United States of America, and v. Leslie Robert Malone, And
United States of America, and v. Leslie Robert Malone, And
Opinion of the Court
OPINION
Malone appeals his conviction for refusing to submit to induction.
In September, 1970, just prior to the expiration of his student deferment, Malone filed for conscientious objector status. His local board, number 62 in San Jose, California, denied his petition and reclassified him 1-A in November, 1970. Malone did not appeal.
On January 8, 1971, the board mailed Malone an order to report for a physical examination. Shortly after, his father wrote the board that Malone was hiking in the mountains where he could not be reached and that he would not return until after the date set for the physical. The letter went on to say that Malone would return at the end of January at which time he was slated to enroll in junior college.
Instead of scheduling Malone for another pre-induction physical, when the physical date passed, the board’s clerk ordered Malone for induction under a proviso to 32 C.F.R. § 1631.7(a) (1971). Section 1631.7(a) normally requires the administration of a pre-induction physical; under the proviso, though, a registrant “may” be ordered for induction without benefit of that requirement when he has “refused or otherwise failed to comply” with the order to report for the physical. On the date set for induction, Malone appeared but refused induction.
Validity of the Induction Order
Malone challenges the validity of his induction order contending, first, that the words “refused or failed to comply” in the proviso to 32 C.F.R. § 1631.7(a) cover only willful nonappearances, which his concededly was not. The disjunctive “or” followed by the
Malone’s second ground of attack on his induction order is that it was not within the board clerk’s power to issue. Arguing that the decision to dispense with the pre-induction physical is a discretionary one only the board can make, he points to the permissive language of the regulation which provides that a registrant “may” be ordered for induction upon his. failure to appear for the physical. The law in this circuit, though, is settled by United States v. Ossa, 470 F.2d at 819-820. Faced with the identical case of a clerk issuing the order to report, the court reasoned that the word “may” in the regulation is included only to insure that the local board will not order one for induction before his lottery number is reached. Punitive inductions are thereby avoided. Id. at 819. The court indicated that the board has no discretion not to induct one who fails to appear for the physical, at least where — as here — the physical notice, issued by the board, recited that failure to comply would result in a notice to report for induction. Id.; see United States v. Duarte, 469 F.2d 90 (9th Cir. 1972).
Although we are compelled to uphold the application of the proviso to Malone, we nonetheless feel it necessary to comment on the inconsiderate manner in which Malone was processed. The record shows Malone was not at fault for missing his assigned physical; indeed, he did not even know it was scheduled. It would have been fairer had the board postponed the physical, as it had the power to do, upon receiving notice prior to the physical that Malone could not appear. See 32 C.F.R. § 1628.12 (1971). Its failure to exercise its discretion is unfortunate for Malone, but we lack the power to overturn his conviction since the board’s actions complied with the technical requirements of 32 C.F.R. § 1631.7(a).
Student Deferment
Malone next claims that his father’s letter to the board, in part relating that Malone was scheduled to enroll in college, entitled him to a student deferment. However, a registrant has the burden of proving he is enrolled in school, and a mere letter of intent does not satisfy that burden. See United States v. Uyeda, 476 F.2d 958 (9th Cir. 1973); United States v. Lewis, 448 F.2d 1228, 1229 (9th Cir. 1971).
Conscientious Objector Classification
Malone urges that we review the board’s denial of his conscientious objector classification. But his failure to exhaust his administrative remedies precludes our consideration of the board’s decision. Lockhart v. United States, 420 F.2d 1143 (9th Cir. 1969) (en banc).
Post-Conviction Reopening
Finally, Malone claims that certain post-conviction events compel this court to void his conviction. After the trial below the United States Attorney advised the state Selective Service Office by letter of Malone’s conviction. In May, 1972 — while Malone’s appeal was pending here — the state office returned Malone’s file to his local board accompanied by the U. S. Attorney’s letter and a cover letter from an official acting for the state director. The latter was a form letter with a number of statements appropriate to different situations. Checked was a statement which required the board to reopen Malone’s then 1-A classification under 32 C.F.R. § 1625.3 (1972).
The district court held an evidentiary hearing on the matter. It found that the intent of the state director’s letter was simply to call to the board’s attention Malone’s conviction and, at the same time, to require a reassessment of his 1-A classification in light of it. See 32 C.F.R. § 1622.44 (1972). It held his conviction was unaffected.
We cannot quarrel with the district court’s factual conclusion; the state director’s letter was clearly intended, as the local board doubtless viewed it, to require reopening in view of Malone’s conviction and not to require, or even to suggest, a reexamination of his pre-conviction C-0 request. Nonetheless, Malone argues, citing United States v. Lloyd, 431 F.2d 160, 170-171 (9th Cir. 1970), cert. denied, 403 U.S. 911, 91 S.Ct. 2210, 29 L.Ed.2d 688 (1971), that the intent of the letter is irrelevant. What is important, he contends, is that the letter had the effect under 32 C.F.R. § 1625.3 of entirely reopening his case,
We cannot extend Lloyd so far. In that case the court held that a state director could not refuse to consider altogether a registrant’s request for a reopening though the registrant had already been indicted for refusing induction ; it was incumbent upon the official to consider the request, rejecting or accepting it on the merits. Even assuming dubita/nte
Affirmed.
. gee 50 U.S.C. § 462(a) (1970).
. A directive from tlie Selective Service System’s national director, Local Board Memorandum No. 106, interprets the regulation in the same way. Although the California state director’s interpretation is contra, that interpretation is, as the Ossa court observed, invalid in light of the national directive. See United States v. Ossa, 470 F.2d at 820.
. That Malone requested the System’s state director to review bis application does not mean he properly exhausted his remedies. The state director, as appellant admits, has no power to award the classification unlike administrative appeal boards.
. Alternatively, Malone appears to argue that the delay was in itself enough to negative his conviction. Even assuming the delay was a violation of the applicable regulation relating to notice of classification, 32 C.F.R. § 1625.12 (1971), it did not prejudice Malone, see, e. g., United States v. Pace, 454 F.2d 351, 356 (9th Cir. 1972), since the time for appeal ran from the date notice was mailed. 32 C.F.R. § 1626.2(c)(1) (1971).
. 32 C.F.R. § 1625.3 (1972) provided in pertinent part:
The local board shall reopen and consider anew the classification of a registrant upon the written request of the State Director of Selective Service or the Director of Selective Service and upon receipt of such request shall immediately cancel any order to report for induction which may have been issued to the registrant.
. Cf., e. g., United States v. Hunter, 482 F.2d 623, 627-629 (3d Cir. 1973); United States v. Hudson, 469 F.2d 661, 663 (9th Cir. 1972); United States v. Noonan, 434 F.2d 582 (3d Cir. 1970), cert. denied, 401 U.S. 981, 91 S.Ct. 1190, 28 L.Ed.2d 333 (1971).
Concurring Opinion
(concurring):
I concur in the result.
I do not agree that the local board treated defendant badly.
I think that the intent of the state director in issuing the reclassification order is not relevant. Once there has been a conviction for failure to obey a valid administrative order I think an administrative officer is without power for whatever reason to affect the conviction by altering or vacating the order. The statute, not the order, created the offense, and once a valid order was disobeyed then the state was violated and the offense was complete. See United States v. Hark, 320 U.S. 531, 536, 64 S. Ct. 359, 88 L.Ed. 290 (1944).
Reference
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- UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff and Appellee, v. Leslie Robert MALONE, Defendant and Appellant
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