dissenting.

I would decline to consider the issue raised by the certified questions at this time and remand for reconsideration of the facts as they presently exist, applying a balancing test for disqualification instead of a per se disqualification rule.

In the Ohio case, the district court for the Northern District of Ohio found that “Varían had been represented in a number of matters by the Chicago law firm of McDougall, Hersh & Scott (“MH & S”) *585including five that are on-going____ In particular, MH & S ... had been representing Varían in a suit in California against the Genus Corporation.” Picker Int’l, Inc. v. Varian Assocs., Inc., 670 F.Supp. 1363, 1364 (N.D. Ohio 1987). In the Utah case, the district court adopted a magistrate’s finding that MH & S was representing Varían in four pending matters, including the Genus case in California. During this appeal, all of the Varían matters referred to have been settled or disposed of, with the exception of one patent application.

This court has said that we should review “with extreme caution” attorney disqualification motions because of the use of such motions as “techniques of harassment,” and that disqualification is a “drastic measure which courts should hesitate to impose except when absolutely necessary.” Panduit Corp. v. All States Plastic Mfg. Co., 744 F.2d 1564, 1577 (Fed.Cir. 1984) (quoting Freeman v. Chicago Musical Instrument Co, 689 F,2d 715, 721-22 (7th Cir. 1982)). The need for caution was explained in Ross v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 447 F.Supp. 406, 409 (S.D.N.Y. 1978), as follows:

The Disciplinary Rules, however, are not per se mandates calling for literal application. [Citations omitted.] On the contrary, even where a Disciplinary Rule is by its terms applicable, we must examine the facts of a claimed violation of the Code and attempt to shape a remedy which will assure fairness to the parties and integrity to the judicial process. [Citations omitted.] Disqualification is a drastic step which should be avoided if possible.

See also Board of Educ. of City of New York v. Nyquist, 590 F.2d 1241, 1246 (2nd Cir. 1979) (“disqualification has an immediate adverse effect on the client by separating him from counsel of his choice, and ... disqualification motions are often interposed for tactical reasons.”).

I am convinced that the district courts erred in applying what amounted to a per se rule for disqualification under Canon 5 because no consideration was given to the detriment that Picker might suffer. The district court did not balance the duties and responsibilities to both clients and their respective interests.

When dealing with ethical principles, ... we cannot paint with broad strokes. The lines are fine and must be so marked. Guideposts can be established when virgin ground is being explored, and the conclusion in a particular case can be reached only after a painstaking analysis of the facts and precise application of precedent.

Fund of Funds, Ltd. v. Arthur Andersen & Co., 567 F.2d 225, 227 (2nd Cir. 1977) (quoting United States v. Standard Oil Co., 136 F.Supp. 345, 367 (S.D.N.Y. 1955)).

DR 5-105 says that “[a] lawyer shall not continue multiple employment if the exercise of his independent professional judgment in behalf of a client will be or is likely to be adversely affected by his representation of another client, or if it would be likely to involve him in representing differing interests.” Under this rule, all the facts and circumstances must be considered, recognizing there is a duty of loyalty to both clients. The language of the rule is broad and subject to flexible interpretation as indicated by the phrases “likely to be adversely affected by his representation” and “representing differing interests.” This is not a case where a law firm desired to drop a client in order to represent another client against the abandoned one, see Unified Sewerage Agency v. Jelco, Inc., 646 F.2d 1339, 1345 (9th Cir. 1981), or where a law firm finds itself representing separate clients on both sides of the same issue. Fund of Funds, Ltd., 567 F.2d at 227-36. Rather, this case is one where a law firm by reason of a merger finds itself representing two clients on different issues; however, one of these clients with representation in the particular case by another law firm is being sued by the other client of the merged firm. See Pennwalt Corp. v. Plough, Inc., 85 F.R.D. 264 (D.Del. 1980).

In the resolution of this case, the district courts should apply a balancing test to the facts as they presently exist. The continu*586ing representation of Varían now involves only one patent application. Varían is represented, as it has been from the outset, by competent other counsel in its litigation with the merged firm’s other client, Picker. The district court should determine the detriment each client would suffer by withdrawal. Prejudice to the respective clients is the foremost consideration, the merged law firm having a duty of loyalty to both.

*587DECISIONS WITHOUT PUBLISHED OPINIONS 587 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Third Circuit DECISIONS WITHOUT PUBLISHED OPINIONS Docket Title Number Date Disposition Abdul-Alim, Appeal of.......88-5604 1/27/89 AFFIRMED Abdul-Alim v. State of N.J., Dept, of Corrections........88-5604 1/27/89 AFFIRMED Ackerman v. McBurney & Co., Inc.........................88-3458 1/30/89 AFFIRMED Alevras v. Chairman, State of N.Y. Bd. of Parole.........88-5726 1/5/89 AFFIRMED Altman Carpentry, Inc. v. Peri-ni Corp....................88-1551, 1/20/89 AFFIRMED 88-1567, 88-1594 American Friends Service Committee v. Department of Defense through Defense Logistics Agency..............88-1671 1/19/89 AFFIRMED Ayers, Appeal of.............88-1764 1/26/89 AFFIRMED Azorsky, Appeal of...........88-3424, 1/17/89 AFFIRMED 88-3425 Beaston, Appeal of...........88-5751 1/27/89 AFFIRMED Beaston v. Scotland School for Veterans’ Children..........88-5751 1/27/89 AFFIRMED Berkelbaugh v. Petsock.......88-3671 1/11/89 REMANDED Boatin v. Faraglia............88-1598 1/23/89 AFFIRMED Brantley v. Secretary of Dept, of Health and Human Services of U.S...................88-5643 1/23/89 AFFIRMED Brown, Appeal of............88-1601 1/20/89 AFFIRMED Burks, Appeal of.............88-3267 1/20/89 AFFIRMED Appeal from and Citation (if reported) D.N.J., Brown, J. D.N.J., Brown, J. W.D.Pa., Standish, J. D.N.J., Debevoise, J. E.D.Pa., Kelly, J. E.D.Pa., VanArtsdalen, J. E.D.Pa., Giles, J. W.D.Pa., Weber, J. M.D.Pa., Caldwell, J., 693 F.Supp. 234 M.D.Pa., Caldwell, J., 693 F.Supp. 234 W.D.Pa. E.D.Pa.., McGlynn, J. D.N.J., Sarokin, J. E.D.Pa., Newcomer, J., 690 F.Supp. 1423 W.D.Pa., Diamond, J.

