Steven M. Watt, Benjamin Elihu Wizner, ACLU-American Civil Liberties Union Foundation, New York, NY, Julia Harumi Mass, ACLU-American Civil Liberties Union Foundation, San Francisco, CA, for Plaintiffs-Appellants., Douglas Neal Letter, Esquire, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for Intervenor-Appellee., Daniel Paul Collins, Henry Weissmann, Munger, Tolies & Olson LLP, Los Angeles, CA, for Defendanb-Appellee., Barbara Moses, Esquire, David J. Stankiewicz, Esquire, Morvillo Abramowitz Grand Iason Anello & Bohrer, PC, New York, NY, Jonathan Hafetz, Esquire, Aziz Huq, Esquire, New York, NY, for Former United States Diplomats., Jean-Paul Jassy, Gary L. Bostwick, Bostwiek & Jassy LLP, Los Angeles, CA, for William G. Weaver, Robert Pallitto., James M. Ringer, Esquire, New York, NY, for Commonwealth Lawyers Association, Justice., William J. Aceves, Esquire, California Western School of Law, San Diego, CA, for Redress, International Commission of Jurists., Andrew G. McBride, Esquire, Wiley Rein LLP, Washington, DC, for The Foundation for the Defense of Democracies., Richard Abbott Samp, Chief Counsel, Washington Legal Foundation, Washington, DC, for Washington Legal Foundation, Allied Educational Foundation.