concurring:

I write separately to state that for me reversal is tied to the fact that the arbitrator adopted the CWA’s interpretation of Article 16B.l(f), which interpretation is itself grounded in Article 16B of the collective bargaining agreement. Although— following the Supreme Court’s lead — we apply a largely “hands off’ standard of review to an arbitral award, that does not mean anything goes, as even the CWA counsel recognized:

Q: What if he had not felt confined by the 150 days — the Union had taken a different position or said take it all the way back to the first day we got these additional duties. Would that be enough to say he had exceeded his authority?

Coslow: If he imposed a remedy that didn’t have reference to the 150 days and its relationship to notice, I think the Company’s argument would be much stronger. But he anchored it in the notice requirement, in the 150 days, in the Company’s breach. Those are all appropriate considerations in interpretation.

Q: ... Let me ask you one [other thing]. Have you given us an example[ ] in this case [of] what would have exceeded his authority?

Coslow: Well I suppose ... I think you’ve presented one and that is suppose he said, well I am going to, arbitrarily, because I think it’s fair ... I’m just [going to] grant these employees this amount of money just [be]cause I think they should have it. That, I think we’d all say oh that’s over the top. But he didn’t do that....

Oral Argument Recording, Verizon Washington, D.C. Inc. v. Commc’ns Workers of Am., No. 08-7092, at 49:49-51:08 (argued Apr. 21, 2009).

Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge HENDERSON.

Separate concurring statement filed by Circuit Judge HENDERSON.

The Communications Workers of America, AFL-CIO (CWA) appeals from the district court’s order granting summary judgment to Verizon Washington, D.C. Inc. (Verizon), vacating and remanding an arbitration award. Verizon Washington, D.C. Inc. v. Commc’ns Workers of Am., 569 F.Supp.2d 121, 129 (D.D.C. 2008). Because we conclude that the arbitration award “draws its essence from the collective bargaining agreement,” United Paper-workers Int’l Union v. Misco, Inc., 484 U.S. 29, 36, 108 S.Ct. 364, 98 L.Ed.2d 286 (1987) (citation and quotation marks omitted), we reverse.

I.

Sometime in 1997, Verizon began to assign its Corporate Voice Mail Group employees (Voice Mail Clerks) additional duties. For a time, Verizon paid the Voice Mail Clerks extra for performing the new duties but stopped doing so at some point between 1998 and 2000. On December 9, 2001, the CWA filed a grievance on behalf of the Voice Mail Clerks, asserting that they were being unfairly treated in that they were performing the duties associated with a higher position (RCMAC Clerk) but were classified at, and paid the salary of, a lower position (General Clerk).1 On March 6, 2002, Verizon denied the grievance and the CWA appealed. During the grievance process, Verizon conducted a job evaluation of the Voice Mail Clerks and eventually, on June 2, 2003, determined that the Voice Mail Clerk position was appropriately classified as a General Clerk position. On July 28, 2003, the CWA submitted its grievance to arbitration pursuant to Article 13 of the collective bargaining agreement between Verizon and the CWA. See General Agreement Between CWA and Verizon, Inc. at 18-19 (Aug. 3, 2003) (CBA).

The dispute centers on Article 16B of the CBA, which sets forth the procedure Verizon and the CWA must follow *1279“[w]henever the Company determines it appropriate to create a new job title or job classification in the bargaining unit, or to restructure or redefine an existing one.” CBA at 24. The procedure is “the exclusive means by which [the CWA] may contest the schedule of wage rates which [Verizon] sets for any new, restructured, or redefined job title or classification.” Id. at 25. Section 1(e) of Article 16B allows the CWA to demand, “if the parties are unable to reach agreement within sixty (60) days following receipt of notice from [Verizon],”2 “that the issue of an appropriate schedule of wage rates be submitted for resolution to a neutral third party,” that is, an arbitrator. Id. Significantly, if the arbitrator devises a different schedule of wage rates, “the new schedule shall be placed in effect retroactive to the date the change or new job was implemented, except that in no event shall the retroactive effect exceed 150 days.” Id. The parties are bound by the arbitrator’s decision.

After arbitration hearings were held on April 1, 2005, July 14, 2005 and October 20, 2005, an arbitrator issued an award on February 28, 2006, concluding that Verizon “violate[d] Article 16.B by failing to give notice to [the CWA] and afford an opportunity to negotiate over its assignment of duties to Voice Mail Clerks outside of the scope of their General Clerk Job Description, constituting a redefinition or restructure of the existing job title for purposes of Article 16.B.” Opinion and Award of Arbitrator Susan T. Mackenzie, Commc’ns Workers of Am., Local 2336 v. Verizon Washington, D.C. Inc., CWA Case No. 2-04-21, at 12 (Feb. 28, 2006) (Mackenzie Award). Accordingly, the arbitrator directed Verizon to comply with Article 16B’s notification and negotiations requirements within 60 days of the issuance of her award. Id. at 13.

