In the

    United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Seventh Circuit
                     ____________________
No. 22-2573
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                   Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                 v.

EDWIN AGBI, also known as
KAREEM SUNDAY,
                                               Defendant-Appellant.
                     ____________________

         Appeal from the United States District Court for the
         Southern District of Indiana, Indianapolis Division.
          No. 1:19-cr-00280 — James R. Sweeney II, Judge.
                     ____________________

  ARGUED SEPTEMBER 13, 2023 — DECIDED OCTOBER 18, 2023
                ____________________

   Before FLAUM, RIPPLE, and SCUDDER, Circuit Judges.
    RIPPLE, Circuit Judge. A jury convicted Edwin Agbi of one
count of mail fraud, in violation of 

; one count
of use of a fictitious name in furtherance of mail fraud, in vi-
olation of 

; one count of conspiracy to commit
mail fraud, in violation of 

 and 1349; and one
count of conspiracy to commit money laundering, in violation
of 

(a)(1) and 1956(h). According to the
2                                                   No. 22-2573

Government’s evidence, Mr. Agbi acted as a middleman
in a scheme to use fake online dating accounts to solicit
hundreds of thousands of dollars from unwitting elderly
people. The district court sentenced him to 57 months’ im-
prisonment. Mr. Agbi now submits that the evidence sup-
porting each count in the indictment is legally insufficient
to support a conviction. He further contends that the dis-
trict court erred in employing the obstruction of justice en-
hancement to determine the appropriate guidelines sen-
tencing range.
    We now affirm the district court’s judgment. Legally
sufficient evidence supports each count of the indictment.
The district court appropriately employed the obstruction
of justice enhancement.
                               I
                       BACKGROUND
A. Facts
    Edwin Agbi, born and raised in Nigeria but a resident
of the United States since 2016, became involved in a
scheme with school friends in Nigeria. As part of the
scheme, Mr. Agbi’s friends created accounts on an online
dating platform for people over the age of fifty, imperson-
ated other individuals on that platform, and struck up
online relationships with their selected victims. The
friends then urged their victims to wire money and send
cash, Bitcoin, and gift cards. Mr. Agbi’s apartment in Indi-
anapolis acted as a collection point for this revenue. He
gave his confederates his address to use but, at least on
some occasions, requested that the packages be addressed
to pseudonyms such as “Kareem Sunday” or “Kareem
No. 22-2573                                                  3

Monday.” On multiple occasions, the victims sent packages
containing cash to Mr. Agbi at his apartment, addressing the
packages to the fictitious names that Mr. Agbi had suggested.
When he received a package, Mr. Agbi took a “cut” and then
transferred the remainder into bank accounts in Nigeria.
    The Government started to uncover this scheme when it
received a report of suspicious activity tied to a bank account
belonging to another participant in the scheme, Angeles Pala-
cios. Palacios had been receiving large sums of money from
various individuals, including E.M., a widower tricked into
thinking he was in a relationship with a non-existent “Eliza-
beth Stevens.” Secret Service agents contacted and inter-
viewed E.M.; in the interview, E.M. explained that he was
sending money to someone he believed to be “Elizabeth Ste-
vens” but whom he had not yet met. E.M. further told the Se-
cret Service that he had just prepared a package containing
$20,000 in cash to send to “Kareem Sunday” in Indianapolis,
whom he believed was a friend of “Stevens.” E.M. mailed the
package, and the Secret Service intercepted it, removed the
cash, and conducted a controlled delivery of the package to
Mr. Agbi’s home. After Mr. Agbi picked up the package, Se-
cret Service agents confronted him and interviewed him in his
home.
    In the interview, Mr. Agbi admitted that he was awaiting
the delivery of E.M.’s package and that he expected it to con-
tain $20,000. But Mr. Agbi did not admit his participation in
the online dating scheme. Instead, he told the agents that his
friends asked him to find cars in the United States that were
available for purchase and shipment to Nigeria. His friends
had their “clients” send cash to Mr. Agbi so that he could pur-
chase the cars. Every time a package arrived, however, his
4                                                   No. 22-2573

