Duk v. MGM Grand Hotel, Inc.
Opinion of the Court
OPINION
Fernando Duk (“Duk”) appeals the judgment arising from a defense verdict in favor of MGM Grand Hotel, Inc. (“MGM”) in Duk’s personal injury action in which there were two trials and three verdicts. MGM cross-appeals the district court’s decision to resubmit the first verdict to the jury for clarification. Because we find that the court was within its discretion in resubmitting the first verdict, but erred in ordering a new trial upon receipt of the second verdict, we reverse and remand with instructions to enter judgment in Duk’s favor consistent with the first jury’s second verdict.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The dispute in this case arises out of Duk’s night of drinking and gambling at the MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas. Duk and his wife were staying at the hotel as a stopover on their way home from a promotional trip for their lighting business. Duk is an alcoholic, and he was drinking heavily while gambling at MGM’s casino with his wife. After being provided a free meal at one of MGM’s restaurants, a quite drunk Duk became disruptive. Duk’s wife eventually left the restaurant, but he remained behind and continued his disruptive behavior, banging on the wooden dividers between booths and blowing kisses at the restaurant’s female patrons.
In response to diner complaints, MGM Security Shift Manager Mike Reece and Security Officer Tom Dixon went to the restaurant and requested that Duk leave. When Duk refused, Reece made a citizen’s arrest and took Duk into custody. Duk was brought to a detention room at MGM to await officers from the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department (“Metro”) who would transport him to jail. While
Duk arrived at MGM’s detention area at approximately 10:20 p.m. After being in the detention room for about twenty minutes, Duk began to complain of lung pain. MGM security called for Mercy Ambulance (now known as American Medical Response (“AMR”)) to examine Duk. Duk presented evidence at trial that he also complained of chest pain, and alleges that MGM security officers failed to relate this complaint to arriving AMR paramedics. The paramedics, aware of complaints of lung pain, examined Duk and determined that, while he was intoxicated, Duk had- no other medical problems. The paramedics checked Duk’s blood sugar and listened to his lungs, but did not evaluate his heart rate or blood pressure.
Police officers arrived at approximately 11:00 p.m., and a transport vehicle arrived around two hours later to take Duk to the Clark County Detention Center (“CCDC”). After being released from jail at around 10:00 a.m. the next morning, Duk went to a local hospital, where it was determined that he had suffered a heart attack. As a result of this heart attack, Duk sustained massive damage to the left ventricle of his heart, and ultimately required a heart transplant in April 1995. Duk filed suit against MGM, claiming damages for medical expenses, pain and suffering, and economic damages suffered because of his inability to work following the transplant. The first jury trial was held in 1998. Because Nevada’s comparative negligence scheme awards damages only to those plaintiffs who are found to be 50% negligent or less, the jury was presented with a special verdict form in which it was asked to determine the relative negligence of each party. Nev.Rev.Stat. § 41.141. Question 5 of the verdict form asked the jury to allot a percentage of the total negligence to the plaintiff and to the defendant. Following question 5, the jury was instructed that if- it found the plaintiff to be more than 50% negligent, it should “sign and return [the ] verdict” and judgment would be entered for the defendant. However, if in question 5 the jury found the plaintiffs negligence to be 50% or less, it was instructed to answer question 6, which asked for a determination of damages. Despite these instructions, the verdict form returned by the jury (“the first verdict”) attributed 65% of the negligence to Duk and 35% to MGM, but still went on to award Duk $3.3 million in damages.
The district court reviewed the first verdict and, before announcing it, resubmitted the verdict form to the jury, informing the jury that the verdict contained an inconsistency and asking it to “continue [its] deliberations.” Following 20 minutes of deliberation, the jury returned with a new verdict (“the second verdict”), apportioning 51% of the fault to MGM and 49% to Duk, but leaving the award of damages the same. The court granted MGM’s subsequent motion for a new trial based on the inconsistency between the two verdicts.
In the period between the mistrial grant and the new trial, MGM was permitted to add third-party defendants AMR, Metro, and CCDC. Subsequently, Duk reached settlements with AMR ($50,000) and with Metro and CCDC (combined total of $10,000). The trial court found these settlements to be in good faith.
