This appeal reaches us after the trial court had taken the case from the jury at the conclusion of the plaintiff’s testimony and had dismissed it upon the ground that the evidence adduced could not support a verdict for plaintiff. The plaintiff is appealing, and for clarity in this opinion we shall continue to designate the parties as plaintiff and defendant. The case is in the federal courts because of diversity of citizenship.

The plaintiff was suing for damages for alienation of his wife’s affections, and there evidence to the following effect: 6

Plaintiff was working in a town away the family domicile, and he and his mad child visited each other over some weekends. For a time his wife was stay-with her sister in a residence close to a 'beer parlor which was run by the sister’s husband. Defendant and plaintiff’s wife met by introduction in the beer parlor and became friendly. Through the months of November and December, 1947, they saw each other and on numerous occasions sat alone in his automobile well into the night, Upon one occasion in February or March of 1948, they were alone in the residence and in or on a bed after midnight. When , , i, 5 asked what they were doing by a young • . ,< ,, , man who came into the room, they merely instructed him to &0 upstairs and sl Defendant) as plaintifFs witne testified that he did nQt ^ in the automobile with ^ lady dur¡ng November and December) and that he did not know she was married unt¡1 February or March, 1948. There is testimony that he continued his attentions as ^ as A,pril of the same year. plain_ tiff’s wife secured a divorce in May of 1948, and married defendant soon thereafter. Plaintiff testified that his wife told him Christmas Eve, 1947, that she no longer ioved him. Thereafter there was talk of divorce, but she was not sure that she wanted one. During the same period the wife visited him on weekends where he was ^ E nearby to7n’ End they llVed together m the conjugal state.

The domicile of the marriage was the State of Minnesota, and the facts of the case occurred therein. That state recognizes alienation of affections as a cause of action in damages. 1

It will be noticed that there is evidence of defendant’s attention to plaintiff’s *39 wife after defendant admits he knew she was married. It is not disputed but that the applicable law is that a third person who successfully plays for or with the affections of another’s spouse shall answer in damages. Competition for the affections ceases with marriage to be a lawful game. See.42 C.J.S., Husband and Wife, § 662, with cited cases supporting the following . . , text. An improper motive, malice, and an intention on the part of defendant to effect an alienation [by persuading another’s wife to leave her husband] generally are essential to his liability, although an actual intent is not necessary if defendant’s acts are inherently wrong.” 42 C.J.S., Husband and Wife, § 664, “It is essential that defendant should directly and intentionally interfere ... ., , , with the marital relation between the spous- , , „ tt 1 1 j es’. ' '• ^ C.J.S., Husband and, Wife, § 676, “Where defendant’s acts or conduct is the controlling cause of the alienation of affections, it is no defense that the spouses had separated before the alienation, * * 42 C.J.S., Husband and Wife,-§ 687, “The law presumes that there is always a possibility of reconciliation between husband and wife, 2 * * *. In an action for enticement or alienation of the affections of a spouse, plaintiff has the burden of showing all the essential elements of his or her cause of action. In general plaintiff has the burden of proving that the affections of the spouse were actually alienated from plaintiff by the wrongful acts or conduct of the defendant, and that defendant had knowledge of the marital relationship.”

In the circumstances of this case it was the exclusive business of the jury to weigh the evidence under proper instructions as to the law by the court.

Reversed and remanded.