*588588 869 FEDERAL REPORTER, 2d SERIES DECISIONS WITHOUT PUBLISHED OPINIONS-Title Docket Number Pate Campbell v. Lalley...........88-1093, 1/23/89 88-1094, 88-1095 C.B.M. Coal Co. v. Benefits Review Bd....................88-3535 Clay v. East Jersey State Prison’s Medical Dept..........88-5618 1/30/89 1/10/89 Clover Square Associates v. Northwestern Mut. Life Ins. Co.........................88-5565, 1/17/89 88-5581 Disposition AFFIRMED REVIEW DENIED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED Cohen v. Ackerman..........88-3458 1/30/89 Cunningham v. Sides.........88-3585 1/20/89 Delaware Valley Wholesale Florist, Inc. v. Peters' Petals 88-1456 1/9/89 Des Moines '81 Associates, Appeal of.....................88-5644 Des Moines ’81 Associates v. F.W. Woolworth Co........88-5644 Drogowski v. Pennsylvania Dept, of Transp............88-3685 Elam v. Bowen..............88-5742 Engleman, Appeal of.........88-3360 Engleman v. White Mach. Co., Inc.........................88-3360 Fantasia, Appeal of...........88-1456 Farmer, Appeal of...........88-1672 Farmer v. Godiska...........88-1672 Fein v. S.E.C.................88-3471 Figueroa, Appeal of..........88-1325 Frazier v. Ryan..............88-1526 Garrett R.R. Car & Equipment, Inc. v. N.L.R.B.............88-3526, 88-3584 Government of Virgin Islands, Appeal of..................87-3803 AFFIRMED AFFIRMED VACATED IN PART AND REMANDED 1/30/89 AFFIRMED 1/30/89 AFFIRMED 1/25/89 AFFIRMED 1/30/89 AFFIRMED 1/17/89 AFFIRMED 1/17/89 AFFIRMED 1/9/89 VACATED IN PART AND REMANDED 1/23/89 AFFIRMED 1/23/89 AFFIRMED 1/17/89 REVIEW DENIED 1/27/89 AFFIRMED 1/20/89 AFFIRMED 1/23/89 ORDER ENFORCED, REVIEW DENIED 1/4/89 APPEAL DISMISSED, ORDERS VACATED •Continued Appeal from and Citation (if reported) E.D.Pa., McGlynn, J. Ben.Rev.Bd. D.N.J., Debevoise, J. D.N.J., Fisher, J., 674 F.Supp. 1137 W.D.Pa., Standish, J. W.D.Pa., McCune, J. E.D.Pa. D.N.J., Bissell, J. D.N.J., Bissell, J. W.D.Pa., Ziegler, J. D.N.J. W.D.Pa. W.D.Pa. E.D.Pa. E.D.Pa., Weiner, J. E.D.Pa., Weiner, J. S.E.C. E.D.Pa. E.D.Pa., Broderick, J. Dept, of Labor D.V.I.

*589DECISIONS WITHOUT PUBLISHED OPINIONS 589 DECISIONS WITHOUT PUBLISHED OPINIONS — Continued Title Docket Number Government of Virgin Islands v. Colbourne...............87-3767 Government of Virgin Islands v. Forde...................87-3862 Gus Genetti Hotel and Restaurant, Inc. v. Stevens........88-5639 Hamilton, Appeal of.........88-1695 Hanna v. Navistar Intern. Transp. Corp...............88-5619, 88-5635 Hardy v. U.S. Dept, of Agriculture........................88-5608 Hayes, Appeal of.............88-3561 Herzig v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. 88-1656 Hormell, Appeal of...........88-3424, 88-3425 Insurance Management and Services, Inc. v. Maryland Cas. Co.....................88-5524, 88-5553 Johnston v. Home Ins. Co____88-580 Jordan, Appeal of............88-3600 Jordan v. Lindholm..........88-3600 Kelly v. Hartford Ins. Co.....88-1700 Khalil v. University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey......................88-5625 Kilbarr Corp. v. Business Systems Inc., B.V..............88-5558 King v. Mahogany Run Development Corp...............87-3803 Koven, Appeal of............88-5605 Kravinsky v. Wolk...........88-1690 Labov v. Lalley..............88-1093, 88-1094, 88-1095 Date 1/23/89 1/4/89 1/23/89 1/26/89 1/20/89 1/20/89 1/9/89 1/9/89 1/4/89 1/20/89 1/20/89 1/23/89 Disposition REVERSED IN PART, REINSTATED IN PART AND REMANDED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED 1/17/89 AFFIRMED 1/12/89 AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED 1/11/89 AFFIRMED 1/23/89 AFFIRMED 1/13/89 AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED 1/20/89 AFFIRMED 1/10/89 AFFIRMED 1/23/89 AFFIRMED APPEAL DISMISSED, ORDERS VACATED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED Appeal from and Citation (if reported) D.V.I. D.V.I., O’Brien, J. M.D.Pa., Kosik, J. E.D.Pa., Shapiro, J. M.D.Pa., Muir, J. D.N.J., Rodriguez, J. W.D.Pa. E.D.Pa., Green, J., 693 F.Supp. 306 W.D.Pa., Weber, J. M.D.Pa., Kosik, J. D.N.J., Ackerman, J. W.D.Pa., Rosenberg, J. W.D.Pa., Rosenberg, J. E.D.Pa., Gawthrop, J. D.N.J., Debevoise, J. D.N.J., 679 F.Supp. 422 D.V.I. D.N.J., Palitan, J. D.Pa., VanArtsdalen, J. E.D.Pa., McGlynn, J.