At the second trial, the jury returned a verdict for MGM. Duk appeals the new trial grant and the judgment based upon the MGM verdict in the second trial, claiming that the second verdict was legitimate.
ANALYSIS
I. Resubmission
The practice of resubmitting an inconsistent verdict to the jury for clarification is well-accepted. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 49(b) provides that general verdict sheets may be “return[ed] to the jury for further consideration of its answers and verdict” when the answers to interrogatories are inconsistent with each other or with the general verdict. Fed.R.Civ.P. 49(b). Although Rule 49(a), dealing with special verdicts such as this one, does not explicitly provide for resubmission in case of an inconsistency, we have held that, because the rule does not prohibit it, special verdicts are also subject to the practice. Mateyko v. Felix, 924 F.2d 824, 827 (9th Cir. 1990).
Mateyko’s embrace of the practice is based on the notion that resubmission “promotes both fairness and efficiency.” Id. That principle was reaffirmed in Larson v. Neimi, 9 F.3d 1397 (9th Cir. 1993), when we held that the resubmission of an inconsistent special verdict to a jury, with a request for clarification, was within the district court’s discretion. Id. at 1402. Larson had brought a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 damage action arising out of his allegedly wrongful arrest. The jury returned a special verdict form in which it found that the arresting officer had qualified immunity, but nonetheless proceeded to award damages to Larson. Id. at 1398. The trial judge, with approval from the parties, resubmitted the verdict to the jury, and the jury changed the verdict to say the officer did not have qualified immunity. Id. We approved the district court’s actions, and held that “[wjhere the district judge does not push the jury in one direction or another, resubmission is a most sensible solution.” Id. at 1401. As in Mateyko, we endorsed the policy underlying the practice of resubmission, noting that “when the very body that issued the ambiguous or inconsistent verdict is still available to clarify its meaning, a request that it do so comports with common sense as well as efficiency and fairness.” Id. at 1402.
Here, the inconsistency arose when the jury awarded damages to Duk, even though it found him more than 50% responsible for his own injuries. MGM argues that the jury contravened the verdict form’s instructions to “sign and return [the] verdict” if Duk were found to be more than 50% negligent and, as a result, resubmission was barred by Floyd v. Laws, 929 F.2d 1390, 1397 (9th Cir. 1991) (responses in special verdict given in violation of a “stop here” instruction should be disregarded).
Floyd involved a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 suit and pendent state tort claims brought by a mother and her children against a municipality and its police chief. Id. at 1392. The jury was given a special verdict form addressing each of the claims, and found the police chief liable for assault and false imprisonment. Id. However, after the jury had been discharged, the defendant’s counsel pointed out that the jury’s answers
We upheld the trial court’s decision, holding that, “as in the case of parenthetical comments, special findings issued in violation of the trial court’s express instructions do not constitute legitimate or viable findings of fact.” Id. at 1397. Because the trial court was “bound by law to disregard any answer to question 14 as surplusage,” the damages award “never became a part of the special verdict, and the trial court was faced with no apparent inconsistency.” Id. at 1399-1400.
Floyd, however, does not address the situation where the jury is still available when the inconsistency is recognized. Id. at 1392. In fact, we stated in Floyd that although resubmission was unavailable in that case, it is generally available under Rule 49(a) and is not precluded by Supreme Court authority requiring reconciliation of apparently inconsistent verdicts.
Here, unlike in Larson, the verdict form did contain a “stop here” instruction.
Other circuits recognize resubmission as the most sensible course where the jury is still available. In Richard v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., 853 F.2d 1258 (5th Cir. 1988), the Fifth Circuit held that resubmission of an inconsistent special verdict to the jury was within the district court’s discretion, even where a “stop here” instruction was present. Id. at 1260-61. In Richard, the jury ignored express instructions on the jury form when it continued to answer questions even though the form instructed the jury to “go no further” if it answered “no” to the preceding question. Id. at 1259-60. The court noted that it had previously approved a district judge’s decision to dismiss answers as surplusage in White v. Grinfas, 809 F.2d 1157, 1161 (5th Cir. 1987), but held that, because a district court has “wide discretion in deciding
In Riley v. K Mart Corp., 864 F.2d 1049 (3d Cir. 1988), the Third Circuit was confronted with an inconsistency very similar to the case at bar, when the jury found the plaintiff 70% at fault, but went on to award damages.
