United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 21-3895
                        ___________________________

                            United States of America

                                      Plaintiff - Appellee

                                        v.

                                Matthew McCoy

                                   Defendant - Appellant
                                 ____________

                    Appeal from United States District Court
                      for the Eastern District of Arkansas
                                ____________

                         Submitted: September 22, 2022
                           Filed: December 15, 2022
                                 ____________

Before SMITH, Chief Judge, KELLY and GRASZ, Circuit Judges.
                              ____________

GRASZ, Circuit Judge.

       A jury convicted Matthew McCoy of two counts of production of child
pornography under 

(a). Because the evidence presented at trial was
insufficient, we reverse.
                                 I. Background

       McCoy was indicted on two counts of production of child pornography in
violation of 

(a). The indictment focuses on two secretly recorded
videos of M.B., McCoy’s then approximately fifteen-year-old cousin, before and
after she took a shower in McCoy’s master bathroom. The indictment alleged
McCoy used M.B. to engage in sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of
producing two videos of such conduct.

       Holly McCoy, McCoy’s now ex-wife, testified at trial. While collecting
McCoy’s belongings in his closet, Holly found a flash drive. Her brother-in-law
later found a hidden video camera while fixing a guest bathroom vent. This
discovery prompted Holly to view the contents of the flash drive. The flash drive
contained two videos of M.B. before and after she took a shower in McCoy’s master
bathroom. Based on what the videos captured, Holly deduced that a hidden video
camera was placed inside the closet connected to the master bathroom. The flash
drive also contained videos and pictures of other nude women who were secretly
recorded.

      IT Specialist and Forensic Examiner Layne Gimnich examined the contents
of the flash drive. He observed two videos of a “naked young woman in a
bathroom.” Gimnich also examined a Samsung tablet provided by Holly. The tablet
contained still images of M.B., which appeared to be “clipped” from one of the
videos.

       M.B. also testified. On the day of the recording, M.B. tried to take a shower
in the guest bathroom of the McCoy household, but the tub was filled with toys and
other items. After M.B. asked McCoy what to do in light of the items in the guest
bathroom, he told her to instead use the master bathroom. M.B. did not know there
was a video camera aimed at the master bathroom.



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       After the government rested its case, McCoy moved for a judgment of
acquittal. Like he does now on appeal, McCoy argued the videos do not show
“sexually explicit conduct” as required for a violation of 

(a). The
district court denied the motion but noted this was “a close case on the facts.” The
jury ultimately found McCoy guilty on both counts. The district court sentenced
McCoy to 210 months of imprisonment. McCoy timely appealed.

                                    II. Analysis

       McCoy argues the evidence presented at trial was insufficient because the
videos did not depict M.B. engaging in “sexually explicit conduct” under 

(a). “We review challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence de novo,
‘viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict.’” United States v.
Gross, 

 (8th Cir. 2022) (quoting United States v. Lussier, 

 (8th Cir. 2017)). Similarly, we review a statute de novo when a
sufficiency argument turns on statutory interpretation. United States v. Taylor, 

 (8th Cir. 2022). “We will reverse a conviction ‘only if no reasonable
jury could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.’” United
States v. Allen, 

 (8th Cir. 2022) (quoting United States v. Morrissey,

 (8th Cir. 2018)).

      McCoy was convicted under 

(a). Section 2251(a) prohibits
any person from using a “minor to engage in . . . any sexually explicit conduct for
the purpose of producing any visual depiction of such conduct[.]” Congress defined
“sexually explicitly conduct” as including “actual . . . lascivious exhibition of the
anus, genitals, or pubic area of any person[.]” 

(2)(A)(v). Both
McCoy and the government focus our attention on the meaning of “lascivious
exhibition.”

      The statute makes clear that any display of the genitals must be “lascivious.”

 Consequently, we have repeatedly explained “mere nudity” is not enough to
convict. United States v. Petroske, 

 (8th Cir. 2019); United States
                                         -3-
v. Wallenfang, 

 (8th Cir. 2009); United States v. Kemmerling, 

, 645–46 (8th Cir. 2002). We have also explained that a visual depiction
“is ‘lascivious’ only if it is sexual in nature.” Wallenfang, 

 (quoting
Kemmerling, 

).