*590590 869 FEDERAL REPORTER, 2d SERIES DECISIONS WITHOUT PUBLISHED OPINIONS — Continued Title Docket Number Landes v. Yost...............88-1865 Ludlow v. Slocum............88-5516 Lustrelon, Inc. v. N.L.R.B. ... 88-3470, 88-3552 McCormick v. Odd Lot Trading, Inc....................88-1533 Marshak v. Pinkney..........88-5525 Meier v. Anderson...........88-1652 Midlantic Nat. Bank/Merchants v. United Venture Farms, Inc.................88-5626 Milek v. Roman..............88-5590 Miller v. Azorsky.............88-3424, 88-3425 Miller v. Emeco Industries, Inc.........................88-5551 Moore, Appeal of............88-5532, 88-5666 Morrow v. Bowen............88-5741 Mourning v. Vincent.........88-5458 N.L.R.B. v. Pennex Aluminum Corp.......................88-3456 N.L.R.B. v. Tubari Ltd., Inc. 88-3518, 88-3579 Netelkos, Appeal of..........88-5398 Northwestern Mut. Life Ins. Co., Appeal of.............88-5565, 88-5581 Ohlsen v. Government of Virgin Islands.................88-3102 Date 1/24/89 1/27/89 Disposition AFFIRMED AFFIRMED 1/17/89 AFFIRMED 1/20/89 1/17/89 1/27/89 1/17/89 1/30/89 1/17/89 1/3/89 3/31/89 1/31/89 1/12/89 1/20/89 1/30/89 1/24/89 1/17/89 1/4/89 Patrick v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp.......................88-1751 1/31/89 Perini Corp. v. Stern.........88-1551, 1/20/89 88-1567, 88-1594 Peters’ Petals v. Pozsonyi.....88-1456 1/9/89 Petrone, Appeal of...........88-3605 1/30/89 Pinkney, Appeal of...........88-5525 1/17/89 Pino, Appeal of..............88-3545 1/23/89 AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED REVERSED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED ORDER ENFORCED REVIEW DENIED, ORDER ENFORCED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED VACATED AND REMANDED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED VACATED IN PART AND REMANDED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED Appeal from and Citation (if reported) E.D.Pa. D.N.J., Debevoise, J. N.L.R.B. E.D.Pa. D.NJ. E.D.Pa., 692 F.Supp. 546 D.N.J., Wolin, J. D.NJ., Fisher, J. W.D.Pa., Weber, J. M.D.Pa. D.NJ., Barry, J. M.D.Pa. D.N.J., Brotman, J. Ben.Rev.Bd. N.L.R.B. D.NJ., Ackerman, J. D.NJ., Fisher, J., 674 F.Supp. 1137 D.V.I. E.D.Pa. E.D.Pa., Kelly, J. E.D.Pa. W.D.Pa., McCune, J. D.NJ. W.D.Pa., Weber, J.

*591DECISIONS WITHOUT PUBLISHED OPINIONS 591 DECISIONS WITHOUT PUBLISHED OPINIONS — Continued Docket Title Number Date Pittsburgh Nat. Bank v. Anderson ..................88-3545 1/23/89 Pittsburgh Nat. Bank v. Emrick 88-3545 1/23/89 Pittsburgh Nat. Bank v. Fent 88-3545 1/23/89 Pittsburgh Nat. Bank v. Leroy. 88-3545 1/23/89 Pittsburgh Nat. Bank v. Morris 88-3545 1/23/89 Pittsburgh Nat. Bank v. Parker 88-3545 1/23/89 Pittsburgh Nat. Bank v. Parker for Parker Children........88-3545 1/23/89 Pittsburgh Nat. Bank v. Pino 88-3545 1/23/89 Pittsburgh Nat. Bank v. Purdon 88-3545 1/23/89 Pittsburgh Nat. Bank v. Story 88-3545 1/23/89 Pittsburgh Nat. Bank v. Um-phrey......................88-3545 Pittsburgh Nat. Bank v. Vick-ing Ventures Corp..........88-3545 1/23/89 Pozsonyi v. Peters............88-1456 1/9/89 Prieto, Appeal of.............88-5666 1/12/89 Rotz v. Lalley................88-1093, 1/23/89 88-1094, 88-1095 Ryder Truck Rental, Inc. v. Graham....................88-1673 1/19/89 Salvador v. Mazzocone.......88-1449 1/30/89 Schirmer v. Eastman Kodak Co.........................88-1544 1/20/89 Sea-Land Service, Inc. v. Rock 88-3511 1/20/89 Smith, Appeal of.............88-3640 1/31/89 Solomon v. Bern Haven, Inc. 88-5429 1/31/89 Sowers v. Bradford Area School Dist.................88-3640 1/31/89 Disposition AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED 1/23/89 AFFIRMED AFFIRMED VACATED IN PART AND REMANDED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED APPEAL DISMISSED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED AFFIRMED Appeal from and Citation (if reported) W.D.Pa., Weber, J. W.D.Pa., Weber, J. W.D.Pa., Weber, J. W.D.Pa., Weber, J. W.D.Pa., Weber, J. W.D.Pa., Weber, J. W.D.Pa., Weber, J. W.D.Pa., Weber, J. W.D.Pa., Weber, J. W.D.Pa., Weber, J. W.D.Pa., Weber, J. W.D.Pa., Weber, J. E.D.Pa. D.N.J., Bissell, J. E.D.Pa., McGlynn, J. E.D.Pa. Fullam, J. M.D.Pa., Newcomer, J. E.D.Pa. Ben.Rev.Bd. W.D.Pa., Mencer, J., 694 F.Supp. 125 M.D.Pa. W.D.Pa., Mencer, J., 694 F.Supp. 125

