In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
Nos. 23-3370 & 23-3378
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
CARLOS ESTRADA,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________
Appeals from the United States District Court for the
Southern District of Indiana, Indianapolis Division.
Nos. 1:23-cr-00034-JMS-MG-1 & 1:22-cr-00128-JMS-MJD-1 —
Jane Magnus-Stinson, Judge.
____________________
SUBMITTED JANUARY 22, 2025 ∗ — DECIDED APRIL 25, 2025
____________________
Before ROVNER, BRENNAN, and ST. EVE, Circuit Judges.
ROVNER, Circuit Judge. Defendant-Appellant Carlos Es-
trada pleaded guilty to one count of possessing with intent to
distribute at least 100 grams of heroin, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
∗ We vacated the oral argument scheduled in this case for January 22,
2025, on Estrada’s motion, and the case was submitted on the briefs and
the record.
2 Nos. 23-3370 & 23-3378
§ 841(a)(1). The district court ultimately ordered Estrada to
serve a prison term of 87 months, which was at the low end
of the advisory Sentencing Guidelines range as the court had
calculated that range. Estrada appeals, contending that the
district court’s decision not to vary downward with respect to
his criminal history category was tainted by two procedural
errors. Finding that no such error occurred, we affirm the sen-
tence.
I.
On or about February 2, 2023, Estrada, an Indiana resi-
dent, was arrested after he arranged for the sale of some 2,579
grams of heroin to an undercover officer in New Jersey. The
man who delivered the heroin said that he had picked it up at
Estrada’s house in Indianapolis. On the same day, police of-
ficers executed a search warrant on Estrada’s Indianapolis
residence and discovered a bag containing another 371 grams
of heroin that Estrada intended to distribute, along with a dig-
ital scale and a box containing six pounds of lactose, a cutting
agent commonly used with heroin. Estrada committed the
February 2023 heroin offense six months after he was released
from prison and began his term of supervised release on a
2019 conviction in the Southern District of New York for en-
gaging in a heroin-distribution conspiracy involving more
than three kilograms of heroin. The court in the New York
case had ordered Estrada to serve a term of 60 months, 37
months below the low end of the Guidelines range, recogniz-
ing that Estrada had matured from a challenging upbringing,
was hard working, owned his own business, was devoted to
his family, and had four young children, including a son with
autism. See United States v. Carlos Estrada, No. 1:19-cr-00440-
LAK, Sentencing Tr. (R. 23) (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 17, 2019).
Nos. 23-3370 & 23-3378 3
Estrada ultimately agreed to plead guilty in this case with-
out a written plea agreement, and in November 2023, follow-
ing the preparation of a pre-sentence investigation report (the
“PSR”), the district court conducted a change-of-plea and sen-
tencing hearing.
Estrada was assigned a total of four criminal history
points, which placed him into a criminal history category of
III. Three of those points were based on his 2019 heroin con-
viction. The final point arose from a misdemeanor conviction
in 2018 for possessing a small amount of marijuana for per-
sonal use; and it was that additional point which elevated Es-
trada’s criminal history category from II to III. Coupled with
Estrada’s adjusted offense level of 27, his criminal history cat-
egory produced an advisory sentencing range of 87 to 108
months in prison. Without the additional criminal history
point and with a criminal history category of II, Estrada’s ad-
visory sentencing range would have been 78–97 months.
After the district court accepted Estrada’s guilty plea and
turned to sentencing, his counsel urged the court to vary
downward from the sentencing range. Section 4A1.3 of the
Guidelines (Departures Based on Inadequacy of Criminal
History Category) sets forth criteria for departing from the
Guidelines sentencing range, and among those criteria is the
following standard for departing downward from a defend-
ant’s criminal history category:
If reliable information indicates that the defend-
ant’s criminal history category substantially
over-represents the seriousness of the defend-
ant’s criminal history or the likelihood that the
defendant will commit another crime, a down-
ward departure may be warranted.
4 Nos. 23-3370 & 23-3378
U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3(b)(1). Of course, since the Supreme Court’s
decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), ren-
dered the Guidelines advisory, the concept of a departure has
been rendered obsolete. United States v. Brown,
732 F.3d 781,
783, 786 (7th Cir. 2013). Nonetheless, a sentencing court “can
still take guidance from the departure provisions in the guide-
lines and apply them by way of analogy when assessing the
§ 3553(a) [sentencing] factors.” Id. at 786 (cleaned up).
Effective with the November 1, 2023 Guidelines pursuant
to which Estrada was sentenced, the commentary to section
4A1.3 was amended to provide the following new example
illustrating when a downward departure might be war-
ranted:
A downward departure from the defendant’s
criminal history category may be warranted [if]
… [t]he defendant received criminal history
points from a sentence for possession of mari-
huana for personal use, without an intent to sell
or distribute it to another person.
U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3, cmt. 3(A)(ii); Guidelines Amendment 821.
Citing this new commentary, Estrada noted that his 2018
marijuana conviction was based solely on his personal use of
marijuana, and he asked the district court to vary downward
from a Criminal History category of III to II and sentence him
based on the lower advisory sentencing range corresponding
to a category II criminal history. Neither the probation officer
nor the government believed that a departure was warranted
in Estrada’s case.
