Sharon Brockbank v. Us Bancorp
Opinion of the Court
MEMORANDUM
Sharon Brockbank (“Brockbank”) appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of her former employer, U.S. Bancorp (“U.S. Bank”), on her age and gender discrimination claims under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”) and Title VII of the CM Rights Act of 1964, respectively. We reverse in part, affirm in part, and remand.
ADEA Claim
The district court correctly found that there was no direct evidence of age discrimination because the alleged ageist comments relied upon by Brockbank, when viewed in context, are insufficient to directly prove age discrimination. See Enlow v. Salem-Keizer Yellow Cab Co., 389 F.3d 802, 812 (9th Cir. 2004) (defining “direct evidence”). Moreover, as the district court noted, the comments “lack a temporal and contextual connection” to Brock-bank’s termination.
The district court, however, erred in finding that Brockbank failed to establish through circumstantial evidence a pri-ma facie case for age discrimination. To establish a prima facie case, Brockbank must show that she was: “(1) at least forty years old, (2) performing [her] job satisfac
Here, Brockbank was at least forty years old and was discharged. The district court correctly found a triable issue as to whether she was performing her job satisfactorily. However, the district court erred in finding no triable issue as to the last element — whether Brockbank was discharged under circumstances giving rise to an inference of age discrimination. Following Brockbank’s termination, U.S. Bank had a continuing need for her skills and services. Her supervisor, Michael Sullivan (“Sullivan”), reassigned her accounts to the remaining trust officers, all of whom were substantially younger than Brockbank, with the exception of Rita Snodgrass, who received an insignificant portion of Brockbank’s accounts. This evidence, when considered with the ageist comments made by Sullivan, is sufficient to establish a prima facie case. See id. at 1211 (noting that “we treat the last element of the prima facie case with ‘flexibility’ ”); see also Coghlan v. Am. Seafoods Co. LLC, 413 F.3d 1090, 1094 (9th Cir. 2005) (observing that the “degree of proof necessary to establish a prima facie case ... is minimal and does not even need to rise to the level of a preponderance of the evidence”).
Once a prima facie case is established, the burden shifts to the employer to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment action. McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). U.S. Bank has met its burden by showing that Brockbank’s termination was due to misuse of her corporate credit card. Specifically, U.S. Bank contends that Brockbank violated policy by charging on her corporate card expenses for a Verizon cellular phone family plan (which included lines for her children), internet service, and anti-virus software, even though she did not seek reimbursement for these charges.
The burden thus shifts back to Brockbank to establish a triable issue as to whether U.S. Bank’s proffered reason was pretextual. See Diaz, 521 F.3d at 1212; see also Earl v. Nielsen Media Research, Inc., 658 F.3d 1108, 1112-13 (9th Cir. 2011) (stating that “a plaintiffs burden to raise a triable issue of pretext is ‘hardly an onerous one’ ” and can be met by “showing that unlawful discrimination more likely than not motivated the employer” or “by showing that the employer’s proffered explanation is unworthy of credence”). Brock-bank has met her burden.
First, U.S. Bank claims that it has a “zero tolerance” policy for credit card misuse, and employees who deliberately charge personal expenses on the corporate card are terminated. However, U.S. Bank’s purported “zero tolerance” policy is contradicted by its own written Credit Card Policy, set forth in the U.S. Bank Code of Ethics, which clearly contemplates employer discretion in terms of punishment. The written policy provides that misuse or “excessive personal use” of the card “may” result in discipline, including termination.
The dissent relies heavily on Sullivan’s prior warning to Broekbank to remove the Verizon phone charges from her corporate card. Dissent at 3. The evidence, however, cuts both ways. Sullivan testified that in 2008, U.S. Bank’s policy changed such that charges for personal phones were no longer permitted. Sullivan then counseled all employees about the change, including Broekbank, because he was aware that she had the Verizon charges on her card.
Sullivan’s testimony corroborates Brock-bank’s own belief that her Verizon charges, at least prior to the policy change, was appropriate. Indeed, no discipline was ever imposed, nor was she previously counseled regarding the charges. To the extent U.S. Bank argues that the prior policy did not allow such charges, then the fact that Sullivan knew about them but took no action calls into question whether U.S. Bank really had a “zero tolerance” policy.
Further, the timing of Sullivan’s discussion with Broekbank regarding the policy change is unclear. While Sullivan at one point in his deposition claims that he counseled her in 2008, he admitted several pages later that he does not recall whether it was in 2008 or early 2009. Darlene Bills’s notes of her conversation with Sullivan appear to suggest that he spoke to Broekbank about the change in early 2009. Broekbank was terminated in March of 2009. The timing of the conversation is important because, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Broekbank, giving her two months to comply with a policy change, during which time she was undis-putably trying to remove the charges, supports her claim of pretext.
