MEMORANDUM***

Louis Magnabosco appeals the district court’s decision dismissing his Third Amended Complaint for failing to state a claim on which relief might be granted. See FED R. CIV. P. 12(b)(6). We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291,1 and, applying de novo review, we affirm. See Romano v. Bible, 169 F.3d 1182, 1185 (9th Cir. 1999). Because the parties are familiar with the factual and procedural history of this case, we do not recount it here except as is necessary to explain our decision.

I. The Fraud Count

Under California law, the following elements must be alleged to state a claim for fraud: “(a) misrepresentation (false representation, concealment, or nondisclosure); (b) knowledge of falsity (or ‘scienter’); (c) intent to defraud, i.e., to induce reliance; (d) justifiable reliance; and (e) resulting damage.” Lazar v. Superior Court, 12 Cal.4th 631, 49 Cal.Rptr.2d 377, 909 P.2d 981, 984 (1996) (quotation omitted). In attempting to meet the above elements, Magnabosco offers two theories. Neither theory is sufficient to state an actionable claim of fraud.

Magnabosco’s first theory is that Union Carbide Corporation (“UCC”) and Katalistiks, in telling him that he would be *719listed on any Group Two patents2 that might be developed, induced him to forego suit and/or other possible actions against ARCO, UCC, and Katalistiks for ARCO’s failure to list him as inventor on the Group One patents. The problem with this theory is that it fails to state any justifiable reliance. Simply put, it is manifestly unreasonable to forego vindication of one’s rights in reliance on a promise that one’s speculative rights will not be violated in the future.3 See Guido v. Koopman, 1 Cal.App.4th 837, 2 Cal.Rptr.2d 437, 440 (1991) (holding that “whether a party’s reliance was justified may be decided as a matter of law if reasonable minds can come to only one conclusion based on the facts”).

Magnabosco’s second theory is that UCC and Katalistiks, through their misrepresentations, induced him to forego any attempt to have his name listed on the Group Two patents. According to Magnabosco, he might have had his name listed through notification to the Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”) of potential errors on the Group Two patents. The flaw in this theory is the absence of any statement of damage. Under 35 U.S.C. § 256, the statute that governs correction of inventor errors on patents, the PTO will not make a correction unless such correction is applied for by “all the parties and assignees.” The facts and theories advanced by Magnabosco make clear that unanimous consent for correction would not have been forthcoming had Magnabosco sought to correct the patents through the PTO. Thus, Magnabosco’s alleged damage is illusory, as even in the absence of the alleged fraud he would not have been able to correct the patents through notice to the PTO.4 As such, his second theory of fraud fails.

II. The Conspiracy Counts

“Conspiracy is not an independent tort; it cannot create a duty or abrogate an immunity. It allows tort recovery only against a party who already owes the duty and is not immune from liability based on applicable substantive tort law principles.” Applied Equipment Corp. v. Litton Saudi Arabia Ltd., 7 Cal.4th 503, 28 Cal.Rptr.2d 475, 869 P.2d 454, 459 (1994) (in bank). As to each conspiracy count, Magnabosco has failed to allege a duty. He has not cited a single case or otherwise explained the source of any duty running from the alleged conspirators to him. He has not shown that, as subsequent holders of the various patents, each alleged conspirator was obligated to identify all true inventors, ensure that they were rightfully named, and avoid making any public comment as to the actual inventors. Nor has he shown that any of the alleged conspirators had a duty to deny the participation of those actually listed as inventors on the patents. Accordingly, Magnabosco’s causes of action sounding in conspiracy were properly dismissed.

*720For the aforementioned reasons, the district court’s decision dismissing Magnabos-co’s Third Amended Complaint is AFFIRMED.