidence of Coney’s guilt. See United States v. Paneras, 222 F.3d 406, 411 (7th Cir. 2000) (overwhelming evi- dence of guilt was “a factor which militates against” finding that a new trial was needed after jury saw arguably prejudi- cial information). A total of six women provided consistent testimony that Coney trafficked or attempted to traffic them while they were minors. The defense tried to impeach their credibility through cross-examination, but the district judge called their testimony “vivid” and “compelling,” and the jury seems to have agreed. Plus, to agree with Coney’s defense the- ory that he engaged “only” in violent robberies would have required jurors to believe the victims’ testimony about a few robberies yet not believe those same victims’ testimony that No. 22-1429 11

far more encounters with customers involved actual prostitu- tion. In addition to the victim testimony, text messages written by Coney discussed facilitating prostitution without mention of robbery. For instance, Coney messaged his underage girl- friend (who testified that she engaged in prostitution con- trolled by him) urging her to get another girl “to sell [her body]” and become involved in the prostitution scheme. In another message, Coney said “I got at least five hoes cashing me out,” matching the number of victims who testified that he pimped them. Coney did not introduce any messages or evidence corroborating his claim that he always robbed those who responded to the Backpage.com advertisements rather than allow the agreed-upon prostitution to take place. His de- fense was to ask the jury to believe, based on impeachment of the victim witnesses, that they were lying—but only in part— and that, despite the appearance of his conduct, his minor vic- tims never actually exchanged sex for money. Second, it was not an abuse of discretion for the district court to find no reasonable possibility that the evidence at is- sue affected the jury’s verdict given how few messages and photographs were identified by defense counsel as even pos- sibly prejudicial. Those few messages and photographs were contained among a massive number of pages given to the jury for a short period of time. The jury spent less than three hours deliberating before the judge ordered the laptop computer re- moved from the jury room. Of the over 5,000 pages of material incorrectly provided to the jury, about half of those pages con- tained metadata and unreadable content. The defense briefing submitted over the weekend after the error was discovered noted that “considering the volume of the materials” and 12 No. 22-1429

quick briefing turn around, “Coney does not have enough time to go through all of the unfair prejudice” that could exist in the documents. Likewise, with a maximum of three hours in the room with the evidence on one laptop computer, it would not have been feasible for jurors to see, let alone ab- sorb, more than a fraction of the messages and photographs. The final number of messages and photographs identified by the defense as unfairly prejudicial was also low, as discussed next. 3 The third reason we are comfortable affirming the denial of a new trial is that the court carefully analyzed each cate- gory of challenged evidence and explained why the evidence would be unlikely to have swayed a juror in this case. Defense counsel found four photographs containing guns. Of those four, one of Coney holding a gun with his arm around his un- derage girlfriend was properly shown to the jury during trial. The district court found little risk of prejudice from the other three photographs because evidence properly shown to the

3 As we noted during oral argument, it would have been helpful to

know which digital documents the jurors opened and viewed during de- liberations. While Rule of Evidence 606(b) prohibits the court from ques- tioning jurors about “the effect of anything on that juror’s or another ju- ror’s vote,” the rule explicitly allows for questioning jurors about “whether … extraneous prejudicial information was improperly brought to the jury’s attention.” Fed. R. Evid. 606(b)(1) & (b)(2)(A). Rule 606 would not have barred an inquiry into which files the jury opened and which pages they viewed during deliberations. This line of inquiry might have revealed that there was no possibility that the jury saw the challenged ev- idence or focused attention on particular items of problematic evidence. See Haugh v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 949 F.2d 914, 917 (7th Cir. 1991) (explaining that under Rule 606(b), judge could ask limited questions to learn whether alleged outside communication was made and what its con- tents were). No. 22-1429 13

jury indicated that Coney had held a gun and was generally “armed and violent.” Similarly, the defense identified five text messages— among the thousands of pages of evidence—in which Coney threatened violence. Some of those messages were threaten- ing his underage girlfriend, who testified at trial about how he had beaten her. In fact, the prosecution showed the jury a photograph of her injured face. Coney did not deny any of this violence. He argued instead that although he committed domestic violence against this girl, it was unrelated to the al- leged prostitution. None of the identified messages said any- thing about prostitution. While these messages should not have ended up in the jury’s hands, the district court reasona- bly concluded that they would not have affected the verdict even if the jurors had seen them. The district court also concluded that the twenty-two sug- gestive photographs of young women of unknown ages on Coney’s phone were unlikely to affect the jury’s perception of Coney’s guilt. The jury had properly seen the Backpage.com listings that Coney admitted he had created using explicit photographs of girls who he knew were underage. Similarly, the browser history on Coney’s phone showing views of por- nography was “simply too minor” to have affected a verdict in a trial where five victims testified that Coney trafficked them for sex while they were minors, and where Coney him- self admitted to using those girls and explicit Backpage.com postings of them as bait to rob purported prostitution clients. Next, the judge concluded that the one text message that the defense argued referred to drugs and possible drug deal- ing was not sufficiently prejudicial to merit a new trial. The jury had already heard “ample evidence at trial that Coney 14 No. 22-1429

and the victims smoked a lot of marijuana.” The judge also considered several improperly shared messages suggesting that Coney and his underage girlfriend were HIV-positive. The jury had already heard testimony and seen proper evi- dence at trial indicating that Coney had lied to his underage girlfriend and others saying that she had transmitted HIV to him. The court found the related messages unlikely to have affected deliberations. The defense also identified two text messages among the thousands of pages of phone data from Coney’s underage girlfriend saying that he showed her “how to sell” herself. The court did not find these messages likely to affect the jury’s verdict given the far more extensive testimony (including from this girlfriend) and evidence of sex-trafficking presented throughout the trial. These assessments of the evidence by the district court were eminently reasonable. They were certainly not outside the bounds of the district court’s sound discretion based on its familiarity with the trial. Of the evidence improperly pro- vided to the jury, nothing stood out individually or cumula- tively as providing the jury with damaging information about Coney that the jury did not already learn during the trial. The items that the defense highlighted as most prejudicial were few and far between in a sea of thousands of documents. It is unlikely the jurors had time to view this evidence and, even if they did, it was largely in line with conduct Coney had admit- ted at trial. Given the deference owed to the district court, the over- whelming evidence of guilt, and the low likelihood that the jurors actually saw the challenged messages and photographs in the mass exhibits improperly provided to them for a few No. 22-1429 15

hours, the district court did not err in denying Coney’s mo- tion for a new trial. The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.