The district judge rejected Estrada’s request for a down-
ward departure or variance:
Nos. 23-3370 & 23-3378 5
All right. So going back to the language of 4A
point —sorry, 4A1.3(b)(1) —it states that if reli-
able information indicates that the category
substantially over represents the seriousness of
the Defendant’s criminal history or the likeli-
hood that the Defendant will commit other
crimes [… .] [T]he Court finds that neither of
those circumstances are present here based on
the criminal conduct that’s outlined in the
presentence investigation report, so the Court
declines to take a level, a depart[ure], given sev-
eral factors. One is the nature and circumstances
of some of the Defendant’s prior convictions,
specifically that in Paragraph 39 [discussing the
New York offense], and this will all just be dis-
cussed later, but [as to]the likelihood that the
Defendant will commit other crimes, I can’t find
that that’s reduced given that the Defendant
was on supervised release or that it’s overstated
because the Defendant allegedly committed this
crime while on supervised release, which we’ll
get to in a moment. So the Court denies the de-
fense request to depart by an additional level.
R. 53 at 28–29. As noted, the judge went on to sentence Estrada
to the low end of the Guidelines range, which was 87 months
in prison. Estrada appeals his sentence. 1
1 Separately, the district court revoked Estrada’s supervised release
on the New York conviction (which had been transferred to the Southern
District of Indiana) based on his commission of the instant offense and his
possession and use of marijuana; the court ordered him to serve a
(continued)
6 Nos. 23-3370 & 23-3378
II.
We typically review a district court’s sentencing decision,
whether inside or outside of the range advised by the Sentenc-
ing Guidelines, for substantive reasonableness, under an
abuse-of-discretion standard. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38,
41, 46, 49 (2007); United States v. Williams,
85 F.4th 844, 847 (7th
Cir. 2023), cert. denied,
144 S. Ct. 1046 (2024). In this appeal,
however, Estrada argues that the district court committed two
procedural errors in denying his request for a downward var-
iance from his assigned criminal history category. Such errors
are reviewed de novo. E.g., United States v. Wilcher,
91 F.4th
864, 869 (7th Cir. 2024). Estrada contends first that the court
did not adequately explain its reasons for denying his vari-
ance request—in particular, its reasons for concluding that his
category III criminal history did not substantially over-repre-
sent the seriousness of his criminal history. See, e.g., United
States v. Lockwood,
789 F.3d 773, 781 (7th Cir. 2015) (“A sen-
tencing court commits procedural error by not adequately ex-
plaining its choice of sentence.”) (quoting United States v. Ly-
ons,
733 F.3d 777, 784 (7th Cir. 2013)). Second, Estrada argues
that the district court misapprehended its authority to depart
on the ground that his criminal history category substantially
over-represented the likelihood that he will commit addi-
tional crimes. See Gall,
552 U.S. at 51 (sentencing decision
consecutive term of 15 months in prison (the low end of the recommended
range) for having violated the terms of his release. The court did not ex-
tend the length of his supervised release in that case. The revocation pro-
ceeding is not at issue in this appeal.
Nos. 23-3370 & 23-3378 7
mistakenly treating Guidelines as mandatory rather than ad-
visory constitutes procedural error).
As noted above, section 4A1.3(b)(1) identifies two alterna-
tive criteria for finding that a downward departure to a lower
criminal history category may be warranted: (1) the defend-
ant’s criminal history category substantially over-represents
the seriousness of his criminal history, or (2) the criminal his-
tory category substantially over-represents the likelihood that
the defendant will commit another crime. The district court,
of course, cited both criteria and found that neither was met
in this case.
Estrada argues first and principally that the district court
did not adequately explain why it believed that a criminal his-
tory category of III did not over-represent the gravity of his
criminal history. The court referenced “the nature and cir-
cumstances of some of the Defendant’s prior convictions, spe-
cifically that in Paragraph 39 [of the PSR, discussing the New
York offense] … .” R. 53 at 29. The court later elaborated that
Estrada’s decision to commit a second heroin offense despite
having received a reduced sentence for the New York offense
reflected a lack of respect for both the “mercy” the judge had
shown in that case and for the law. R. 53 at 38; see also R. 53 at
39 (noting that the mitigating circumstances of Estrada’s dif-
ficult upbringing and quick guilty plea were “outweighed by
the fact of [Estrada] committing this crime within such a short
period of time following [his] release and after having relied
on [his] children as a basis to seek mercy”). Estrada argues
that this was inadequate, in that the court “never explain[ed]
the specific conduct it relied upon nor how that specific con-
duct shows that Mr. Estrada still deserved to be in criminal
8 Nos. 23-3370 & 23-3378
history category III excluding the marijuana-possession
charge.” Estrada Br. 6.