friends and their “clients” changed their minds about pur-
chasing a car and instead asked that the money be con-
verted into Nigerian naira and deposited into Nigerian
bank accounts. At the agents’ request, Mr. Agbi gave them
his phone.
B. Prior Proceedings
    Mr. Agbi was arrested and later charged with mail
fraud, use of a fictitious name in furtherance of mail fraud,
conspiracy to commit mail fraud, and conspiracy to com-
mit money laundering. More than two and a half years af-
ter he was arrested, and with his trial scheduled in just
over one month, Mr. Agbi’s counsel notified the Govern-
ment that Mr. Agbi intended to pursue a duress defense at
trial. Mr. Agbi’s counsel stated that members of the con-
spiracy located in Nigeria had threatened Mr. Agbi’s
mother and sister and that Mr. Agbi only participated in
the scheme to protect his family.
    The Government filed a motion in limine to preclude
Mr. Agbi from pursuing the duress defense. In that mo-
tion, the Government relied on Mr. Agbi’s previous failure
to mention any threats (which Mr. Agbi later disputed),
the absence of any references to threats in Mr. Agbi’s
phone, and Mr. Agbi’s practice of keeping a portion of the
proceeds from the deliveries (suggesting that he was a
                       1
“willing participant”). In his response brief, Mr. Agbi de-
scribed the threats and stated that his mother had filed a
police report concerning the threats with the Lagos Police



1 R.101 at 7–8.
No. 22-2573                                                                5

                 2
Department. Mr. Agbi attached the supposed police report to
his brief. Reasoning that Mr. Agbi had not explained why he
“lacked a reasonable opportunity to refuse to commit the of-
fense and avoid the threatened harm,” the district court
                                           3
granted the Government’s motion.
    Mr. Agbi’s case proceeded to a jury trial, which began on
February 28, 2022, and lasted three days. At trial, two of the
scheme’s victims, E.M. and J.G., testified that they were de-
ceived into believing that they were in relationships with
“Elizabeth Stevens” and “Tom Champanier,” respectively.
                                                                      4
E.M. sent “Stevens” “hundreds of thousands of dollars,” and
                                                          5
J.G. sent “Champanier” “around $100,000.” The woman
whose pictures were used for “Elizabeth Stevens” testified,
explaining that the pictures were posted publicly on social
media but that she did not know that they were being used in
that way. Michael Moore and Raina Nehring, both U.S. Secret
Service agents, described the details of the controlled delivery
and the subsequent interview. Agent Nehring, an expert on

2 In his response brief, Mr. Agbi described the threats as follows. At some
point, Mr. Agbi told a co-conspirator he wanted out of the enterprise, and
in response, the co-conspirator suggested that, if Mr. Agbi left, the co-con-
spirator would cause harm to Mr. Agbi's family in Nigeria. Later on, when
the Government confiscated the cash that E.M. sent to Mr. Agbi, the co-
conspirator—who assumed at that point that Mr. Agbi had stolen the
cash—visited Mr. Agbi's mother and sister at their family store, threaten-
ing violence if Mr. Agbi did not return it. Mr. Agbi's mother then filed a
police report describing that incident with the Lagos Police Department.
3 R.120 at 3; R.148 at 2.

4 Trial Tr. I at 249.

5 Trial Tr. II at 85.
6                                                   No. 22-2573

Nigerian fraud schemes, testified that Nigerian fraudsters
often refer to their victims as “clients.” Mr. Agbi’s alleged
co-conspirators did not testify, and Mr. Agbi did not pre-
sent any evidence.
   The Government also played excerpts of the interview of
Mr. Agbi and showed the jury WhatsApp messages from
Mr. Agbi’s phone. In one exchange on WhatsApp, a contact
saved as “Matthew Hood” told Mr. Agbi that his client was
                                              6
going to block him and “get another wife.” Mr. Agbi re-
sponded with laughing emojis. In another exchange, a
contact saved in Mr. Agbi’s phone as “Germo” stated,
                                       7
“The client don dey my hand seens.” Agent Nehring tes-
tified that, in that message, “Germo is telling Agbi that the
client has seen his hand, so he – – he knows that he is lying
           8
to him.”
   On the second day of trial, the Government notified the
court that its “law enforcement partners in South Africa”
had contacted law enforcement authorities in Nigeria,
                                       9
who had said that the report was fake. An email reflecting
this correspondence, the Government stated, would un-
dermine Mr. Agbi’s credibility if Mr. Agbi were to testify.
Ultimately, Mr. Agbi did not testify, the Government did
not show the email to the court, and the court did not rule



6 

.

7 

.

