Jbari v. Dist. of Columbia
Jbari v. Dist. of Columbia
Opinion of the Court
Plaintiff Mohammed Jbari brings claims against the District of Columbia Metropolitan Police Department ("MPD") following his termination as a probationary police officer. Jbari used family medical leave to care for his newborn son and claims that MPD violated both the federal Family and Medical Leave Act ("FMLA") and the District of Columbia Family and Medical Leave Act ("DCFMLA"), by interfering *203with his leave and retaliating against him for exercising his rights to take leave.
Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), MPD seeks dismissal of the following claims:
1) Failure to reemploy under USERRA (Count VI);1
2) Title VII discrimination (Count VII); and
3) DCHRA discrimination (Count VII).2
See ECF No. 17; see ECF No. 12, Amend. Compl. In addition to opposing MPD's motion, Jbari also moved for leave to file a Second Amended Complaint. ECF Nos. 20, 21. For the reasons set forth below, the court will GRANT both motions in part, and DENY them in part.
I. BACKGROUND
Jbari became an employee of MPD on August 25, 2014 and graduated from the police academy in April of the following year. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 32-33. Several months later, he requested family medical leave to care for his newborn child from September 18 through November 14, 2015.
Jbari's military leave ended on December 18, 2015, and he returned to MPD the following day.
The following day, January 26, Jbari met with MPD Commander Parker about the allegations that he had been "AWOL" and provided documentation that proved he had "followed protocol" and obtained approval for each leave.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
A motion to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint. See Browning v. Clinton ,
III. ANALYSIS
A. USERRA Failure to Reemploy Claim (First Count VI)
MPD argues that this court should dismiss Jbari's USERRA reemployment claim because he admits that he "resumed his position at MPD" on January 25, the *205day after his third military leave ended. See Am. Compl. ¶ 55.
Congress enacted USERRA with three goals in mind:
(1) to encourage noncareer service in the uniformed services by reducing employment disadvantages; (2) to minimize the disruption to the lives of persons performing military service, their employers and others by providing for the prompt reemployment of such persons upon their completion of such service; and (3) to prohibit discrimination against persons because of their service in the uniformed services.
Bradberry v. Jefferson Cty., Tex. ,
USERRA Section 4312(a) guarantees reemployment upon return from leave to "any person whose absence from a position of employment is necessitated by reason of service in the uniformed services."
The majority of courts have held that the Section 4312 reemployment provision entitles a service member to return to work, but provides no protection thereafter. See, e.g., Hart v. Family Dental Grp., PC ,
In Francis v. Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Incorporated,
*206
Viewing these provisions together, the Court in Francis held that " § 4312 only entitles a service person to immediate reemployment and does not prevent the employer from terminating him the next day or even later the same day." Francis ,
If § 4312 provided ongoing protection after reemployment, it would subsume the specific guarantees of §§ 4311 and 4316. "We are 'loath' to read one statutory provision so as to render another provision of the same statute superfluous." [Soliman v. ]Gonzales, 419 F.3d [276] at 283 [ (4th Cir. 2005) ] (quoting Cooper Indus. v. Aviall Servs., Inc.,543 U.S. 157 ,125 S.Ct. 577 ,160 L.Ed. 2d 548 (2004) ). Congress carefully constructed USERRA to provide comprehensive protection to returning veterans, while balancing the legitimate concerns of employers. We will not upset that balance and render USERRA sections meaningless by adopting [an] overly broad interpretation of § 4312....
USERRA does not define the term "reemployment," which is at the heart of the parties' dispute. MPD moves to dismiss Jbari's reemployment claim because Jbari concedes that he returned to work at the conclusion of his military leave, and he therefore was reemployed. Jbari counters that MPD did not reemploy him in "good faith" but instead suspended him immediately upon his return from military leave and terminated him several days later, after he received (but had not yet disclosed) military orders for another leave.
This "good faith" requirement was first articulated in Vahey v. General. Motors Corporation ,
After his military discharge, Vahey returned to the Delaware facility, and was *207told he would be added to the employment rolls effective his last day of military service, and then would be terminated in approximately two weeks, at which time he would receive severance pay.
Rejecting this argument, the court noted that "USERRA 'must be broadly construed in favor of its military beneficiaries,' "
The court in Vahey acknowledged the existence of contrary authority such as Francis , but explained that those cases
anticipated a situation where the veteran was actually reemployed in good faith, with at least the possibility of continued employment of indefinite length-not the pro forma, nominal reinstatement that took place here, in which all parties were aware that Vahey did not even need to show up to work, and that he would surely be officially terminated just two weeks later.
Relying on Vahey , Jbari argues that this court should not allow form to prevail over substance, but instead recognize that MPD failed to reemploy him in "good faith." Jbari also points out that Vahey was decided at the summary judgment stage, rather than on a motion to dismiss, and that this court need not consider at this juncture whether the certification ride was evidence of good faith or whether MPD decided to terminate him before he returned. Instead, he argues, the pertinent issue is whether he pleads sufficient facts to support a reemployment claim.