Pursuant to the award, Verizon and the CWA began negotiations but soon reached an impasse. The CWA, invoking its right to “demand that the issue of an appropriate schedule of wage rates be submitted for resolution to a neutral third party,” CBA at 25, then requested arbitration at some point before August 9, 2006. Another arbitrator heard the matter on September 15, 2006 and issued his award eight months later, on May 30, 2007.3 The arbitrator summarized the three issues as follows:

1. The threshold issue before the arbitrator is to determine what discretion the Agreement affords him in fashioning an award in this matter. That is, is the arbitrator constrained to choose between the positions of the parties as in “last offer” arbitration, or is he free to identify and award some other outcome in the matter?

2. The principal issue before the arbitrator is, of course, to determine an award with respect to the appropriate wage schedule for the Voice Mail Clerks.

*12803. Finally, the arbitrator must determine a remedy. This will require the arbitrator to interpret the language of Article 16B.l(f) which states that “in no event shall the retroactive effect exceed 150 days.” Did the drafters of the Agreement intend, as the Company contends, that the new wage rate for the Voice Mail Clerks must be effective no more than 150 days prior to the date of the instant arbitrator’s award, or, pursuant to the Union’s interpretation, that the revised wage rate must have effect 150 days prior to [sic][4] the Union’s initial grievance, i.e., December 9, 2001?

Opinion and Award of Arbitrator Paul F. Gerhart, Verizon Washington, D.C. Inc. v. Commc’ns Workers of Am., Local 2336, Parties’ Case No.2001-91650, at 38-39 (May 30, 2007) (emphasis added) (Gerhart Award). The arbitrator determined that after two years of service, a Voice Mail Clerk should be “allowed to apply for and immediately be promoted to the Senior Voice Mail Clerk job title.” Id. at 54. He also held that “[a]ll current Voice Mail Clerks with two or more years of actual service in that title shall immediately be offered the opportunity to upgrade to the Senior Voice Mail Clerk job” and that any Voice Mail Clerk with two or more years of actual service as of December 9, 2001 “shall receive a pay adjustment reflecting the difference between what she (or he) actually earned and what she would have earned had she been properly classified as of that date.” Id. at 57 (emphasis omitted). In setting the retroactivity award, the arbitrator reasoned as follows:

... Inasmuch as the upgrade of experienced Voice Mail Clerks should have taken place in 2001, the effective date of the creation of the Senior Voice Mail job title shall be December 9, 2001, the date of the Union’s grievance in this matter....

The arbitrator is mindful of the admonition in Article 16B.l(f) which asserts that “in no event shall the retroactive effect exceed 150 days.” Had [Verizon] not violated the Agreement as found by Arbitrator Mackenzie, and had [it] properly notified [the CWA] of the changes in the Voice Mail Clerk job in response to [the CWA’s] December 2001 grievance, and had the matter been processed and ultimately referred to a “neutral third party” as required by Article 16B. 1(e) and (f), a decision by the neutral third party would have been rendered on or about May 9, 2002 which is 150 days after December 9, 2001.[5] Thus, in the absence of the contractual violation by [Verizon], this neutral third party award would have been effective on December 9, 2001, fully within the bound*1281aries of retroactivity prescribed by the [CBA]. It would shock the sensibilities of any reasonable person if [Verizon] were allowed to benefit from its own bre[a]ch of the [CBA], as found by Arbitrator Mackenzie, particularly since it violated the very Article of the [CBA] that it now seeks to use to limit the contractually agreed-upon remedy in this matter.

Id. at 55-56.

On August 13, 2007, Verizon filed suit in district court under section 301(a) of the Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947 (LMRA), 29 U.S.C. § 185(a), seeking partial vacatur of the award to the extent the retroactive pay award exceeded 150 days.6 The CWA counterclaimed seeking enforcement. On August 5, 2008, the district court granted summary judgment to Verizon, holding that “Arbitrator Gerhart exceeded his arbitral authority under the parties’ agreement” in that “he chose to disregard the unambiguous limitations of Article 16B.l(f) — a limitation that he characterized as a mere ‘admonition’ — because he concluded that it would be unfair to observe that limitation in this case.” Verizon Washington, D.C. Inc., 569 F.Supp.2d at 127. Indeed, highlighting the arbitrator’s “shock the sensibilities” language, the court concluded that the arbitrator’s retro-activity determination “was based on ‘his own brand of industrial justice.’ ” Id. at 128 (quoting United Steelworkers of Am. v. Enter. Wheel & Car Corp., 363 U.S. 593, 597, 80 S.Ct. 1358, 4 L.Ed.2d 1424 (1960)). The CWA then filed a timely notice of appeal.