8 

9 

.
No. 22-2573                                                     7

on whether the Government could rely on the email for im-
peachment purposes.
    On the third day of trial, the jury found Mr. Agbi guilty
on all four counts. Mr. Agbi then filed a motion for judgment
of acquittal or, in the alternative, for a new trial under Rules
29 and 33 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. He
argued that the evidence was insufficient on all four of the
counts, that the trial was infected with anti-Nigerian nation-
ality bias, and that the court improperly allowed inflamma-
tory evidence. The district court denied the motion.
    The district court sentenced Mr. Agbi on August 25, 2022.
The court applied a 10-level enhancement for causing a loss
of between $150,000 and $200,000, see U.S.S.G.
§ 2B1.1(b)(1)(F), and a 2-level enhancement for obstruction of
justice, see U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1. It declined to apply a “minor role”
or “minimal role” reduction under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2(b).
    In support of the obstruction enhancement, the Govern-
ment relied primarily on the email it had referenced at trial.
In that email, dated March 1, 2022, Benjamin Chervenak, a
United States Secret Service agent located in South Africa,
wrote to Agent Moore: “Sorry it took so long, but Nigeria has
confirmed that the documents you sent us were confirmed as
       10
fake.” According to Agent Moore’s testimony at sentencing,
Agent Chervenak “has a working relationship with the Nige-
                      11
rian officials.” The Government also relied on the “suspi-
cious” timing of the report’s disclosure. It submitted that, if
the threats were real and the report was authentic, Mr. Agbi

10 R.204 at 1.

11 Sent. Tr. at 38.
8                                                   No. 22-2573

would not have waited until the month before trial to
bring them up. Agent Moore specifically testified that
Mr. Agbi did not mention the threats in his proffer, where
it would have been to his advantage to tell the Govern-
ment about them.
   Mr. Agbi, for his part, emphasized that the Govern-
ment had not introduced any statement from the Nigerian
authorities themselves regarding the report. Further, in
Mr. Agbi’s view, the seal at the bottom of the report indi-
cated that the report was authentic and also that, even if it
was not, he had a good faith belief that it was authentic.
Mr. Agbi’s wife, Jessiah Agbi, testified that she heard some
of Mr. Agbi’s family members describe the threats on the
phone. Ms. Agbi also testified that Mr. Agbi’s older
brother had obtained the report from a friend of his who
may have worked at the police station where Mr. Agbi’s
family members supposedly made the report. As for the
“suspicious timing,” Mr. Agbi stated through his counsel
that, contrary to Agent Moore’s testimony, he did tell law
enforcement about the threats during his proffer session.
    The district court concluded that the obstruction en-
hancement applied. It found credible Agent Moore’s testi-
mony that Mr. Agbi did not mention the threats at his
proffer. It reasoned that “the suspiciousness of the timing
of a significant defense” indicated that “it was a last-ditch
                                    12
effort to try to salvage something.” As for Ms. Agbi’s tes-
timony, the district court stressed that Ms. Agbi “does not




12 Sent. Tr. at 52.
No. 22-2573                                                    9

know if a report was officially made with the police station”
                                                   13
and that “there’s a lot that she does not know.”
    Mr. Agbi’s offense level and lack of criminal history
yielded a guidelines range of 57–71 months’ imprisonment.
Concluding that “a guideline sentence is in order,” the district
court sentenced Mr. Agbi to a term of 57 months of imprison-
ment and two years of supervised release for each of the
                                     14
counts, to be served concurrently.
                               II

                        DISCUSSION
    Mr. Agbi challenges the sufficiency of the evidence pre-
sented on each of the four charged offenses. He also contends
that the district court erred in applying the two-level obstruc-
tion of justice enhancement. We will address each of these
submissions in turn.
A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
    We will overturn a conviction for insufficient evidence
“only if, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to
the government, ‘no rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’”
United States v. Snyder, 

 (7th Cir. 2023) (quot-
ing United States v. Maldonado, 

 (7th Cir.
2018)). Mr. Agbi has not cleared this “nearly insurmountable”
hurdle on any of the four counts of his conviction. United
States v. Farmer, 

 (7th Cir. 2022).


13 

14 Id. at 81.
10                                                  No. 22-2573

    To prove mail fraud, the Government had to show
“(1) a scheme to defraud, (2) use of the mails, and
(3) [Mr. Agbi’s] participation in the scheme with the intent
to defraud.” United States v. Dingle, 

 (7th
Cir. 2017). Mr. Agbi contends that the Government did not
present sufficient evidence that he possessed an intent to
defraud. At trial, the Government presented evidence that
one of Mr. Agbi’s co-conspirators told him that a “client”
had seen his hand (suggesting that the “client” knew he
was lying). Another associate told Mr. Agbi that his “cli-
                                         15
ent” would need to find a new “wife.” The Government
also showed that Mr. Agbi repeatedly requested that pack-
ages sent to him use various fake names, which he is un-
likely to have done if he were working for a legitimate en-
terprise. See United States v. Sloan, 

 (7th
Cir. 2007). The Government’s evidence was more than suf-
ficient to permit the jury to conclude that Mr. Agbi had the
intent to defraud.
     To prove the “use of a fictitious name in furtherance of
                16
mail fraud,” the Government had to show that Mr. Agbi
“use[d] or assume[d], or request[ed] to be addressed by,
[a] fictitious, false, or assumed title, name, or address or
name other than his own proper name” in furtherance of
mail fraud. 