To the contrary is the Fourth Circuit, which has determined resubmission to be an abuse of discretion, holding in McCollum v. Stahl, 579 F.2d 869 (4th Cir. 1978), that “the remand of the questions to the jury was tantamount, in its effect, to a direction to the jury to find liability in order to warrant the award of damages.” Id. at 871. The court so held even though the jury in McCollum was not given a “stop here” instruction, and the district court observed that this could have been the cause of the inconsistency. Id. at 870-71.
We think the better view allows for resubmission. The Ninth Circuit has endorsed resubmission of special verdicts,
Resubmission, of course, leaves open the possibility that the jury will reach an improper “compromise” verdict. See, e.g., Riley, 864 F.2d at 1054. However, we presume that citizen jurors will properly perform the duties entrusted them and will not construe resubmission as an invitation to subvert the law and contort findings of fact in favor of a desired result.
II. The New Trial Order
A trial court is rarely entitled to disregard jury verdicts that are supported by substantial evidence. The Supreme Court has held that a trial court has a duty to attempt to harmonize seemingly inconsistent answers to special verdict interrogatories, “if it is possible under a fair reading of them.” Gallick v. Baltimore & Ohio R.R. Co., 372 U.S. 108, 119, 83 S.Ct. 659, 9 L.Ed.2d 618 (1963). A court may not dis
While it is clear that a district court has a duty to attempt to harmonize interrogatories within the same verdict, there is little authority addressing the question whether harmonization is required across different verdicts, where a verdict has been resubmitted for clarification. Indeed, resubmission necessarily means that there might well be a difference between the first verdict and that reached after resubmission. Such an “inconsistency” will usually be considered a proper correction of a mistake in the original verdict. However, even if the second verdict appears to the trial court to be an improper compromise, the Seventh Amendment requires the court to seek a legitimate explanation for a verdict that is not contrary to the weight of the evidence.
The verdict in this case was a special verdict, as provided for under Rule 49(a). As discussed, we have held that, although Rule 49(a) does not explicitly provide for the resubmission of inconsistent special verdicts, neither does it prohibit it. Mateyko, 924 F.2d at 827. Several other circuits are in accord with this view. See Karl v. Burlington N. R.R. Co., 880 F.2d 68, 72-73 (8th Cir. 1989); Santiago-Negron v. Castro-Davila, 865 F.2d 431, 444 (1st Cir. 1989); Auwood v. Harry Brandt Booking Office, Inc., 850 F.2d 884, 890-91 (2d Cir. 1988); Nance v. Gulf Oil Corp., 817 F.2d 1176, 1178 (5th Cir. 1987).
Resubmission of an inconsistent verdict is done with the sole purpose of allowing a jury to reconcile inconsistencies. This process is not simply restricted to correcting transcription errors, but also envisions a process of redeliberation. In Larson, we approved of resubmission “to clarify [the] meaning” of the verdict, where the jury originally found the defendant entitled to qualified immunity, and then, after resubmission, found he was not entitled to such immunity. Larson, 9 F.3d at 1402. Such a result is possible only where the jury is allowed to resume its deliberations. Some inconsistencies may only be resolved if the jury reconsiders its answers in light of the instructions given to determine how its legally inconsistent answers can be properly reconciled according to its view of the facts.
Once this premise is accepted, it becomes clear that a post-resubmission verdict can easily be harmonized with its earlier counterpart by reference to a wholly proper process of redeliberation. In this case, the second verdict was not internally inconsistent. The only reason the district court expressed in finding that a new trial was required was that the second verdict was the product of a “manipulation
In deeming the jury’s second verdict an improper manipulation, the district court pointed to Riley, in which the Third Circuit held that a new trial was necessary because of the obviously result-oriented nature of the deliberations that took place upon resubmission. In Riley, the jury ignored a “stop here” instruction and awarded $250,000 in damages even though it had found the plaintiff 70% at fault. 864 F.2d at 1051. Upon resubmission of the verdict, the jury lowered its assessment of the plaintiffs negligence from 70% to 49.9%, and lowered the total damages to $150,000. Id. at 1052. Because both verdicts resulted in an award of approximately $75,000 in damages, the court held that the jury had “disregarded the duties assigned to it” and was intent only on reaching a “pre-deter-mined destination.” Id. at 1054.