Even U.S. Bank’s other employees appear confused about the credit card policy. Jennifer Hogaboom, a 27-year employee, testified that a “slew” of employees mistakenly used their cards, including Judy Rudd, who charged business suits to her card, but no one else was ever terminated.
Finally, the factual disputes regarding U.S. Bank’s policy and its application should be viewed in the context of ageist comments made by Sullivan in the years leading up to Brockbank’s termination. These comments include, among others, that Brockbank’s hair and clothes were “not appropriate for her age,” “she looked ridiculous for her age,” and “she wasn’t taking care of herself.” Sullivan also allegedly forced an older employee, Carol Jones, to retire, and had said that he wanted to replace Jones with someone younger.
We find that Brockbank has established sufficient evidence of pretext to survive summary judgment. See Evanston Ins. Co. v. OEA, Inc., 566 F.3d 915, 919 (9th Cir. 2009) (“We do not weigh the evidence or determine the truth of the matter; instead, we only determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.”). Therefore, we reverse the district court’s dismissal of the ADEA claim.
Gender Discrimination Claim
The district court did not err in dismissing the gender discrimination claim because there was no evidence of gender-based preferential treatment.
The parties shall bear their own costs.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
. The dissent contends that Broekbank has failed to link Sullivan’s misuse to the Credit Card Policy and, therefore, “[wjhether Sullivan violated one of U.S. Bank’s other policies is irrelevant to whether its corporate credit card policy was evenly applied.” Dissent at 6. The dissent reads the evidence too narrowly. The written policy explicitly requires all employees "to follow U.S. Bank’s guidelines regarding business-related expense and expense reimbursement procedures.” Drawing all reasonable inferences in Brockbank’s favor, as we must do here, the policy can be reasonably viewed as encompassing Sullivan’s violations.
. During her deposition, Darlene Bills could not name anyone who had been terminated for credit card misuse, although she did recall two such instances. After discovery closed, and in support of summary judgment, she provided a declaration naming three people,
. Brockbank does not appeal the dismissal of her hostile environment claim, and her brief reference in a footnote to the unlawful retaliation claim is not sufficient to raise a challenge on appeal. Hilao v. Estate of Marcos, 103 F.3d 767, 778 n. 4 (9th Cir. 1996). In any event, that claim would still fail, as there is no evidence of gender discrimination.
Concurring in Part
concurring in part and dissenting in part:
I agree with the majority that the district court properly granted summary judgment to U.S. Bank on Ms. Brock-bank’s gender discrimination claim. However, because I do not agree that Ms. Brockbank has demonstrated sufficiently that U.S. Bank’s proffered reason for her termination was pretextual, I would affirm the decision of the district court with respect to Ms. Brockbank’s age discrimination claim.
Assuming that Ms. Brockbank has established a prima facie case of age discrimination under the familiar paradigm of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973), the burden shifts to U.S. Bank “to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its adverse employment action.” Diaz v. Eagle Produce, Ltd., 521 F.3d 1201, 1207 (9th Cir. 2008). In order to meet the burden, U.S. Bank has presented evidence that it terminated Ms. Brockbank because of her misuse of her corporate credit card. U.S. Bank has explained consistently its corporate credit card policy: the corporate credit card is only for business-related expenses; U.S. Bank tolerates accidental and isolated misuse of the corporate credit card and terminates employees who deliberately use it for person
U.S. Bank presented evidence that Ms. Brockbank was terminated because she violated its corporate credit card policy. She had charged not only her entire cellular phone bill, but the bills for her children’s cellular phones, as well as all of her phone accessories and telecommunications equipment. She also had charged her home cable internet bill on her corporate credit card. I agree with the majority that U.S. Bank has met its burden of articulating a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for Ms. Brockbank’s termination.
The burden shifts back to Ms. Brock-bank to demonstrate “that the reason advanced by the employer [for the adverse employment action] constitutes mere pretext for unlawful discrimination.” Diaz, 521 F.3d at 1207. The majority takes the view that there is a triable issue as to whether U.S. Bank’s corporate credit card policy was unevenly applied. Any such uneven application, it reasons, would be relevant and probative evidence that the proffered reason for the discharge was pretextual.
The majority notes that Ms. Brockbank testified that she believed charging her cellular phone and home internet was permitted under the corporate credit card policy. However, her belief concerning the propriety of these charges is immaterial. The evidence demonstrates that U.S. Bank believed these sorts of charges violated its corporate credit card policy. Ms. Brock-bank was warned, prior to making the charges for which she was terminated, that these charges were improper and violated U.S. Bank’s corporate credit card policy. Indeed, her supervisor, Michael Sullivan, explicitly warned her in 2008 not to charge her cellular phone bill to her corporate credit card. His deposition reads, in relevant part:
Q: Is it your testimony that approximately 15 months prior to Sharon Brockbank’s termination the bank change in [sic] its policy for reimbursement for cell phone bills had changed and that prompted you to discuss it with Sharon Brockbank?