. At trial, the jury heard a re-
cording in which Mr. Agbi admitted to asking one of his
friends to address the package the Government inter-
cepted to “Kareem Sunday.” He did so, in his own words,


15 Trial Tr. II at 259.

16 R.65.
No. 22-2573                                                 11

                                   17
to “play on the safer side.” The jury also saw messages indi-
cating that Mr. Agbi asked to have other packages addressed
to “Kareem Monday.” This evidence, along with the evidence
that Mr. Agbi engaged in mail fraud, easily provides legal
support for Mr. Agbi’s conviction on this count.
    To prove conspiracy to commit mail fraud, the Govern-
ment must prove “1) that the conspiracy to commit mail fraud
existed; 2) that the defendant became a member of the con-
spiracy to commit mail fraud with an intention to further that
conspiracy; and 3) that an overt act was committed by at least
one conspirator in furtherance of the conspiracy to commit
mail fraud.” United States v. Sims, 

 (7th Cir.
2003). Mr. Agbi contends that “[t]he government did not
prove that [he] knowingly became a member of the conspir-
                                                 18
acy with an intent to advance the conspiracy.” Mr. Agbi’s
extensive communications with his confederates, the prompt
transfers of money into Nigerian bank accounts, and his keep-
ing a portion of the proceeds all refute Mr. Agbi’s contention.
    Finally, with respect to the conspiracy to launder money,
there is no question that there was sufficient evidence that
Mr. Agbi agreed to participate with his confederates in a
scheme to commit the offense of money laundering. “To
prove the substantive offense of money laundering, the gov-
ernment must prove that the defendant engaged or attempted
to engage in a financial transaction, knowing that the transac-
tion involved the proceeds of specified unlawful activity, and
that the defendant intended to promote the unlawful activity


17 Trial Tr. II at 184–85; SA 7.

18 Agbi Br. 18.
12                                                  No. 22-2573

or knew that the transaction was designed to conceal the
source, nature, location, ownership, or control of the pro-
ceeds.” United States v. Turner, 

 (7th Cir.
2005).
    Mr. Agbi submits that the Government failed to prove that
he entered into a money laundering conspiracy with the
intent to further it. But given the unusual nature of his
transactions, the prompt transfers, his retention of a cut,
and the other evidence indicating his knowledge of the na-
ture of the scheme, this contention fails.
    Mr. Agbi’s final contention is that the Government did
not show that he knew the money he received represented
proceeds from unlawful activity. Here “the question is not
whether [Mr. Agbi] knew the actual source of the funds,
merely whether he knew they were the proceeds of some
illegal activity.” 

. The message from Mr. Agbi’s
friend stating that a client was going to block him and find
a new “wife” (to which Mr. Agbi responded with laughing
emojis), the message from another friend stating that a cli-
ent had seen his hand, and Mr. Agbi’s requests that the
victims use the names “Kareem Sunday” and “Kareem
Monday” on packages sent to his address constitute more
than sufficient evidence that he knew the proceeds came
from illegal activity.
B. Obstruction of Justice Enhancement
   The Sentencing Guidelines provide for a two-level en-
hancement in cases in which the defendant has “willfully
obstructed or impeded, or attempted to obstruct or im-
pede, the administration of justice with respect to the in-
vestigation, prosecution, or sentencing of the instant
No. 22-2573                                                    13

offense of conviction.” U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1. Producing “a false,
altered, or counterfeit document” during a judicial proceed-
ing is an example of obstructive conduct. Id. cmt. n. 4(C). The
Government bears the burden of proving that this enhance-
ment is warranted by a preponderance of the evidence. United
States v. Burgess, 

 (7th Cir. 2022).
   Mr. Agbi challenges the district court’s application of the
obstruction enhancement on three grounds. He first contends
that, “for an obstruction enhancement based on the submis-
sion of a false, altered, or counterfeit document to apply, there
must be a finding that the document was false, altered, or
counterfeit” and that the district court failed to make such a
                 19
finding here. The district court, however, did make that find-
ing. After both sides presented evidence and arguments, the
district court referred to the report as “this Nigerian fake re-
port” and found that it was “not a correct report” and “not an
                      20
official report.” The district court added that its ruling was
based in part on discussions during trial, where it had stated,
to an attorney for the Government: “I think that you have es-
tablished from your South African partners . . . that it is not
                            21
legitimate, that it is fake.”
   Mr. Agbi next contends that, to the extent that the district
court did find that the report was false, altered, or counterfeit,
the district court’s finding was erroneous. We review the