In view of the criminal history set forth in the PSR, how-
ever, the district court’s explanation was adequate. The court
in this case decided to follow rather than vary from the Guide-
lines, and that decision is one that “will not necessarily re-
quire lengthy explanation.” Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338,
356 (2007); see also
id. at 356 (sentencing judge must say
enough to satisfy appellate court she has considered the par-
ties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for exercising her
decision-making authority); United States v. Fogle,
825 F.3d
354, 358 (7th Cir. 2016) (district court’s sentencing explanation
need not be exhaustive but must be adequate to allow for
meaningful appellate review and promote perception of fair
sentencing). The relevant question posed by the departure
guideline was whether Estrada’s criminal history category as
calculated substantially over-represented the seriousness of
his criminal history. The court specifically addressed only Es-
trada’s 2019 conviction but given the rather extensive list of
other prior offenses set forth in the PSR, it is readily apparent
why the court concluded that a category III did not substan-
tially over-represent the gravity of his criminal history.
Estrada’s history includes convictions for a total of eleven
felony offenses. True, most were juvenile convictions (Estrada
was 32 years old at the time of sentencing in this case), but a
number of them were for quite serious crimes, ranging from
burglary to trafficking of a person and compelling another
person to engage in prostitution to sexual assault. Then, at age
19, Estrada was convicted of marijuana possession based on
his presence at a residence where 200 bricks of marijuana
were discovered along with multiple handguns. Nine years
Nos. 23-3370 & 23-3378 9
later, he was conspiring to distribute heroin, which resulted
in his 2019 conviction in New York. For that conviction, as the
district court here emphasized, he convinced the sentencing
judge to show mercy in view of his personal and family cir-
cumstances and he was sentenced to a substantially below-
Guidelines prison term. Six months after he was released
from prison, he was dealing in heroin again. For all but the
2019 conviction, Estrada was assigned no criminal history
points for his prior felonies due to the age of the convictions.
The 2018 marijuana offense, for which Estrada received one
point, was the only other conviction that was recognized in
the criminal history calculation. That conviction itself was one
of several misdemeanor convictions recounted in the PSR, but
it was the sole such conviction that was considered in the
criminal history calculation. Finally, owing to a second
amendment taking effect with the November 2023 Guide-
lines, Estrada was not assigned two additional criminal his-
tory points for having committed the instant offense while on
supervised release from the 2019 New York conviction, as he
would have been had he been sentenced under the November
2021 Guidelines. Compare U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(d) (Nov. 2021)
(specifying a two-point increase), with U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(e)
(specifying a one-point increase, but only if defendant has re-
ceived seven or more criminal history points under subsec-
tions (a) through (d)). In that respect alone, one might say that
a criminal history category of III did not over-represent the
gravity of Estrada’s criminal history, as his criminal history
points omitted recognition that he recidivated while on su-
pervised release from the New York conviction.
In short, although the court confined its remarks to the
2019 New York conviction, when it alluded to ”the nature and
circumstances of some of the Defendant’s prior convictions,”
10 Nos. 23-3370 & 23-3378
it is clear enough to what the court was referring. Estrada had
a substantial and serious criminal record, the bulk of which
was not recognized in the criminal history calculation. Alt-
hough Estrada might wish that the court had elaborated on
its interpretation of his criminal history, we cannot say under
the circumstances that the court was required to say more to
make the rather obvious point that Estrada’s criminal history
category did not substantially over-represent the seriousness
of his prior criminal record. The court committed no proce-
dural error in this regard.
That leaves the separate question whether a criminal his-
tory category of III substantially over-represents the likeli-
hood that Estrada would commit another offense. The district
court answered this question too in the negative, and it is hard
to quarrel with that conclusion. Given Estrada’s relatively
lengthy history of criminal offenses, and the fact that he com-
mitted the instant offense while on supervised release from
his prior conviction in New York, there frankly is every rea-
son to think that Estrada might re-offend once he completes
his prison term on the current offense.
But as with the first question, Estrada posits that a proce-
dural error occurred. He argues that when the district court
remarked, “I can’t find that [the likelihood of re-offending is]
reduced given that the Defendant was on supervised release”
from the New York conviction when he committed the instant
offense, the court was signaling that it lacked the authority to
vary downward based on the likelihood of recidivism when,
in fact, there was nothing about the Guideline or the instant
offense that tied the court’s hands in this respect. See Gall, 552
U.S. at 51.
Nos. 23-3370 & 23-3378 11
However, we understand the court to have said that it
would not vary downward on these facts, not that it was pre-
cluded from doing so. The government certainly never ar-
gued that the court lacked the authority to vary downward;
to the contrary, counsel for both parties presented the matter
of a variance as one committed to the district court’s discre-
tion. R. 53 at 25, 28. Apart from its use of the word “can’t,”
which is often used colloquially as shorthand to mean “will
not, under the circumstances,” the court itself said nothing
which might support the conclusion that it mistakenly be-
lieved its hands were tied. In fact, the court otherwise re-
marked that it had “declin[ed] to take a level” from Estrada’s
criminal history, R. 53 at 29, which is consistent with the exer-
cise of discretion. There was no procedural error as to this as-
pect of the court’s decision to deny a downward variance.
III.
The district court committed no procedural error in declin-
ing to grant Estrada a downward variance with respect to his
criminal history category. We therefore AFFIRM Estrada’s
sentence.