*592592 869 FEDERAL REPORTER, 2d SERIES DECISIONS WITHOUT PUBLISHED OPINIONS — Continued Title Docket Number Steele v. Mothercare Stores, Inc.........................88-5631 Stevens v. Gus Genetti Hotel and Restaurant, Inc........88-5639 Student Public Interest Research Group of New Jersey, Inc. v. Anchor Thread Co... 88-5504, 88-5527, 88-5775, 88-5858, 88-5859 Sweeney v. Stewart..........88-3044 U.S. v. Ayers.................88-1764 U.S. v. Brown................88-1601 U.S. v. Covatto...............88-3550, 88-3617 U.S. v. Falcone...............88-1541 U.S. v. Figueroa..............88-1325 U.S. v. Hamilton.............88-1695 U.S. v. Hayes................88-3561 U.S. v. Heilman..............88-5867 U.S. v. Koven................88-5605 U.S. v. Leech ...•.............88-3137 U.S. v. Martino..............88-1565 U.S. v. Medical Office of Dr. Charles Burks..............88-3267 U.S. v. Moore................88-5532, 88-5660 U.S. v. Netelkos..............88-5398 U.S. v. Petrone...............88-3605 U.S. v. Prieto................88-5666 U.S. v. Tucker...............88-1642 U.S. v. Weeden...............88-5697 Pate 1/24/89 1/23/89 1/25/89 1/26/89 1/20/89 1/26/89 1/23/89 1/27/89 1/26/89 1/20/89 1/31/89 1/20/89 1/30/89 1/30/89 1/20/89 1/31/89 1/24/89 1/30/89 1/12/89 1/25/89 1/27/89 Disposition AFFIRMED AFFIRMED 1/24/89 AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED Utility Co-Workers’ Ass'n v. Public Service Elec, and Gas Co.........................88-5661 1/19/89 AFFIRMED Williams v. Delta Truck Body Co., Inc....................88-1758 1/31/89 DISMISSED York v. Day .................88-1706 1/5/89 AFFIRMED Appeal from and Citation (if reported) D.N.J. M.D.Pa., Kosik, J. D.N.J. W.D.Pa., Willson, J. E.D.Pa., Giles, J. E.D.Pa., Newcomer, J., 690 F.Supp. 1423 W.D.Pa. E.D.Pa., Hannum, J. E.D.Pa. E.D.Pa., Shapiro, J. W.D.Pa. M.D.Pa. D.N.J., Politan, J. W.D.Pa., Mencer, J. E.D.Pa., O’Neill, J. W.D.Pa., Diamond, J. D.N.J., Barry, J. D.N.J., Ackerman, J. W.D.Pa., McCune, J. D.N.J., Bissell, J. E.D.Pa. M.D.Pa., Rambo, J., 651 F.Supp. 76 D.N.J., Barry, J. E.D.Pa. E.D.Pa., Newcomer, J.