19 Agbi Br. at 11, 12.

20 Sent. Tr. at 53.

21 Trial Tr. II at 272.
14                                                              No. 22-2573

district court’s finding for clear error. United States v. Grze-
gorczyk, 

 (7th Cir. 2015).
    The district court’s finding regarding the authenticity of
the report was not clear error. The main evidence in support
of this finding was the email from Agent Chervenak, in which
he stated that “Nigeria has confirmed that the documents you
                                         22
sent us were confirmed as fake.” Mr. Agbi’s older brother,
who supposedly obtained the report for him, did not testify
at Mr. Agbi’s sentencing and did not mention the report
(or the threats) in a letter he wrote to the court for sentenc-
ing. Mr. Agbi’s wife, who did testify at sentencing, did not
herself file the report, did not seem to have heard of the
report’s filing from the family members who supposedly
         23
filed it, and did not know how Mr. Agbi’s brother ob-
                       24
tained the report. To be sure, Agent Chervenak’s email

22 R.204 at 1. Although the email from Agent Chervenak was not entered
into evidence at trial or at sentencing, the district court granted the Gov-
ernment’s motion to supplement the record, without any objection from
Mr. Agbi. We can thus properly consider that email in reviewing the dis-
trict court’s factual findings. See United States v. Greco, 

(7th Cir. 2019).
23 Sent. Tr. at 41 (Counsel for Mr. Agbi: “Okay. Was a police report made
– – do you know if Edwin’s mother made a police report after that inci-
dent? [Jessiah Agbi]: I believe they did not officially make – – I don’t know
if they made it official or not, but they did go to the police station and they
did talk to the police officers there, after it happened.”); id. at 52 (The dis-
trict court: “She did not know – – does not know if a report was officially
made with the police station.”).
24 Id. at 42 (Counsel for Mr. Agbi: “Did his older brother get that report
from the police station, or did his older brother create the report himself?
[Jessiah Agbi]: He got it from someone. I don’t know. Not himself. Q: Do
you know if he got it from the police station? A: I think it was a friend
No. 22-2573                                                            15

might have been more persuasive if it had contained a state-
ment from the authorities consulted in Nigeria, see United
States v. Green, 

 (7th Cir. 2011) (suggesting
problems with evidence implicating “many layers of hear-
say”), or an explanation of why the Nigerian authorities de-
cided it was fake. Nevertheless, we are not “left with the def-
inite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed”
and therefore cannot set aside the district court’s finding as
clearly erroneous. United States v. Grigsby, 

(7th Cir. 2012).
    Mr. Agbi also contends that the district court erred in
finding that he knew that the report was false, altered, or
counterfeit. “Section 3C1.1 requires ‘willful’ obstruction,
which we have interpreted to mean a specific intent to ob-
struct justice.” United States v. Barker, 

 (7th Cir.
2023). “But ‘because of limitations on mind reading, willful-
ness usually has to be inferred from conduct rather than being
determined directly.’” 

 (quoting United States v. Gonzalez,

 (7th Cir. 2010). We review the district
court’s finding on intent for clear error. Grzegorczyk, 

.
    Here, the Government contended—in part through testi-
mony that the district court found credible—that Mr. Agbi
suddenly disclosed the threats and report right before trial
(after not mentioning it previously). It was reasonable for the
district court to have inferred from Mr. Agbi’s failure to men-
tion the threats earlier that they did not occur and that raising



from the police station. I don’t remember. He didn’t tell me that specific
detail, but I know he did mention that he got it from a friend.”).
16                                                  No. 22-2573

them was a “last-ditch effort to try to salvage some-
         25
thing.” One could draw other inferences from Mr. Agbi’s
silence: for instance, he may have assumed the Govern-
ment would not have helped him and only realized right
before trial that the threats could support a duress defense.
But even if “there are two permissible views of the evi-
dence,” that would not render “the factfinder’s choice be-
tween them … clearly erroneous.” Anderson v. City of Bes-
semer City, North Carolina, 

 (1985). The dis-
trict court’s finding regarding Mr. Agbi’s intent was not
clear error.
                          Conclusion
    The evidence presented at trial was legally sufficient to
support all four of the counts of Mr. Agbi’s conviction, and
the district court did not clearly err in applying the ob-
struction of justice enhancement at sentencing. The judg-
ment of the district court is affirmed.
                                                 AFFIRMED




25 Id. at 52.