MEMORANDUM *

We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

A. Disparagement and Defamation Claims

Hollenbeck’s false statement to Kim regarding the inability of Krystal Enterprises (“Krystal”) to service its buses could not have caused Krystal’s damages arising out of Kim’s refusal to accept delivery of three buses.1 The injunction prohibited Krystal from delivering the infringing buses to Kim, so it would not have mattered that Krystal could not service buses that it was not allowed to sell in the first place.2 Thus, the district court did not err in granting Metrotrans Corporation’s (“Metrotrans”) motion for summary judgment on Krystal's disparagement and defamation claims.3

*727B. Lanham Act Claims

Krystal failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Metro-trans’ “Tag Axle” and “Have You Heard the Rumor” advertisements contained false claims of product superiority.4 We have distinguished (1) an advertisement that explicitly or implicitly asserts that a claim of product superiority is based on studies, which may be proven false by showing that the studies are unreliable, from (2) an advertisement that made no such assertion, which must be proven false by affirmative evidence.5 We agree with the district court that neither advertisement in this case mentions a study or comparative analysis or implies that Metrotrans’ claims of product superiority are study-validated. Therefore, Krystal was required to offer evidence tending to show the falsity of Metrotrans’ claims of product superiority. It failed to do so.

The claim of “highest residual value” in the “Tag Axle” advertisement was based on a comparison of “residual value,” the average percentage of the manufacturer’s suggested retail price that is retained upon resale. Thus, the fact that Krystal’s buses had a higher resale value according to the “Bus Book” is irrelevant,6 and Krystal has offered no other evidence tending to show that the claim of “highest residual value” was false.

In its “Have You Heard the Rumor” advertisement, Metrotrans claimed the “highest resale value ... of any small U.S.A. bus.” However, because this advertisement was published in August 1997, Krystal’s comparison of “high” and “low” resale values in the 1998 edition of the “Bus Book,” which was not fully compiled until November 1997 (at the earliest), does not tend to show that such a claim was false when made.

Nor did Krystal offer any evidence tending to show that Metrotrans’ advertisements, although “literally true,” were “likely to mislead.”7 Krystal’s surveys of how mid-size bus consumers prioritize “residual value” have nothing to do with whether the advertisements conveyed an implied message and deceived the viewing public. Instead, they merely suggest that such consumers would be very interested in Metrotrans’ advertisements.8 For all these reasons, the district court did not err *728in granting Metrotrans’ motion for summary judgment on Krystal’s Lanham Act claims.

AFFIRMED.