II.

We have “final order” jurisdiction of this appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (“courts of appeals ... shall have jurisdiction of appeals from all final decisions of the district courts of the United States”). Despite remanding the matter to an “arbitrator of the parties’ choosing,” the district court order is a final, appealable order given that the remand — limited to modifying the retroactive effect of the award “in a manner consistent with ... [the court’s] Opinion,” that is, retroactive to 150 days before the date of the arbitrator’s award— is ministerial in nature. See Verizon Washington, D.C. Inc., 569 F.Supp.2d at 129; Pueblo of Sandia v. Babbitt, 231 F.3d 878, 881 (D.C.Cir. 2000) (“[R]emand orders may be considered final where a court remands for solely ‘ministerial’ proceedings .....”); cf. Jays Foods, L.L.C. v. Chem. & Allied Prod. Workers Union, Local 20, 208 F.3d 610, 612 (7th Cir. 2000) (“ ‘Provided that the matter left for determination is not merely ministerial, ... an order that does not determine the entire substantive relief to which the plaintiff is entitled is not a final decision ....’”) (quoting Chrysler Motors Corp. v. Int’l Union, Allied Indus. Workers of Am., 909 F.2d 248, 249 (7th Cir. 1990)) (emphasis added).7 Our review of the district court’s grant of summary judgment is de novo. USPS v. Am. Postal Workers Union, 553 F.3d 686, 692 (D.C.Cir. 2009).

The CWA contends that under United States Supreme Court precedent as well as *1282our own, the district court erred in concluding that the arbitrator’s award did not “ ‘draw[ ] its essence’ from the terms of the collective bargaining agreement.” Howard Univ. v. Metro. Campus Police Officer’s Union, 512 F.3d 716, 720 (D.C.Cir. 2008) (quoting United Steelworkers of Am. v. Enter. Wheel & Car Corp., 363 U.S. 593, 597, 80 S.Ct. 1358, 4 L.Ed.2d 1424 (I960)) (alteration in Howard Univ.). The arbitrator, the CWA continues, plainly satisfied this standard when he determined that the award should apply retroactively to December 9, 2001 — the date the CWA grievance was filed — because the arbitrator adopted the CWA’s interpretation of the 150-day limit. Br. of Appellant at 19-23. Noting that but for Verizon’s breach of the CBA’s notice/negotiations requirements, the Voice Mail Clerks’ wage rate would have been determined 150 days after the December 9, 2001 grievance was filed, the arbitrator agreed with the CWA that Verizon should not benefit from its breach. Id. at 20-21. According to the CWA, the notification/negotiations requirements set forth in Article 16B of the CBA were conditions precedent — with which both parties were obligated to comply — to the Voice Mail Clerks’ assumption of additional duties, making any back pay remedy retroactive to the date they assumed the additional duties.8 Having prevented the CWA from pursuing the grievance process in a timely manner because of its failure to notify/negotiate, Verizon should not reap the benefit of interpreting the 150-day retroactivity limit literally to reach back only to December 31, 2006 (150 days before the date of the arbitrator’s award). Thus, the CWA submits, the district court erred by “substituting its interpretation of the parties’ agreement for the Arbitrator’s.” Id. at 27.

We “may vacate a labor arbitration award only if it does not ‘draw[ ] its essence’ from the terms of the collective bargaining agreement.” Howard Univ., 512 F.3d at 720 (quoting Enter. Wheel & Car Corp., 363 U.S. at 597, 80 S.Ct. 1358). We therefore “ ‘play only a limited role when asked to review the decision of an arbitrator.’ ” Teamsters Local Union No. 61 v. UPS, Inc., 272 F.3d 600, 604 (D.C.Cir. 2001) (quoting United Paper-workers Int’l Union v. Misco, Inc., 484 U.S. 29, 36, 108 S.Ct. 364, 98 L.Ed.2d 286 (1987)). Indeed, “ ‘[w]hile courts ... may review the substance of an arbitration award, only the narrowest circumstances will justify setting the award aside. An arbitrator cannot, for instance ... ignore the contract and dispense his own brand of industrial justice. But if an arbitrator was arguably construing or applying the contract, a court must defer to the arbitrator’s judgment.’ ” Howard Univ., 512 F.3d at 720 (quoting Madison Hotel v. Hotel & Rest. Employees, Local 25, 144 F.3d 855, 858-59 (D.C.Cir. 1998) (en banc) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted and emphasis added)). Moreover, an arbitrator need not be “ ‘confined to the express provisions of the contract’ ” when issuing his award but may also consider “the structure of the contract as a whole.” Madison Hotel, 144 F.3d at 859 (quoting United Steelworkers of Am. v. Warrior & Gulf Navigation Co., 363 U.S. 574, 581, 80 S.Ct. 1347, 4 L.Ed.2d 1409 (1960)). As the Supreme Court declared in Misco, Inc.,