*593DECISIONS WITHOUT PUBLISHED OPINIONS 593 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Fourth Circuit DECISIONS WITHOUT PUBLISHED OPINIONS Title Docket Number Abbott v. Nichols......... 88-2533 Adkins v. U.S.................88-2573 Barnard v. Board of Com’rs of Clay County, N.C...........88-3503 Bell v. English ...............88-6803 Bellamy v.Kastle Systems, Inc. 88-3909 Braude & Margulies, PC v. Pierce Associates, Inc.......88-2523 Brazerol v. Bowen...........88-2856 Brooks v. Muncy.............88-7761 Brown v. Stephenson.........88-6844 Capps v. Baker...............88-6852 Castleberry v. Dixon.........88-7806 Date 2/6/89 2/2/89 2/3/89 2/6/89 2/10/89 2/13/89 2/17/89 2/9/89 2/2/89 2/16/89 Castleberry v. State of N.C. ..88-7303 2/21/89 Charles v. Dougal............88-1714 2/16/89 Clay v. Moore................88-7183 Clune v. Schultz.............88-2132 Cumber v. McQueen.........88-7793 Dominion Resources, Inc. v. Atlantic Nuclear Services, Inc.........................88-1040 Ferrante v. Bowen...........88-3907 Florence Pepsi Properties, Inc. v. Energywave Corp........88-1523 Gullet v. Wilt................88-6797 Hannan v. Bowen............88-3108 Harris v. Davis...............88-7822 Heaney v. Kinney Shoe Corp. 88-3560 Henry v. Denmark Technical College.....................88-3980 Hicks v. Butler...............88-3075 2/7/89 2/6/89 2/6/89 2/21/89 2/7/89 2/6/89 2/21/89 2/9/89 2/2/89 2/15/89 2/21/89 2/14/89 Disposition AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED 2/15/89 AFFIRMED Hill-Bey v. State of MD......88-7291 2/17/89 Hohl v. Roberts..............88-1713, 2/2/89 88-1737 AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED CPC DENIED, IFP DENIED — DISMISSED DISMISSED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED REVERSED AND REMANDED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED REVERSED AND REMANDED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED Appeal from and Citation (if reported) N.D.W.Va. D.S.C. W.D.N.C. E.D.Va.; Appeal after remand 836 F.2d 545 E.D.Va. E.D.Va. W.D.Va. W.D.Va. E.D.N.C. E.D.N.C. M.D.N.C. E.D.N.C. E.D.N.C., 685 F.Supp. 508 S.D.W.Va. E.D.Va. E.D.N.C. N.D.W.Va. D.Md. D.S.C. D.Md. S.D.W.Va. D.Md. N.D.W.Va. D.S.C. E.D.Va. D.Md. D.Md.

*594594 869 FEDERAL REPORTER, 2d SERIES DECISIONS WITHOUT PUBLISHED OPINIONS — Continued Title Docket Number Date Home and Lot Owners Ass’n of Shawnee-Land, Inc. v. Mar-jec Inc.....................88-3093 James Berry Co., Inc. v. Ener-gywave Corp...............88-1522 Johnson v. City of Charlotte, N.C........................88-3031 Johnson v. C.I.R..............88-1727 Jordan v. Juhnke............87-1747 Kirby v. Lee.................88-7694 Langley v. Chester...........87-6608 Marshall v. Huffman.........88-7314 Martin v. Hagg..............88-7313 Miller, In re.................88-8024, 88-8025 Miller v. Culpeper County Jail 88-7267 Million v. Murray............88-7825 Moody v. State of MD........88-7259 Newkirk v. Portsmouth Circuit Court......................88-7799 Payne v. U.S. Dept, of Health & Human Services............88-3132 Pilar v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore City..........88-2147 Richard v. Weinberger.......88-3937 Rizer v. Gillispie.............88-7312 Ross v. Lightfoot.............88-7054 Ruffin v. Johnson............88-6818 Sanders v. U.S................88-2936 2/16/89 2/6/89 2/3/89 2/16/89 2/3/89 2/14/89 2/15/89 2/16/89 2/13/89 2/21/89 2/16/89 2/21/89 2/17/89 2/9/89 2/7/89 2/10/89 2/6/89 2/16/89 2/16/89 2/2/89 Shipp v. Dunning............88-6851 2/13/89 Smith, In re.................88-8027 2/21/89 Smith v. Bowen..............88-2524 2/10/89 Smith v. Warden, Maryland Penitentiary................88-7771 2/16/89 Spears v. Bullock............88-6757 2/13/89 Sweeney Co. of Maryland v. Engineers-Constructors, Inc. 88-3918, 2/10/89 88-3932 Talley v. Bowen..............88-3867 2/21/89 Tauber v. Goldstein..........88-3570 2/10/89 Tauber v. Meyer.............88-3569 2/10/89 T.E. Cuttino Const. Co. v. Rigid Steel Structures............88-3913 2/17/89 Disposition AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED DISMISSED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED IFP GRANTED-DISMISSED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED 2/15/89 AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED VACATED AND REMANDED DISMISSED AFFIRMED IFP DENIED— DISMISSED AFFIRMED IFP GRANTED-DENIED VACATED AND REMANDED CPC DENIED— DISMISSED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED Appeal from and Citation (if reported) W.D.Va. D.S.C. W.D.N.C. U.S.T.C. E.D.Va. E.D.N.C. E.D.N.C. W.D.Va. N.D.W.Va. M.D.N.C. E.D.Va. W.D.Va. D.Md. E.D.Va. W.D.Va. D.Md. E.D.Va. N.D.W.Va. D.Md. E.D.Va. D.Md. E.D.Va. D.Md. E.D.N.C. D.Md. E.D.N.C. E.D.Va.; Appeal after remand 823 F.2d 805 E.D.Va. D.Md. D.Md. D.S.C.