The court finds that Jbari has not pleaded sufficient facts to support his USERRA reemployment claim, and his reliance on Vahey is misplaced. In Vahey , the court was tasked with determining whether GM reemployed Vahey in the same position he would have held, absent taking leave, as required by Section 4313,
In contrast, the circumstances here do not require such an inquiry. Jbari does not contend that he returned to work in a position other than the one he held when he departed for leave, and he does not assert a claim under Section 4313. Instead, he alleges that he returned to work on January 25, met with his supervisor on January 26 and was informed he was to be suspended for two days, but the following day he performed his job duties by going on a certification ride, and was terminated three days later-five days after he returned to work. Amend. Compl. ¶¶ 55-56, 58, 60. In Vahey , however, the plaintiff did not return to his job duties, and "all parties were aware that Vahey did not even need to show up to work, and that he would surely be officially terminated just two weeks later."
Finally, Jbari's argument that his reemployment claim should proceed because a motion to dismiss-as opposed to a motion for summary judgment-tests only the sufficiency of the pleadings, is unavailing. Jabari himself pleads facts in his Complaint which defeat a reemployment claim. Further pleading or discovery will not alter Jbari's concession that he was reemployed before he was terminated, and therefore the court will grant Defendant's motion to dismiss Jbari's Section 4312 USERRA reemployment claim with prejudice. To the extent Jbari uncovers evidence that MPD planned to terminate him after his return, his Section 4311 claim for discrimination and retaliation provides the basis for relief.
B. Title VII and DCHRA Claims against MPD (Both Counts VII)
Jbari is of Moroccan descent, has a brown complexion, is the father of a newborn
MPD argues that Jbari's allegations are insufficient to state a claim for relief under Title VII and the DCHRA because they are conclusory,
Jbari argues that his proposed Second Amended Complaint, which alleges, based on information and belief, that he was treated differently than others outside of his protected class, but which does not identify comparators, solves any Title VII and DCHRA pleading deficiencies. He relies on McNair v. District of Columbia.,
The court finds that Jbari's allegations-based on information and belief-that MPD treated persons outside of his protected class more favorably, coupled with his allegations regarding MPD's responses to his approved leaves, are sufficient to support his Title VII and DCHRA claims. Jbari alleges that he obtained prior approval for all leaves, but that MPD: (1) ordered him to return from both family leave and military leave early; (2) threatened to terminate him for taking the approved leaves; (3) ignored evidence that he had obtained approval for leave and decided to suspended him because he was purportedly AWOL; and (4) terminated him shortly after he returned from leave. He further alleges in his proposed Second Amended Complaint that he was treated less favorably than others outside of his protected class. See e.g. , Prop. Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 233-36, 256-260. These factual allegations, taken together, are enough to create an inference that MPD acted with discriminatory intent.
C. Motion for Leave to File Second Amended Complaint
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a) provides that leave to amend a complaint "shall be freely given when justice so requires." See Firestone v. Firestone,
In the absence of any apparent or declared reason-such as undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, futility of amendment, etc.-the leave sought should, as the rules require, be "freely given."
*210Foman v. Davis,
In his proposed Second Amended Complaint, Jbari seeks to add the allegations discussed above related to his Title VII and DCHRA claims, and to:
1) correct the current numbering errors;
2) add six individual defendants against whom he asserts individual liability claims pursuant to USERRA; and10
3) add DCHRA individual liability claims.
ECF No. 20, Mot. to Amend. p. 1; see ECF No. 22, Prop. Second Am. Compl. p. 2 n.1.
1. DCHRA Individual Liability Claims
Jbari explains in his motion for leave to amend, and in a footnote in the proposed Second Amended Complaint, that he seeks to "assert one new count of discrimination under the DCHRA against" the individual Defendants. Mot. to Amend. p. 4; Prop. Second Am. Compl. p. 2 n.1. However, Jbari did not include a count asserting DCHRA individual liability in the proposed Second Amended Complaint. Therefore, he has not sufficiently pleaded the claim and the court will deny-without prejudice-Jbari's motion to add this count.
MPD objects to the DCHRA individual liability claims because it contends that Jbari failed to assert sufficient facts to establish that any of the individual defendants are subject to liability. Although Jbari alleges, in the paragraphs identifying the parties, that each of the defendants "had decision making authority to control the terms and conditions of Jbari's employment," see Prop. Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 3-8, MPD argues these allegations do not pass muster and urges the court to deny Jbari's motion to amend as it relates to these claims.
