NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAY 4 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ELOY SALINAS-MONTENEGRO, No. 21-3 Agency No. Petitioner, A029-456-196 v. MEMORANDUM* MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted April 19, 2023** Portland, Oregon

Before: RAWLINSON and SUNG, Circuit Judges, and MORRIS, District Judge.***

Petitioner Eloy Salinas-Montenegro, a native of Mexico, petitions for

review of a Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision dismissing his

appeal of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) order that denied his applications for

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Brian M. Morris, United States District Judge for the District of Montana, sitting by designation. withholding of removal and protection under the Convention Against Torture

(“CAT”). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and we deny the

petition.1

We uphold the BIA’s factual determinations so long as they are supported

by substantial evidence. See Flores Molina v. Garland, 37 F.4th 626, 632 (9th

Cir. 2022). We review questions of law de novo. See id. Where “the BIA issues

its own decision but relies in part on the immigration judge’s reasoning, we

review both decisions.” Flores-Lopez v. Holder, 685 F.3d 857, 861 (9th Cir.

2012).

1. The BIA did not err in holding that Salinas-Montenegro’s proposed

particular social group of “repatriated Mexican citizens perceived as American”

1 The government contends that we lack jurisdiction because Salinas- Montenegro’s petition is untimely, citing Bhaktibhai-Patel v. Garland, 32 F.4th 180 (2d Cir. 2022). In Bhaktibhai-Patel, the Second Circuit relied on the Supreme Court’s decisions in Nasrallah v. Barr, 140 S. Ct. 1683 (2020), and Johnson v. Guzman Chavez, 141 S. Ct. 2271 (2021), to hold that it lacked jurisdiction over a noncitizen’s petition for review of the BIA’s denial of withholding-only relief because 1) an order denying withholding of removal is not itself a final order of removal and 2) the noncitizen had waited too long to petition for review of his reinstated removal order. 32 F.4th at 189-93. But in Ortiz-Alfaro v. Holder, we held that a “reinstated removal order does not become final until the reasonable fear of persecution and withholding of removal proceedings are complete.” 694 F.3d 955, 958 (9th Cir. 2012). Ortiz- Alfaro is not clearly irreconcilable with Nasrallah and Johnson, see Miller v. Gammie, 335 F.3d 889, 893 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc), so we remain bound by it. Because Salinas-Montenegro timely filed his petition for review within thirty days of the completion of his withholding-only proceedings, we have jurisdiction.

2 21-3 was not cognizable. “Whether a group constitutes a ‘particular social group’

under the INA is a question of law we review de novo.” Perdomo v. Holder,

611 F.3d 662, 665 (9th Cir. 2010). Our precedent forecloses the recognition of

Salinas-Montenegro’s proposed group. See Ramirez-Muñoz v. Lynch, 816 F.3d 1226, 1228-29 (9th Cir. 2016) (rejecting particular social group of “imputed

wealthy Americans”); Delgado-Ortiz v. Holder, 600 F.3d 1148, 1151-52 (9th

Cir. 2010) (rejecting particular social group of “returning Mexicans from the

United States”). Accordingly, Salinas-Montenegro's proposed particular social

group cannot establish eligibility for withholding of removal.

2. Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s determination that Salinas-

Montenegro is also ineligible for CAT relief. While Salinas-Montenegro

credibly testified about his assault by Mexican law enforcement in December

1999, he presented no evidence that the Mexican authorities have harmed or

threatened him in the intervening twenty-three years since the assault occurred,

let alone evidence that Mexican authorities remain aware of him. Even

assuming his past assault constitutes torture, Salinas-Montenegro has not

established a particularized risk of future torture. Accordingly, the probability of

future torture is too speculative on the record presented to compel the

conclusion that Salinas-Montenegro is entitled to CAT relief. Lalayan v.

Garland, 4 F.4th 822, 840 (9th Cir. 2021).

PETITION DENIED.

3 21-3