*595DECISIONS WITHOUT PUBLISHED OPINIONS 595 DECISIONS WITHOUT PUBLISHED OPINIONS-Docket Title Number Date Disposition Twine v. Murray.............88-7680 2/21/89 CPC DENIED— DISMISSED Underwood v. Winebrenner . .88-6775 2/2/89 CPC DENIED— DISMISSED U.S. v. Bush.................88-7133, 2/7/89 AFFIRMED i 88-7189 U.S. v. Dragotta..............88-7673 2/10/89 AFFIRMED U.S. v. Gbolade..............88-5016 2/15/89 AFFIRMED U.S. v. Henry................88-5033 2/21/89 AFFIRMED U.S. v. Hoffman.............87-5154 2/21/89 AFFIRMED U.S. v. Merchant.............88-5585 2/16/89 AFFIRMED U.S. v. Miller................88-7248 2/21/89 AFFIRMED U.S. v. Smith ................87-5139 2/16/89 AFFIRMED U.S. v. Swanger..............88-5536 2/15/89 AFFIRMED U.S. v. Woodard.............88-5117 2/8/89 AFFIRMED U.S. v. Worsley..............88-5120 2/21/89 AFFIRMED Varney v. Bowen.............88-2832 2/7/89 AFFIRMED Wheeler v. Virginia Elec. & Power Co..................88-1040 2/21/89 AFFIRMED Wilkins v. Gift...............88-6628 2/16/89 AFFIRMED Wilkins v. Packard...........88-6629 2/16/89 AFFIRMED Williams v. Harris-Teeter Supermarkets, Inc.............87-3192 2/16/89 AFFIRMED ■Continued Appeal from and Citation (if reported) E.D.Va. D.Md. E.D.Va. D.Md. E.D.N.C. W.D.N.C. M.D.N.C. W.D.Va. M.D.N.C. D.S.C. W.D.N.C. E.D.Va. E.D.Va. S.D.W.Va. N.D.W.Va. D.Md. D.Md. W.D.N.C.

DECISION

This is a consolidated appeal from orders disqualifying Jones, Day, Reavis & Pogue (Jones Day) as counsel for Picker International, Inc. (Picker) in two separate patent actions, one in the Northern District of Ohio, 670 F.Supp. 1363, and another in the District of Utah, against Varian Associates, Inc. (Varian). We affirm, holding that the district courts have not abused their discretion.

Background

On February 1, 1987, the law firms of McDougall, Hersh & Scott (MH & S) and Jones Day merged. Prior to the merger, Jones Day had a long-standing attorney-client relationship with Picker, and MH & S with Varian. In particular, MH & S was representing Varian in Genus v. Varian, Civil Action No. G-86-20098-WAI, in the Northern District of California. Following the announcement of the proposed merger, Varian expressed concern to MH & S about the conflict of interest which would arise from the merger since lawyers from Jones Day were representing Picker in pending patent infringement litigation between *580Picker and Yarian in the Northern District of Ohio.1

In a pre-merger letter dated December 31, 1986, MH & S sought Yarian’s consent to a screening process which would allow the newly merged firm to continue to represent Picker in the litigation against Yar-ian in Ohio and to keep Varían as a client in Genus and other matters. Varían rejected the proposed offer of simultaneous representation in a letter to MH & S dated January 9, 1987. In addition, on January 14,1987, Varían filed a motion to disqualify Jones Day as Picker’s counsel in the pending litigation between Picker and Varían in the district court in Ohio.

In response to Varian’s refusal to consent to MH & S’s proposal, on January 27, 1987, MH & S wrote Varían that it was compelled by the Model Code of Professional Responsibility “to cease ... representation of Varían in all matters as of January 31, 1987” including the ongoing Genus case. Varían responded on January 30, 1987, by pointing out that MH & S could not withdraw in the Genus case until MH & S had received leave of the district court pursuant to the Northern District of California’s local rule (L.R.) 110-5. Varían requested MH & S to defer asking the district court for leave to withdraw until the Ohio district court ruled on the disqualification motion. In addition, Varían expressed its concern that it would be left without representation in the ongoing Genus action. To alleviate this problem, attorneys of the merged firm, formerly of MH & S, signed an agreement in their individual capacities, and not as members of the merged Jones Day, to continue representation of Varían. Varían then moved to disqualify Jones Day as Picker’s attorneys in another patent infringement matter between Picker and Varían pending before the district court of Utah. Both district courts disqualified Jones Day and certified the following questions for appeal:

From the Northern District of Ohio:

In order to avoid a conflict of representation between two clients and comply with [Disciplinary Rule (DR)] 2-110 and DR 5-105, may a merging law firm (a firm consisting of two law firms which are about to merge) withdraw from representing one of those clients in all matters, even if the conflict between the clients exists as to only one matter?

From the District of Utah:

In light of Jones Day’s pre-merger attempt to obtain Varian’s consent to dual representation and McDougall’s pre-merger attempt to terminate its representation of Varían, which it delayed pending a decision on whether Jones Day would be disqualified from representing Picker, is post-merger Jones Day disqualified under DR 5-105, or any other provision of the Code of Professional Responsibility, from further representation of Picker in this case?

OPINION

This court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1292(b) and (c) and 1295 (1982) over certified but otherwise unappealable, interlocutory orders entered in cases basing jurisdiction upon 28 U.S.C. § 1338 (1982). On February 16, 1988, this court granted Picker’s petition for permission to appeal from the Ohio district court’s disqualification order in Misc. Docket No. 196, provided that the Ohio court submitted a controlling question of law. This court received the question on May 18, 1988. On May 12, 1988, this court granted in Misc. Docket No. 202 Picker’s petition for permission to appeal from the Utah district court’s disqualification order and Varian’s petition to consolidate the two appeals.

The Ohio and Utah district courts have answered the certified questions in this appeal using the provisions of the Model Code of Professional Responsibility. Questions dealing with the provisions of the Model Code of Professional Responsibility involve procedural matters which are not unique to patent cases. Atasi Corp. v. Seagate Technology, 847 F.2d 826, 829, 6 USPQ2d 1955, 1956 (Fed.Cir. 1988). Accordingly, in considering whether district judges in the Sixth and Tenth Circuits in*581correctly answered the certified questions, we will use the law of the particular regional circuit courts where appeals from these two district courts would normally lie. Id. (disqualification order in a patent case in district court in California reviewed according to Ninth Circuit law).