Jbari did not file a reply in support of his motion on this issue and therefore the court will treat the issue as conceded. See Amiri v. Gelman Mgmt. Co.,
2. USERRA Individual Liability Claims
MPD argues that Jbari's motion to amend his USERRA individual liability claims should be denied because the claims are not actionable. MPD relies primarily on two Ninth Circuit cases: Townsend v. University of Alaska ,
*211USERRA expressly creates only two private causes of action: (1) an action brought by an individual against a State (as an employer)...; and (2) an action brought against a private employer... See38 U.S.C. § 4323 (a)(2). Despite the plain text of the statute, Townsend argues that USERRA also creates a cause of action against the supervisors, because the Act defines "employer" to include "a person, institution, organization, or other entity to whom the employer has delegated the performance of employment-related responsibilities,"38 U.S.C. § 4303 (4)(A)(i) (emphasis added), and the supervisors are persons. The USERRA cause of action, however, arises against "a State (as an employer)." Seeid. § 4323(a)(2). Individual supervisors are not included in the definition of "State." Seeid. § 4303(14) (defining "State"). Although the cause of action can be brought against a "State (as an employer)," "as an employer" describes the capacity in which the State can be sued; it does not create a cause of action against individual state employees even if they exercise supervisory responsibility. Thus, an action under USERRA is available only against the State "as an employer," and not in some other capacity.... Thus, Townsend's attempt to sue individual supervisors under the cause of action which the Act provides against a "State (as an employer)" fails. Nor are the individual state supervisors "private employers." While the supervisors may fit under the definition of "employer," we agree with the district court that it would do violence to the language of the statute to consider a state employee-supervisor a "private employer."
Jbari argued in his motion to amend that the USERRA individual liability claims are viable because they were "properly raised" in the operative complaint and MPD was already aware of the facts underlying the claim. Pls. Mot. to Amen. pp. 5-6. However, Jbari did not file a reply addressing MPD's argument that the claims are not cognizable. Therefore, the court will also treat this argument as conceded and deny Jbari's motion to amend to add USERRA individual liability claims. If Jbari seeks to re-plead the claims, he shall explain in detail why the court should decline to follow the Ninth Circuit's reasoning in Townsend and Rimando .
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the court will GRANT MPD's motion to dismiss in part, and DENY the motion in part. The court will dismiss Plaintiff's USERRA reemployment claim with prejudice. In all other respects, MPD's motion will be denied.
The court will also GRANT Jbari's motion for leave to file a Second Amended Complaint in part, and DENY the motion in part. The court will grant the motion with respect to Jbari's additional Title VII and DCHRA factual allegations. The court will deny the motion in all other respects, *212including addition of the individual defendants.
Jbari's Complaint lists Count VI twice: the first Count VI relates to Jbari's USERRA failure to reemploy claim. See Amend. Compl. ¶¶ 168-176. The second Count VI involves USERRA individual liability claims, see id. ¶¶ 177-204, but Jbari failed to name any individual defendants in the caption of the Complaint. To remedy this deficiency, he seeks to add the individual defendants in his proposed Second Amended Complaint.
Jbari's Complaint also contains Count VII twice: both counts reference Title VI in the heading. See Amend. Compl. ¶¶ 205-222. However, the factual allegations in the second Count VII actually relate to his DCHRA claim against MPD. Id. ¶¶ 223-241.
It is unclear who directly supervised Jbari and why his communications about his various leave requests involved numerous supervisors.
The Complaint refers to her as "an Assistant" and does not elaborate.
According to MPD, a "certification ride is a field test where a sergeant assess a probationary officer's abilities and knowledge while out on patrol, armed and wielding full police power. Probationary officers are 'uncertified' until they pass this field test. Once certified, they are allowed to go on patrol alone." Defs. Mot. to Dismiss Br. p. 4.
Section 4313 requires an employer to "promptly" reemploy the service member to "the position of employment in which the person would have been employed if the continuous employment of such person with the employer had not been interrupted by such service ...."
In addition to the same protections afforded under Title VII, the DCHRA also protects against discrimination based on "family responsibilities." See McNair v. D.C. ,
Jbari does not allege that he was actually suspended, but that Parker "decided" to suspend him for two days. See Amend. Compl. ¶ 57.
Title VII and DCHRA claims are analyzed under the same legal standard. Slate v. Public Defender Service for D.C.,
As discussed above, Jbari included a count for individual liability under USERRA in his current Complaint, but failed to list any individual Defendants in the case caption.
Section 4323, "Enforcement of rights with respect to a State or private employer" provides in relevant part:
(1) A person may commence an action for relief with respect to a complaint against a State (as an employer) or a private employer if the person-
(A) has chosen not to apply to the Secretary for assistance under section 4322(a) of this title;
(B) has chosen not to request that the Secretary refer the complaint to the Attorney General under paragraph (1); or
(C) has been refused representation by the Attorney General with respect to the complaint under such paragraph.
The court interprets Jbari's use of the plural form in the Title VII count of the proposed Second Amended Complaint, Prop. Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 217-232, as a clerical error, because there is no individual liability under this statute. Gary v. Long ,
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Mohammed JBARI v. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
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- Published