MEMORANDUM **

We affirm the district court’s judgment in favor of the National Park Service following a bench trial. The term “minerals” is ambiguous as a matter of Washington law. Kunkel v. Meridian Oil, Inc., 114 Wash.2d 896, 792 P.2d 1254, 1256 (1990) (en banc). Therefore, courts are required to look at the language in the reservation, the surrounding circumstances, and the intent of the grantor when attempting to ascertain the meaning of the term “minerals” when used in any grant or reservation. Id. at 1257. The district court’s factual findings were not clearly erroneous, see id., and the district court properly concluded that the term “minerals,” as used in the 1928 deed, did not include sand or gravel. Earth Island Inst. v. U.S. Forest Serv., 442 F.3d 1147, 1156 (9th Cir. 2006) (stating that conclusions of law are reviewed de novo).

Wyatt’s complaint was limited to establishing ownership over sand and gravel. Whether Wyatt’s mineral reservation includes the right to engage in placer mining is a separate issue. The district court therefore properly declined to rule on that claim.

AFFIRMED.