       To determine whether the display is lascivious, we “frequently” consider the
so-called Dost factors. United States v. Paris, 

 (8th Cir. 2016)
(citing United States v. Dost, 

 (S.D. Cal. 1986)). Those factors
consist of the following:

      1) whether the focal point of the visual depiction is on the child’s
      genitalia or pubic area;
      2) whether the setting of the visual depiction is sexually suggestive, i.e.,
      in a place or pose generally associated with sexual activity;
      3) whether the child is depicted in an unnatural pose, or in inappropriate
      attire, considering the age of the child;
      4) whether the child is fully or partially clothed, or nude;
      5) whether the visual depiction suggests sexual coyness or a willingness
      to engage in sexual activity;
      6) whether the visual depiction is intended or designed to elicit a sexual
      response in the viewer.

Dost, 

. The Dost factors “are neither definitive nor exhaustive.”
United States v. Horn, 

 (8th Cir. 1999).

       It is undisputed that the videos show M.B. nude. But the remaining Dost
factors do not point toward a lascivious depiction. First, the focal point of the videos
is not M.B.’s genitalia. Rather, the videos depict M.B. from a distance, as the hidden
video camera was located inside the connecting closet. Nor is the setting sexually
suggestive under these circumstances. The videos display innocent daily tasks in a
bathroom: getting in and out of the shower, drying off, and using the toilet. While
the government emphasizes that M.B. at one point bends over, she is not in an
unnatural pose considering the context. Indeed, as the government conceded during
oral argument, the videos do not suggest sexual coyness or a willingness to engage

                                          -4-
in sexual activity. After all, there is no indication M.B. knew she was being filmed.
See United States v. Steen, 

 (5th Cir. 2011).

       Finally, the videos were not intended or designed to elicit a sexual response
in the viewer. The government disagrees, arguing “M.B.’s innocent acts of
undressing and taking a shower on the videos are lascivious because of McCoy’s
intent for them to be sexual.” In support, the government points to other images and
videos presented at trial rather than the content of the two videos of M.B. Even if
McCoy intended for the two videos of M.B. to be sexual in nature, the statute does
not ask whether the videos were intended to appeal to the defendant’s particular
sexual interest. Instead, the inquiry is whether the videos, on their face, are of a
sexual character. Petroske, 

; Wallenfang, 

;
Kemmerling, 

. As our discussion of the other factors demonstrates,
the videos are not.

       The government also directs us to United States v. Johnson, 

 (8th
Cir. 2011). There, a jury found the defendant guilty of attempted sexual exploitation
of children under 

 after the defendant secretly videotaped minor
girls weighing themselves in the nude. 

. The district court later granted
the defendant’s motion for acquittal because the images were not lascivious. 

. We reversed. In doing so, we noted “it is a violation of § 2251 to attempt to
commit the crime defined in subsection (a) of § 2251.” Id. at 438. We also noted,
among other evidence, that one of the videos was zoomed in such that “a reasonable
jury could have drawn a fair inference that the camera would have recorded a close-
up view of [the minor’s] naked pubic area” had she turned around. Id. at 437. In
the end, the parties’ emphasis on whether the videos were actually lascivious was
misplaced given the case was submitted to the jury on an attempt theory. Id. at 439.
Here, by contrast, the jury was instructed on a completed offense under 

(a) rather than attempt under 

(e). While Johnson might
support an argument that the evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for
attempt, it does not support the conviction here.


                                         -5-
       In sum, the statute underlying the indictment prohibits a person from using a
minor to engage in sexually explicit conduct. Congress, in turn, defined sexually
explicit conduct as the lascivious exhibition of genitals—not mere nudity. Applying
this statute to the evidence presented at trial, we conclude no reasonable jury could
have found McCoy guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

                                 III. Conclusion

       The evidence was insufficient to support the conviction under 

(a). We do not endorse McCoy’s behavior but, as with any other case, are
constrained by the text of the statute listed in the indictment and our precedent
interpreting it. The judgment of the district court is reversed.
                        ______________________________




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