This disposition is not appropriate for publication and may not be cited to or by the courts of this circuit except as may be provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

. United States v. Garcia, 205 F.3d 1182, 1186 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 856, 121 S.Ct. 138, 148 L.Ed.2d 90 (2000).

. Id.

. A district court's determination regarding the validity of consent to search is a factual question reviewed for clear error. United States v. Cormier, 220 F.3d 1103, 1112 (9th Cir. 2000), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1174, 121 S.Ct. 1146, 148 L.Ed.2d 1009 (2001); United States v. Castillo, 866 F.2d 1071, 1082 (9th Cir. 1988).

"An individual' may waive his Fourth Amendment rights by giving voluntary and intelligent consent to a warrantless search of his person, property, or premises.” United States v. Torres-Sanchez, 83 F.3d 1123, 1129 (9th Cir. 1996). The validity of an individual's consent is a question of fact that depends upon the totality of the circumstances. Cormier, 220 F.3d at 1112 The following five factors are relevant in determining whether a person freely consented to a search: "(1) whether defendant was in custody; (2) whether the arresting officers had their guns drawn; (3) whether Miranda warnings were given; (4) whether the defendant was told he had the right not to consent; and (5) whether the defendant was told that a search warrant could be obtained.” Cormier, 220 F.3d at 1112 (citing United States v. Morning, 64 F.3d 531, 533 (9th Cir. 1995)). All five factors need not be satisfied to sustain a consensual search, id. at 1113, and the presence or absence of any one particular factor is not dis-positive on the issue of voluntariness, United States v. Chan-Jimenez, 125 F.3d 1324, 1327 n. 3 (9th Cir. 1997)

. Torres-Sanchez, 83 F.3d at 1127.

. While relevant to the issue of voluntariness of consent, the officers were not obligated to read Norment his Miranda rights at this point since they had not initiated a custodial interrogation. See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 478-79, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966)

. See United States v. Meza-Corrales, 183 F.3d 1116, 1125 (9th Cir. 1999) (court may consider defendant’s prior refusal to consent as an indication that he knew he had the right to refuse).

. Officers who have stopped an automobile legitimately and who have probable cause to believe that contraband is concealed somewhere within it may conduct a warrantless search of the car. United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 807 n. 9, 102 S.Ct. 2157, 72 L.Ed.2d 572 (1982); Garcia, 205 F.3d at 1187. Officers may look in any containers in the car that could contain the object for which they have probable cause to search. Ross, 456 U.S. at 825.

. See Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 819, 116 S.Ct. 1769, 135 L.Ed.2d 89 (1996) (officer may stop car if he has probable cause to believe the driver violated the traffic code).

. See United States v. Laird, 511 F.2d 1039, 1040 (9th Cir. 1975) (odor of marijuana emanating from car provides requisite probable cause for search)

. Evidence within "plain view” may be seized without a warrant if: (1) the initial intrusion is lawful; and (2) the incriminatory nature of the evidence is immediately apparent to the officer. Horton v. California, 496 U.S. 128, 136-37, 110 S.Ct. 2301, 110 L.Ed.2d 112 (1990); United States v. Hudson, 100 F.3d 1409, 1420 (9th Cir. 1996). The incriminating nature of an item is immediately apparent "where the officer had probable cause to associate the property with criminal activity.” Hudson, 100 F.3d at 1420 (internal quotations and citations omitted). Such probable cause exists where "the facts available to the officer would [lead] a man of reasonable caution [to believe] that certain items may be contraband ... or useful evidence of a crime.” Id. (internal quotations omitted).

. The scope of the search was not limited by the officers’ initial justification for stopping the car or by the reasons the officers sought to search the car.