In the

    United States Court of Appeals
                For the Seventh Circuit
                    ____________________
No. 24-2854
CARLOS ANTONIO DE PAZ-PERAZA,
                                                        Petitioner,
                                v.

PAMELA J. BONDI, Attorney General of the United States,
                                                Respondent.
                    ____________________

               Petition for Review of an Order of the
                  Board of Immigration Appeals.
                          No. A209-286-063
                    ____________________

       ARGUED APRIL 16, 2025 — DECIDED JUNE 9, 2025
                ____________________

   Before SYKES, Chief Judge, and ST. EVE and JACKSON-
AKIWUMI, Circuit Judges.
    ST. EVE, Circuit Judge. Carlos Antonio de Paz-Peraza, a cit-
izen of El Salvador, challenges the denial of his claims for asy-
lum and withholding of removal. De Paz-Peraza sought relief
based on threats he received from members of the MS-13 gang
in El Salvador.
2                                                  No. 24-2854

   Because substantial evidence supports the Immigration
Judge’s (“IJ’s”) determination that de Paz-Peraza failed to es-
tablish a nexus between the persecution he experienced and
his proffered social group—young male Salvadorans—we
deny his petition.
                        I. Background
A. Factual History
    Between May and July 2016, MS-13 gang members in El
Salvador threatened de Paz-Peraza, then 17 years old. They
sent him numerous messages demanding that he join the
gang or risk his family’s safety. When de Paz-Peraza spoke to
his friend, a police officer, about the threats, the officer urged
him to leave the country.
    Gang members also confronted de Paz-Peraza in person.
First, in May 2016, they stole his phone and work tools. Then,
on two different occasions in early July, they threatened him
with a firearm and demanded he join the gang. Gunfire en-
sued during the last encounter and both a gang member and
de Paz-Peraza’s officer friend were shot. De Paz-Peraza testi-
fied that he did not report the incident to local police because
he believed most officers were corrupt.
    Gang violence affected others in de Paz-Peraza’s life, too.
He testified that gang members killed two of his friends for
refusing to join the gang, and sent his brother, who still lives
in El Salvador, threatening text messages.
   De Paz-Peraza did not meet MS-13 members again in per-
son after July. But he continued to receive threatening mes-
sages, as he repeatedly refused to join the gang.
No. 24-2854                                                  3

    On July 25, 2016, de Paz-Peraza fled to the United States.
He testified that his remaining family members in El Salvador
live in fear and cannot leave home. Since he left, gang mem-
bers have asked about him twice—once shortly after his de-
parture and again about two years later.
B. Procedural History
   Soon after de Paz-Peraza arrived in the United States, the
Department of Homeland Security initiated removal proceed-
ings against him. He conceded removability. The same day,
he applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief un-
der the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”), relying on his
political opinion and membership in three social groups.
   An IJ held a hearing on de Paz-Peraza’s application where
he testified to the foregoing facts. The IJ found him credible
and concluded that he experienced past persecution but de-
nied his asylum application. First, the IJ rejected de Paz-
Peraza’s reliance on his political opinion, reasoning that he
never expressed his political beliefs to gang members. Second,
the IJ deemed de Paz-Peraza’s proffered social groups—
young male Salvadorans threatened by gang violence, male
Salvadorans threatened with death by MS-13, and young
male Salvadorans—not cognizable.
    Finally, even assuming de Paz-Peraza identified a cogniza-
ble social group, he failed to show a nexus between the harm
he suffered and any proffered group. In the IJ’s view, the evi-
dence demonstrated that gang members targeted de Paz-
Peraza to fill the gang’s ranks and promote its criminal initia-
tives, not because members associated him with a particular
social group.
4                                                   No. 24-2854

    The IJ denied de Paz-Peraza’s withholding of removal
claim on the same grounds. As for his request for protection
under the CAT, the IJ concluded that de Paz-Peraza feared pri-
vate criminal actors, not the Salvadoran government, and thus
could not establish entitlement to relief.
   The Board of Immigration Appeals (the “Board”) affirmed
the IJ’s decision without a written opinion.
    In this petition for review, de Paz-Peraza abandons his
claim for relief under the CAT and relies only on his identity
as a young male Salvadoran to support his claims for asylum
and withholding of removal.
                        II. Discussion
    Because the Board affirmed the IJ’s decision without an
opinion, “we review the IJ’s decision to determine whether it
is supported by substantial evidence ….” Hanaj v. Gonzales,

 (7th Cir. 2006). This is a “highly deferential”
standard. Jamal-Daoud v. Gonzales, 

 (7th Cir.
2005). We will reverse only if the evidence “compels” a
different result, not simply if it “supports” one. INS v. Elias-
Zacarias, 

, 481 n.1 (1992) (emphasis omitted).
    To qualify for asylum, de Paz-Peraza must establish he is
“unable or unwilling to return to” El Salvador due to “perse-
cution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of
race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social
group, or political opinion.” 

