MEMORANDUM **

Taju Ahmed appeals pro se the district court’s dismissal of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition. Ahmed seeks to challenge his state jury trial conviction and sentence for one count of first degree murder, with a sentence enhancement for personally using a firearm in the commission of the murder. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253, and we affirm.

We granted a certifícate of appealability (“COA”) on the sole issue of whether the district court properly determined that Ahmed’s claims are procedurally defaulted.1 Based on our de novo review, see La Crosse v. Kernan, 244 F.3d 702, 704 (9th Cir. 2001), we conclude that Ahmed has procedurally defaulted his claims.

Federal courts will not review the merits of a § 2254 petition if the petitioner has procedurally defaulted his claims. Id. A petitioner has procedurally defaulted a claim if he: 1) has not given the state court an opportunity to act on the claim, 2) is now barred from presenting the claim because of the state’s procedural rules, and 3) is unable to demonstrate cause and prejudice or a fundamental miscarriage of justice. See Park v. California, 202 F.3d 1146, 1150-51 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 918, 121 S.Ct. 277, 148 L.Ed.2d 202 (2000). For the procedural default rule to apply, application of the state procedural rule must provide an independent and adequate basis on which the state court can deny relief. Id. at 1151 (citations omitted).

The California Supreme Court summarily denied Ahmed’s claims by citing to Ex parte Dixon, 41 Cal.2d 756, 264 P.2d 513, 514-15 (Cal. 1953) and Ex parte Swain, 34 Cal.2d 300, 209 P.2d 793, 796 (Cal. 1949). Dixon is known as the default rule, Park, 202 F.3d at 1151, and Swain is known as the untimeliness bar, Washington v. Cambra, 208 F.3d 832, 833 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 919, 121 S.Ct. 282, 148 L.Ed.2d 203 (2000). Application of the Dixon and Swain rules subsequent to In re Robbins, 18 Cal.4th 770, 77 Cal.Rptr.2d 153, 959 P.2d 311 (Cal. 1998) and In re Clark, 5 Cal.4th 750, 21 Cal.Rptr.2d 509, 855 P.2d 729 (Cal. 1993) constitutes independent and adequate state grounds barring federal review. Bennett v. Mueller, 273 F.3d 895, 899-901 (9th Cir. 2001).

The California Supreme Court denied Ahmed’s claims post -Robbins and post-Clark. Ahmed has failed to demonstrate cause and prejudice or a fundamental miscarriage of justice. Accordingly, the district court properly dismissed the § 2254 petition as procedurally defaulted. See id. at 899, 902-03.

AFFIRMED.