The standard of review for findings of fact from the various district courts is the clearly erroneous standard. Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a). See Melamed v. ITT Continental Baking Co., 592 F.2d 290, 292 (6th Cir. 1979), vacated on other grounds, 449 U.S. 368, 373, 101 S.Ct. 669, 673, 66 L.Ed.2d 571 (1981). See Sawyer v. Swift & Co., 836 F.2d 1257, 1259 (10th Cir. 1988) (“[T]he clearly erroneous standard applies to all cases where the trial court makes findings of fact.”). (Emphasis added.)

For rulings on disqualification motions, the standard in the Sixth Circuit is abuse of discretion. See D.H. Overmyer Co., Inc. v. Robson, 750 F.2d 31, 34 (6th Cir. 1984) (Bankruptcy court decided not to admit attorney pro hac vice because attorney had conflict of interest under DR 5-101(A)). “The judge’s reasoning for his decision is supported by the record and in accordance with well-settled legal principles. Therefore, it simply cannot be deemed an abuse of discretion.” Id. For rulings on disqualification motions in the Tenth Circuit, the standard is also abuse of discretion unless the question of disqualification is purely legal. See Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Orson H. Gygi Co., Inc., 749 F.2d 620, 621 (10th Cir. 1984).

The district court in Ohio found that Var-ían was a client of the newly merged firm; it therefore ruled, in accordance with the language and precept of DR 5-105, i.e., the duty of loyalty firms owe existing clients, that the new firm had to withdraw from the one case which produced the conflict, Picker International, Inc. v. Varian Associates, Inc., 670 F.Supp. 1363 (N.D.Ohio 1987), rather than terminate its long-standing relationship with Varían and its representation of Varían in various matters.

The district court in Utah, adopting the report and recommendations of its magistrate, found that prohibited simultaneous representation occurred in Picker International, Inc. v. Varian Associates, Inc., Civil Action No. 87C-496S, because MH & S’s attempted withdrawal in Genus v. Varían was incomplete due to its failure to meet the requirements of the local withdrawal rule. Moreover, withdrawal by the merged firm from the case of its choice, Genus v. Varían, would not end the conflict of interest because Jones Day’s failure to comply with DR 5-105 could not properly be rectified by Jones Day’s discontinuing its representation of Varían as a client.

I. DISCIPLINARY RULE 5-105.

Upon careful but not de novo review of both records and decisions, we conclude neither court abused its discretion in disqualifying Jones Day. Although the sanction of disqualification does not follow automatically from a violation of DR 5-105, i.e., no per se rule of disqualification, see Bodily v. Intermountain Health Care Corp., 649 F.Supp. 468, 477 (D. Utah 1986), a court may disqualify firms if it finds a violation of DR 5-105 and concludes that the sanction of disqualification should apply because the particular facts in the case warrant such action.

DR 5-105(B) requires that a lawyer “not continue multiple employment if the exercise of his independent professional judgment in behalf of a client will be or is likely to be adversely affected by his representation of another client, or if it would be likely to involve him in representing differing interests,____” Model Code of Professional Responsibility DR 5-105(B) (1980). (Emphasis added.) Courts presume an adverse effect results when an attorney litigates a lawsuit against a present client. See Harte Biltmore Ltd. v. First Pennsylvania Bank, N.A., 655 F.Supp. 419, 421 (S.D.Fla. 1987) (After a merger of two firms, members from the merged firm represented and opposed a client in two different matters. The court stated that possible adverse effects included diminution in efforts to represent a client when the same firm also opposes the client and a deleterious effect on the attorney-client relationship.). MH & S’s planned merger with *582Jones Day would certainly result in the merged firm taking a position adverse to a present client, Varían, because the merged firm, if it followed the wishes of its merging predecessors, wanted to continue to represent Picker in its action against Var-ian, as well as represent Varían in the Genus action.

An attorney may represent multiple clients with inconsistent interests only if “it is obvious that he can adequately represent the interest of each and if each consents to the representation after full disclosure of the possible effect of such representation on the exercise of his independent professional judgment on behalf of each.” Model Code of Professional Responsibility DR 5-105(C) (1980) (emphasis added). See, e.g., Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington County, Oregon v. Jelco Inc., 646 F.2d 1339, 1346 (9th Cir. 1981) (consent is a necessary but not sufficient precondition to simultaneous representation); EEOC, 749 F.2d at 622 (attorney could have continued dual representation only if he had obtained the consent of both clients). See also Bodily, 649 F.Supp. at 475 (attorney must obtain consent to dual representation).

Before merging with Jones Day, MH & S sought such consent from Varían in the letter dated December 31, 1986. Clearly within its prerogative and also during the pre-merger period, Varían rejected the proposed offer of simultaneous representation in the letter to MH & S dated January 9, 1987. Having failed to obtain Varian’s consent to the overlapping representation, MH & S attempted to legitimize the continuing representation of Picker in these two cases by trying to withdraw its representation of Varían in all outstanding matters. However, MH & S’s unilateral attempt to terminate Varían as a client was not complete and thus could not resolve the conflict problem posed by the impending merger. MH & S’s and Jones Day’s actions have therefore violated DR 5-105. Moreover, the district courts acted within their discretion in concluding that only disqualification would suffice to resolve the conflict.

