Fred Kirkwood and Ernest B. Denison were jointly indicted and convicted of promising money to a clerk in a post office to induce him unlawfully to open certain letters passing through the office, and also of conspiring to commit that offense, contrary to sections 37 and 39 of the Penal Code (Act March 4, 1909, c. 321, 35 Stat. 1096 [Comp. St. §§ 10201, 10203]). At the conclusion of the evidence each of them asked a directed verdict of not guilty, which the trial court denied. They prosecuted separate writs of error from this court.

Briefly stated, the facts were these: Oslin M. Jackson and others were indicted in New York for swindling operations. Jackson fled and became a fugitive from justice. The defendant Denison was one of the prosecuting witnesses, and having lost heavily through Jackson’s acts interested himself in having him found and brought to justice. The postal authorities in New York and also the state prosecuting officers were or had been making investigations. Denison employed a detective agency in New York to locate Jackson. The *826defendant Kirkwood was in the service of that agency. It was believed that relatives of Jackson were corresponding with him under the cover of a brother-in-law who lived at Harrisonville, Missouri, and Kirkwopd was furnished with descriptive information and specimens of Jackson’s handwriting, and sent there by the agency to investigate. Kirkwood made acquaintance with a post office clerk at Harrisonville and paid him to make tracings of addresses on certain letters passing through the office, so that they could be compared with known writings of Jackson. It was claimed by the government that, this method proving fruitless, Kirkwood, at the instance or with the co-operation of Denison, induced the clerk by a promise of money to open letters in search of the desired information. This was the foundation of the indictment. Either by opening letters or by information obtained in New York and elsewhere, it does not matter which, Jackson was located in Oregon and afterwards arrested.

We think that in the conviction of Denison there was a clear misr carriage of justice; that, considering the character and source of the evidence against him and its value in relation to all that was received at the trial, it should reasonably be said that there was no substantial proof ■ of his guilt. Denison employed and paid the agency for which Kirkwood worked, but there was no evidence whatever, except as presently mentioned, that he otherwise employed Kirkwood, or paid him for his services or expenses, nor evidence that he directed him in his dealings with the post office clerk at Harrisonville, or authorized or knew of any unlawful tampering with the mails. All of the direct evidence upon these matters was that he did not, in any way, have anything to do with the opening of the letters. Denison, who lived in New York, was not at Harrisonville. He dealt with the detective agency in the former city to aid the public authorities in finding Jackson, as under the circumstances he had a lawful right to do. The sole adverse proof was the’ testimony of a detective of Chicago and his stenographer that in a subsequent conversation in that city Denison admitted connection with the opening of the letters. The stenographer fully discredited herself, and we put her testimony aside without further mention. The credibility of the Chicago detective was impeached by evidence of former officials in Oregon that he gave false testimony under oath and made false statements there, and also by witnesses from Chicago of apparently respectable stations in life and callings that his reputation for truth and veracity where he lived was bad. A thorough examination of the proceedings at the trial has convinced us that the conviction of Denison was due in no small measure to the latitude allowed counsel for the government in the examination of witnesses and the emphasis put upon relatively unimportant matters. Upon the assumption that it was proper to show Denison’s animus against Jackson, counsel were allowed to go so far afield that the specific charges in the indictment seemed at times to be out of view. There wás a disproportion of collateral matters, the significance of which was unduly magnified.

With the failure of the case against Denison the charge against Kirkwood that he conspired with him also fails. There is left, however, the charge that Kirkwood induced the post office clerk to open *827letters by a promise of a money reward. The sentence of Kirkwood was not more than could have been imposed for that single offense. The proof upon this branch of the case is within narrow compass. It consists almost entirely of the testimony of the clerk and Kirk-wood, and while the former was uncertain and indefinite in some of his statements we cannot say there was not substantial evidence supporting the verdict. Kirkwood may have suffered somewhat from the effort to convict Denison, but that cannot be entirely avoided in cases of joint indictment, especially when conspiracy is charged. We do not find that in this part of the case error was committed in the admission of evidence or in the instructions as set forth in the, assignments of error.

The sentence of Kirkwood is affirmed. The sentence of Denison is reversed.