This disposition is not appropriate for publication and may not be cited to or by the courts of this circuit except as may be provided by 9 th Cir. R. 36-3.

. 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000).

. 234 F.3d 411 (2000).

. See United States v. Innie, 7 F.3d 840, 848 (9th Cir. 1993) (fact that defendant made inculpatory admissions to the authorities does not necessarily demonstrate that he was remorseful or contrite).

Although Perez-Espino’s conviction by trial did not automatically preclude him from consideration for a reduction for acceptance of responsibility, a reduction in such a situation should be rare. See USSG § 3E1.1, comment. (n.2). Moreover, a determination that a defendant is entitled to the reduction in such a situation "will be based primarily upon pre-trial statements and conduct.” Id.

. Cf. United States v. Aichele, 941 F.2d 761, 767 (9th Cir. 1991) (defendant who did not make a statement at his sentencing hearing failed to show any indicia of contrition and thus reduction for acceptance of responsibility was unwarranted).

. "Because of the district court's unique position, its determination regarding acceptance of responsibility is not to be disturbed unless it is without foundation.” Innie, 1 F.3d at 848; see also United States v. Vance, 62 F.3d 1152, 1157 (9th Cir. 1995) (stating that "great deference” is accorded to a district court’s determination of whether a defendant is entitled to the acceptance of responsibility reduction).

. As a result, there is no need to address the issue of whether Perez-Espino is entitled to an additional one-point reduction under USSG § 3E1.1(b)(1) for the timeliness of his admission.

. A defendant may not be punished for failing to participate in fact-gathering at a presentence interview or for exercising his constitutional rights at trial. Innie, 7 F.3d at 848; United States v. LaPierre, 998 F.2d 1460, 1467 (9th Cir. 1993).

. LaPierre, 998 F.2d at 1468 ("[T]he exercise of rights may diminish the defendant’s chances of being granted the ... reduction, not because it is weighed against him but because it is likely that there is less evidence of acceptance to weigh in his favor.” (quotations omitted)); see also Innie, 7 F.3d at 848 ("Although a defendant may manifest a sincere contrition even if he exercises his consti*662tutional right to trial, his decision to put the government to its burden of proof at trial by denying essential elements of guilt may be inconsistent with an acceptance of responsibility.”).

. See Innie, 7 F.3d at 848 (holding that it was proper for the district court to consider the fact that the defendant contested his guilt at trial and refused to discuss his case with the probation officer when it determined that he did not carry his burden of demonstrating acceptance of responsibility).