To resolve disputes about the application of a collective-bargaining agreement, an *1283arbitrator must find facts and a court may not reject those findings simply because it disagrees with them. The same is true of the arbitrator’s interpretation of the contract. The arbitrator may not ignore the plain language of the contract; but the parties having authorized the arbitrator to give meaning to the language of the agreement, a court should not reject an award on the ground that the arbitrator misread the contract____[A]s long as the arbitrator is even arguably construing or applying the contract and acting within the scope of his authority, that a court is convinced he committed serious error does not suffice to overturn his decision.

484 U.S. at 38,108 S.Ct. 364.9

Read in its entirety, the arbitrator’s opinion and award manifests that he accepted the CWA’s interpretation of Article 16B.l(f) in concluding that December 9, 2001, the date the CWA filed its grievance, was the “effective date of the creation of the Senior Voice Mail job title.” Gerhart Award at 55; see also Br. of Appellant at 20-21. In fact, the CWA’s interpretation drew its essence from the CBA. But regardless whether it did, the arbitrator’s decision did. While the arbitrator recognized his duty to “interpret the language of Article 16B. 1(f) which states that ‘in no event shall the retroactive effect exceed 150 days,’ ” he then had to determine whether “as [Verizon] contends, ... the new wage rate for the Voice Mail Clerks must be effective no more than 150 days prior to the date of the instant arbitrator’s award, or, pursuant to [the CWA’s] interpretation, ... the revised wage rate must have effect 150 days prior to [sic] the Union’s initial grievance, i.e., December 9, 2001.” Gerhart Award at 38-39. In setting the December 9, 2001 date, then, the arbitrator interpreted the collective bargaining agreement as the CWA did— namely, that the 150-day retroactivity provision must be read in view of Verizon’s failure to give notice under Article 16B.l(a) of the CBA. Gerhart Award at 17-18. So read, the 150-day retroactivity provision correlates to the period the arbitration process is to take once proper notice is given.10 Furthermore, interpreting Article 16B. 1(f) in light of the “structure of the contract as a whole,” Madison Hotel, 144 F.3d at 859 — including the CBA’s notice provision — is within the arbitrator’s authority, see id. Therefore we cannot say that the arbitrator was not “arguably construing or applying the contract and acting within the scope of his authority.” Misco, 484 U.S. at 38,108 S.Ct. 364.

Finally, the arbitrator included a hypothetical calculation that “[had Verizon] not violated the Agreement as found by Arbitrator Mackenzie, and had [Verizon] properly notified [the CWA] of the changes in the Voice Mail Clerk job in response to the [ ] December 2001 grievance, and had the matter been processed and ultimately referred to a ‘neutral third party’ as required by Article 16B. 1(e) and (f), a decision by the neutral third party would have *1284been rendered on or about May 9, 2002 which is 150 days after December 9, 2001.” Gerhart Award at 55. In fact, the grievance process took from late 2001 until May 30, 2007 and the second arbitrator alone took over eight months to issue his award notwithstanding the CBA’s requirement that any arbitration award issue “within sixty ... days of the date that the matter is referred for resolution.” CBA at 25. Even were we to conclude that his calculation was a “serious error,” Misco, 484 U.S. at 38, 108 S.Ct. 364, our conclusion would not allow us to vacate the reward. Indeed, “[t]he ‘parties having authorized the arbitrator to give meaning to the language of the agreement,’ courts cannot ‘reject [the] award on the ground that the arbitrator misread the contract.’ ” Madison Hotel, 144 F.3d at 859 (quoting Misco, 484 U.S. at 38, 108 S.Ct. 364). The arbitrator constructed a time line consistent with Article 16B.l(f) of the CBA. Accordingly, we uphold the award and reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Verizon.

So ordered.