(a)(42),
1158(b)(1)(A). De Paz-Peraza bases his claim on membership
in a particular social group: young male Salvadorans. Where
a petitioner claims membership in a social group, he must also
establish a nexus between his persecution and the proffered
No. 24-2854                                                    5

group. See Granados Arias v. Garland, 

, 462 (7th Cir.
2023).
    For purposes of this petition, the government has assumed
that “young male Salvadorans” qualifies as a cognizable so-
cial group and challenges only nexus. A showing of nexus re-
quires an asylum applicant to “demonstrate that [he] was per-
secuted ‘on account of’ [his] membership in the proffered so-
cial group.” 

 at 464 (quoting Orellana-Arias v. Sessions, 

 (7th Cir. 2017)). Group membership must be a
“central reason” for persecution, 

(b)(1)(B)(i),
though it “does not have to be the only reason,” W.G.A. v. Ses-
sions, 

 (7th Cir. 2018). Courts regularly de-
cline to find nexus where the persecutors aim to recruit or re-
taliate for refusal to join their criminal enterprise. See, e.g.,
Elias-Zacarias, 

 (the petitioner must establish
“the guerrillas will persecute him because of [his] political
opinion, rather than because of his refusal to fight with
them”); Bueso-Avila v. Holder, 

 (7th Cir. 2011)
(no nexus where a gang was “attempting to recruit [the peti-
tioner] to their ranks”); Rivera-Barrientos v. Holder, 

 (10th Cir. 2012) (courts “must distinguish between
persecution based on social status, and an individualized re-
action to the applicant based on her threat to the gang’s inter-
ests”).
    We review an IJ’s nexus determination under the deferen-
tial substantial evidence standard. See W.G.A., 

;
Meraz-Saucedo v. Rosen, 

, 685 (7th Cir. 2021). De
Paz-Peraza’s own testimony supports the IJ’s conclusion that
his persecution related to the gang’s recruitment and retalia-
tion goals, not his status as a young male Salvadoran. He tes-
tified about countless messages from gang members
6                                                         No. 24-2854

threatening to harm him or his family if he refused to join the
gang. Each time he addressed his fear of returning to El Sal-
vador, he explained that he believed the gang would kill him
for his refusal to join. When asked about the gang’s motiva-
tion, de Paz-Peraza clarified that they attempted to recruit him
to help make them money.
    The circumstantial evidence de Paz-Peraza highlights
does not compel a different result. He contends that gang
members threatened and killed his friends and neighbor, that
they began threatening de Paz-Peraza when he was in high
school, and that reports and articles reflect that gangs recruit
young boys. 1 However “possible” or “legitimate” de Paz-
Peraza’s position, it is not “so compelling that no reasonable
fact-finder” could disagree. Bueso-Avila, 

 (quot-
ing Jamal-Daoud, 

) (rejecting asylum petition
despite circumstantial evidence that gang targeted the peti-
tioner based on his religion). Because de Paz-Peraza’s prof-
fered evidence does not compel a conclusion that the gang
persecuted him on account of his membership in a particular
social group, we must uphold the IJ’s decision. 2
   As de Paz-Peraza’s claim does not satisfy the nexus re-
quirement for asylum, it does not satisfy the nexus require-
ment for withholding of removal. See Granados Arias, 

 We do not decide whether we can appropriately consider de Paz-

Peraza’s newly presented articles, which exist outside of the administra-
tive record. Even assuming we can take judicial notice of them, Fed. R.
Evid. 201(b), they do not change the result.
    2 Because we affirm the IJ’s no nexus finding, we do not decide

whether “young male Salvadorans” qualifies as a cognizable social group.
No. 24-2854                                                7

at 465 (claims for asylum and withholding of removal carry
the same nexus requirement).
                       *      *     *
    No matter how well founded, see, e.g., Rivera-Barrientos,

 (commenting that “gang violence is wide-
spread in El Salvador”), fear of violence and crime does not
provide a basis for asylum or withholding of removal absent
a showing of nexus to a protected group.
   For these reasons, we deny the petition for review.