Mrs. Olsson: Objection. Misstates his testimony.
A: Well, if my — my testimony is that the bank policy changed on corporate cell phone use approximately 15 months prior to Sharon Brockbank’s termination. Sharon was aware that the policy had changed. I counseled Sharon to make sure that she changed her credit card — her bank credit card for from [sic] charged with her Verizon bill, because that was not to occur any longer and so I was concerned that Sharon was continuing to have that cell phone bill charged to her credit card. I possibly mentioned that to her in mid 2008 to make sure she got that changed.”[4]
In any event, the evidence of record clearly shows that U.S. Bank applied its policy in an evenhanded manner and cannot support an inference that it was applied in Ms. Brockbank’s case in a discriminatory manner that might constitute evidence of pretext. Before Ms. Brock-bank’s termination, two employees were fired for misusing their corporate cards by intentionally charging personal items. The record is silent on one such employee beyond the fact that she was discharged for intentionally charging personal items on her corporate credit card. Bills recounted the termination of a second employee who charged a birthday present for her daughter on her corporate credit card because she lacked the funds in her personal account to pay for the gift.
The only specific example Ms. Brock-bank offers of an employee who charged personal expenses to his corporate credit card and was not disciplined or terminated is Michael Sullivan, her supervisor. Yet, this example does not demonstrate that U.S. Bank failed to follow consistently its corporate credit card policy. Ms. Brock-bank points to Sullivan’s purchase of a golf club as a client gift with his corporate card and a corresponding lack of discipline.
On the majority’s view, even though Sullivan charged business-related, rather than personal, expenses to his corporate card, he still arguably misused it. I cannot agree.
The whole of U.S. Bank’s corporate credit card policy concerns the types of expenses for which the card may be used. That is, its policy is that the card is to be used solely for business-related expenses. Ms. Brockbank has produced no evidence that there is more to U.S. Bank’s corporate credit card policy than this principle.
She has produced evidence referring to other U.S. Bank policies regarding spending or reimbursement
Accordingly, because Ms. Brockbank has not met her burden under the established McDonnell Douglas test, I would affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of U.S. Bank on Ms. Brock-bank’s age discrimination claim.
I also note in passing that this case is illustrative of the “snarls and knots” that the so-called indirect method under McDonnell Douglas causes the courts today. Coleman v. Donahoe, 667 F.3d 835, 863 (7th Cir. 2012) (Wood, J. concurring). The indirect method’s burden-shifting analysis is inflexible and relies on artificial distinctions between the elements of the prima facie case and the pretext showing. As Judge Wood noted in a special concurring opinion in Coleman, when courts apply the indirect method, they “engage in an allemande worthy of the 16th century, carefully executing the first four steps of the dance for the prima facie case, shifting over to the partner for the ‘articulation’ interlude, and then concluding with the examination of evidence of pretext. Id. Judge Wood suggested that courts and litigants alike would be better served by “collaps[ing] all these tests into one” that more clearly addresses the core question of employment discrimination cases: “that a rational jury could conclude that the employer took that adverse action on account of her protected class, not for any non-invidious reason.” Id. See also Harper v. C.R. Engl., Inc., 687 F.3d 297, 313-14 (7th Cir. 2012). If such an approach could be employed here (and I realize that the doctrines of stare decisis and precedent prevent us from doing so), we would simply focus on the basic question of whether Ms. Brockbank had produced “sufficient evidence showing that she was in a class protected by the statute, that she suffered the requisite adverse action ... and that a rational jury could conclude that the employer took that adverse action on account of her protected class, not for any non-invidious reason.” Coleman, 667 F.3d at 863. Without the “ins and outs” of the now-prevalent paradigm, our focus on the ultimate question of discrimination would be sharper and, perhaps, we all would have seen the wisdom of the district court’s decision in this case. Granted, summary judgment is “not about odds, once a threshold has been crossed.” Id. at 862. That threshold, however, is whether a rational jury could return, on the record evidence, a verdict for the plaintiff.
. See, e.g., R.59-5 at 14 (U.S. Bank Code of Ethics, "Corporate Credit Card Policy”); R.59-10 at 5.
. R.59-10 at 5.
. R.59-10 at 5.
4. R.59-17 at 6.
. R.59-10 at 6.
. R.59-25 at 13.
. Which one is impossible for this court to determine because Ms. Brockbank has failed to include evidence beyond the fact that one should not spend more than a certain amount on client gifts or alcohol at business meals.
.R.59-26 at 12.
. R.59-26 at 12.
. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986) (holding that "the inquiry involved in a ruling on a motion for summary judgment ... [is] whether a fair-minded jury could return a verdict for the plaintiff on the evidence presented”).
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Sharon BROCKBANK, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. U.S. BANCORP, a Delaware Corporation, D/B/A U.S. Bank, Defendant-Appellee
- Cited By
- 1 case
- Status
- Unpublished