MEMORANDUM **

Marcos Mendiola appeals from the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 habeas corpus petition. Mendiola argues that the state trial court erred when it instructed the jury that it could consider whether voluntary intoxication negated Mendiola’s ability to form the specific intent necessary to commit murder and carjacking, but then failed to further instruct the jury on the lesser-included offenses of involuntary manslaughter and assault.

Even assuming that Mendiola had a basis to argue that the omission of these instructions constituted error under federal law, we agree with the district court that any such error was harmless under Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 637, 113 S.Ct. 1710, 123 L.Ed.2d 353 (1993). As the California Court of Appeal recognized, Mendiola did not actually develop evidence to support an intoxication defense at trial. The evidence in the record establishes only that Mendiola had smoked methamphetamine shortly before the crime occurred. But there was no testimony, including from Mendiola himself, to suggest that Mendiola had used methamphetamine to the point of impairing his functioning or judgment. Indeed, Mendio-la’s description of conscious decisions he made — such as abandoning the car because he knew that police would be in the area and likely to pull him over — clearly undermined any contention that he was too intoxicated to form a specific intent to commit the murder and carjacking.

Moreover, the jury’s verdict included a special allegation finding that Mendiola had committed the murder “with the specific intent to promote, further, or assist in any criminal conduct by gang members” within the meaning of California Penal Code section 186.22(b)(1). It is evident from this finding that the jury concluded that intoxication did not prevent Mendiola from acting with specific intent at the time the crime occurred. (Although the California Court of Appeal reversed this finding, it did so on the ground that there was insufficient evidence that the gang with which Mendiola was alleged to be affiliated fell within the statutory definition, and that conclusion has no bearing on the inference we are drawing from the jury’s intent finding.)

Given this record, the omission of instructions on lesser-included offenses could not have had a “substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.” Brecht, 507 U.S. at 637, 113 S.Ct. 1710 (internal quotation marks omitted).

AFFIRMED.