An illegal compromise was “obvious” in Riley because the change in both liability and damages was a strong indication that the jury had abdicated its fact-finding duty and its findings were “but a means to a result.” Id. at 1054. Thus, the court found “no rational reason” to accept the second verdict over the first. Id. at 1055. Here, however, the amount of damages remained unchanged from the first verdict to the second. Therefore, it is still quite plausible that the jury changed the apportionment of liability because it redeliberat-ed and either changed its mind or clarified its thinking. It cannot be said here that the jury was clearly seeking a predetermined result. See Veranda Beach Club Ltd. P’ship v. W. Sur. Co., 936 F.2d 1364, 1383 (1st Cir. 1991) (upholding a verdict following resubmission because it “lack[ed] the trappings of transparent contrivance that festooned the Riley case”). As we have stated, the trial court has a duty to reconcile the verdicts “on any reasonable theory consistent with the evidence.” Pierce v. S. Pac. Transp. Co., 823 F.2d 1366, 1370 (9th Cir. 1987) (emphasis added). Because it is possible to explain the inconsistency in a way that comports with the law, the district court’s decision to disregard the second verdict and order a new trial was an abuse of discretion.
III. Business Damages
MGM cross-appeals the jury’s calculation of damages as containing an improper award of business damages to Duk. “We will disturb a damage award only when it is clear that the evidence does not support it.” City of Phoenix v. Com./Sys., Inc., 706 F.2d 1033, 1039 (9th Cir. 1983). The issue of Duk’s lost earnings was properly before the jury and evidence was heard on both sides. There is no suggestion that the jury was not properly instructed with respect to damages. Therefore, we find no error with respect to the damages awarded in this case.
IV. Settlements with Third-Party Defendants
MGM also challenges Duk’s settlement with third-party defendants AMR, Metro, and CCDC. Because a determination that the settlement was made in good faith releases the settling parties from further contribution to the non-settling party under Nevada law, Nev.Rev.Stat. § 17.245(l)(b), the approving court must use its discretion to consider the fairness and overall appropriateness of the proposed settlement. See Velsicol Chem. Corp. v. Davidson, 107 Nev. 356, 811 P.2d
CONCLUSION
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in ordering resubmission of the first verdict. Because the second verdict was reconcilable with the first, the Seventh Amendment dictates that the second verdict was valid, and the court abused its discretion when it ordered a new trial. We order reinstatement of the second verdict and entry of judgment for the plaintiff, including such interest thereon as calculated by the district court.
AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART. Each party to bear its own costs on appeal.
. Duk makes several assignments of error as to the second trial. Because we hold that it
. Gallick v. Baltimore & Ohio R.R. Co., 372 U.S. 108, 119, 83 S.Ct. 659, 9 L.Ed.2d 618 (1963), recognized that a court has a duty under the Seventh Amendment to reconcile seemingly inconsistent answers in a special verdict, "if it is possible under a fair reading of them.” See infra.
. The verdict sheet in Larson had a “stop here, if your answer is no” instruction after the question whether the officer had violated Larson’s rights (which the jury answered in the affirmative), but did not include a "stop here, if your answer is yes” instruction after the next question, which asked whether he was entitled to qualified immunity. Larson, 9 F.3d at 1401.
. As in Nevada, Pennsylvania’s comparative negligence regime provides that a plaintiff can recover only if his or her negligence is less than or equal to 50%. 42 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 7102(a).
. In addition to disapproving of resubmission, McCollum, 579 F.2d at 871, also held that resubmission is not available under Rule 49(a), giving the rule pronounced therein little persuasive value under the law of this Circuit.
. Even the Third Circuit's decision in Riley, which rejected the jury’s verdict on resubmission, implied that the district court had a duty to reconcile a resubmitted verdict in holding that there could be “no principled reconciliation of [the] blatant inconsistencies'' between the two verdicts. Riley, 864 F.2d at 1054.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Fernando DUK, Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee v. MGM GRAND HOTEL, INC., a Nevada Corporation, dba MGM Grand Hotel, Casino and Theme Park, Defen dant-Third-Party-Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant v. American Medical Response Clark County Detention Center Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department, Third-Party-Defendants/Cross-Appellees
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- 31 cases
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- Published