delivered the opinion of the Court:

The assessment was made in July, 1893, under an Act of Congress of August 6, 1890 (26 Stat. at L. 296, chap. 724), relating to the improvement of alleys. The act, among other things, provided that one half of the cost of the alley improvements made under it “be charged against and become a lien upon the property abutting upon the line of such improvement;” that the amount so assessed be payable in three instalments; that in .case of default the property should be “subject to sale therefor under the same conditions and penalties as are imposed by existing law for the nonpayment of general taxes.’’

Tin's assessment was levied for alley improvements, and its legality is not questioned. For nonpayment of the tax the. property was sold in April, 1896, at the time of the annual *555delinquent lax sale, and was bid in by the District of Columbia. 'Flu1 claims of tlie plaintiff are briefly tlmt the charge against the property is a cloud upon the title1; that the; assessments are1 barred by the ¡Statute of Limitations, and that lie has a good tille by adverse possession.

Assessments made fe>r alley improvements under the act in question having the status e>f tax liens, we are brought to a eon-side* ration of the tax laws of the District bearing upon this case. The law relating to the collection of taxes by udiicli the assessment in question, levied under the Law of 1890, could be enforced, was the Act of Congress of March 8, 1877, which, among other things, forbids the sale of property for less than sufficient to pay the taxes, penalties, and costs; and where a sufficient bid for this purpose was not obtained it should be bid off in the name of the District of Columbia. It was made the duty of the District to apply to a court of equity to enforce the lien thus incurred “in the same manner as of foreclosures, of mortgages, or trust deeds in said court.

Before the expiration of two years from the date of the tax sale, or the time had arrived when any stops could he taken by the District of Columbia, the Ad of Congress of February 28, 1898 (80 Stat. at L. 250, chap. 32) was passed. While this act contained no express words of repeal, this court lias hold that it entirely replaced the Act of 1877. Iu United States ex rel. Bride v. MacFarland. 18 App. D. C. 120, 125, the court, speaking through Chief Justice Alvey, said: “The Act of February 28, 1898, was, manifestly, intended by Congress simply as a substitute for all preceding legislation upon the subject of the method of proceeding for the collection of taxes and of making tax sales of the property of delinquent taxpayers. It was clearly not the indention of Congress, in passing the Act of 1898, to strike down and nullify all that had been done under’ the Act of 1877 and its supplements, as preliminary to proceeding ro sale1 of the property upon which the taxers we're due prior to the1 passage of the1 Act of February 28, 1898. Congress, by the passage of tlio latter act, die! not certainly intend to deprive the. District e f all remedy for' the1 emllee-tion of taxers due prior to the elate’ of the Act of 1898. The latter act, therefore, was *556simply a re-enactment of pre-existing laws, with modifications and enlargement of powers to make them more effective. But, in doing this, it did not in any manner nullify what had been done under the pre-existing acts upon the subject. The Act of 1898 became applicable to the proceeding that had taken place under the Act of 1877 and its supplements, as if it had taken place under the Act of 1898, and the remedy thereby was made a continuing one; and though the prior acts of Congress upon the subject were in effect repealed, the proceedings commenced under the prior acts were authorized to be pursued and perfected under the last act upon the subject, that of 1898.”

The act provided that, as to property bid in hv the District after the expiration of two years from the date of the tax sale, if it had not been redeemed when hid in “under this or any-other law, whether heretofore or hereafter made,” it should he sold either at private or public sale and a deed issued therefor. The tax sale was held under the Law of 1877, hut before the two years had elapsed that law had been superseded by the Act of 1898. The commissioners have not sold the property; and plaintiff claims that more than twenty years having elapsed, whatever right the District acquired in the property is barred by the Statute of Limitations, and the District has lost not only its remedy, hut its rights.

But the Act of 1898 contains a bar to the running of the Statute of Limitations, or the assertion of intervening rights by adverse possession, against the District for failure to enforce its lien, by the following provision: “That failure on the part of the District, from any cause Avhatsoevor, to enforce the liens acquired aforesaid, shall not release the property from any tax whatsoever that may he due the District.” This perpetually preserves the lien of the District, and the cloud it easts upon the title can only he removed by payment of the tax, with interest, penalties, and costs.

It appears that it has been the established practice in- the. District to permit the redemption of property by payment of the taxes at any time prior to the sale of the properly to satisfy the lien. If there were no direet statutory auth< rity for this -practice, the court would he slow to interfere with this long-*557established custom, unless required to do so by compelling legal reasons. There is no limitation upon the time of redemption. Nothing in the act prohibits the District from permitting' the owner to redeem at any time before the property is sold to satisfy the lien. The two-year period provided in sec. 4 of the act, within which an owner or party interested may redeem, is a limitation upon the District. During that period the District cannot proceed to enforce the lien in the manner prescribed in the statute, but it by no means forecloses the right of redemption so long as the lien remains unsatisfied.

But, in the absence of the above provision, plaintiff’s position is not improved. Before there can be adverse possession, there must be a possession hostile or adverse to the true owner. 1 Ward v. Cochran, 150 U. S. 597, 37 L. ed. 1195, 14 Sup. Ct. Rep. 230; Bradshaw v. Stott, 4 App. D. C. 527. Until execution of a tax deed, a purchaser at a tax sale acquires no title to the property, but only a lien thereon. Hefner v. North Western Mut. L. Ins. Co. 123 U. S. 747, 31 L. ed. 309, 8 Sup. Ct. Rep. 337, Hence, plaintiff’s possession cannot be said to be adverse to the District; since the title, subject to the lien, remains in him, and he is the true owner. The District has only a lien, and if it fails to find a purchaser it must await redemption by the owner.

Nor does the Statute of Limitations in this action afford plaintiff any relief. His contention in this respect is briefly and most conclusively disposed of in the able opinion of the learned justice who heard the case below, as follows: “Another objection to plaintiff’s right to recovery is that the Statute of Limitations is a statute of repose, and not one of payment or cancelation. It is a har to the remedy only, and does not extinguish or even impair the obligation of the debtor. It is available only as a defense, and can never be asserted as a canse of action on behalf of the debtor, or for conferring upon him a right of action. Cassell v. Lowry, 164 Ind. 1, 72 N. E. 640. In that- case it appeared that the defendant claimed a vendor's lien. Ills action to recover the balance due on the purchase price was barred. The court held that this prevented him from enforcing his security, but that the vendee was not therefore *558entitled to have the cloud created by the vendor’s lien canceled. The decision left the- parties just where they were, saving that if the plaintiff paid his just debt there would be no cloud upon his title and no not'd of the court’s assistance.”

It follows that the lien of the District is in full force. The District can be forced to cancel only by the payment of the tax, with such penalties and costs as the. law imposes, and the owner may only get relief by redeeming upon these terms.

The decree is affirmed, with costs. A ffirmed.