II. FAILURE TO FOLLOW MANDATORY PROCEDURES.

As stated above, the disqualification of Jones Day resulted from its dual representation of Picker and Varían. That Jones Day continued to represent Varían is established by MH & S’s admitted failure to complete the mandatory withdrawal procedures applicable in the district. According to the rules in effect in the Northern District of California, permission, i.e., “leave of court,” was a necessary prerequisite to withdrawal as counsel from Genus v. Var-ían by MH & S. However, MH & S neither sought permission from nor was it granted permission by the District Court for the Northern District of California to withdraw from the Genus case. Instead, MH & S tried unilaterally to accomplish a withdrawal by notifying Varían in the January 27, 1987 letter that MH & S would no longer be representing Varían in four specific actions including the Genus case. When Varían asked MH & S to defer filing a withdrawal petition, MH & S was under no duty to follow such a request. Indeed, MH & S cannot be heard to complain because it acquiesced to its client’s request, and therefore failed to follow the rules of court which MH & S knew governed MH & S’s conduct. Furthermore, according to the mandatory withdrawal rules of DR 2-110(B)(2), if MH & S knew or it was obvious that its continued employment would result in violation of a Disciplinary Rule, i.e., DR 5-105, then MH & S had a duty to withdraw after gaining leave of court if such leave was required by local rules. Model Code of Professional Responsibility DR 2-110(B)(2) (1980). The Northern District of California had such a rule. California (N.D.) L.R. 110-5 (effective August 1, 1977; revised May 1, 1983).

Although MH & S admits it participated in the representation of Varían in the Genus action, MH & S asserts that it did not need the California district court’s permission to withdraw from the case because none of the MH & S attorneys working on the case were admitted to practice in the Northern District of California or had been admitted pro hac vice. However, the district court in Utah specifically found that *583withdrawal of counsel from the Genus case was incomplete as of the merger date because leave of the California district court to withdraw had not been obtained. The district court in Ohio also found that MH & S was still representing Varian in the Genus suit. We determine that neither court’s finding was clearly erroneous and note that, in fact, the record establishes that MH & S implicitly conceded representation when, prior to the merger, it requested that neither its name nor the name of any of its attorneys appear in any future papers filed in the Genus case in the district court as attorneys for Varian although they had in the past.

Because MH & S’s withdrawal was not effective before the merger due to its failure to follow an applicable withdrawal rule, simultaneous representation of clients with inconsistent interests did occur by the merging or newly merged law firm. Variant objection to that simultaneous representation should have precluded the merging or newly merged firm from choosing to maintain one client over another.

III. THE DUTY OF LOYALTY A FIRM OWES TO ITS EXISTING CLIENTS.

The propriety of an attorney’s conduct under DR 5-105(B) is “ ‘measured not so much against the similarities in litigation, as against the duty of undivided loyalty which an attorney owes to each of his clients.’ ” EEOC, 749 F.2d at 622 (quoting Cinema 5, Ltd. v. Cinerama, Inc., 528 F.2d 1384, 1386 (2d Cir. 1976)). Since clients of the same firm with conflicting or differing interests are protected by the consent and obviousness conditions of DR 5-105, and since Varian never gave its consent to the newly merged firm for the firm to represent Picker in the action against Varian, Jones Day’s continuing representation of Picker in these two cases violated the undivided duty of loyalty that it owed to Varian. As the Ohio district court points out, while the firm may represent clients with inconsistent interests if the criteria of DR 5-105 are met, the firm may not choose to represent only one.

Picker argues that the court’s analysis in Manning v. Waring, Cox, James, Sklar and Allen, 849 F.2d 222 (6th Cir. 1988) supports its position that no conflict of interest exists in this particular merger situation. We disagree. Although the Manning case did involve a lawyer joining another firm, the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit analyzed the conflict in that case according to the principles behind Canon 4 of the Model Code of Professional Responsibility, i.e., the duty owed by a law firm to a former client, instead of Canon 5, i.e., the duty of undivided loyalty a law firm owes existing clients. The court was also concerned about a potential violation of DR 5-105 based on an actual conflict of interest, but determined that a confused factual record prevented a ruling on that issue. The case was remanded to clarify the facts. We do note, however, that the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit stated that if an actual conflict existed and knowing consent was not given by both clients, then the district court’s decision of disqualification would stand affirmed. Manning, 849 F.2d at 227.

We recognize that conflicts of interest between clients arising under DR 5-105 may increase as mergers between law firms become more common. See Harte Biltmore Ltd., 655 F.Supp. at 422. To allow the merged firm to pick and choose which clients will survive the merger would violate the duty of undivided loyalty that the firms owe each of their clients under DR 5-105. See Unified Sewerage, 646 F.2d at 1345 n. 4. See also Estates Theatres, Inc. v. Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc., 345 F.Supp. 93, 99-101 (S.D.N.Y. 1972) (In light of DR 2-110’s purpose, the court not the attorney makes the_dgcision about which client the attorney _must withdraw from representing in this-differing interests-multiple representation-situation.). If clients with conflicting interests do not consent to simultaneous representation, then the newly merged firm must follow the standards in DR 2-110.

DR 2-110 recognizes the right of a court to create rules to require attorneys to gain leave of court in both permissive and man*584datory withdrawal situations before they can withdraw their representation of clients in proceedings before that tribunal. As in any other case involving withdrawal, the newly merged firm must follow any applicable local rules relating to DR 2-110. The newly merged firm of Jones Day failed to follow the standards set forth in DR 2-110.

While the Ohio court was aware that its decision might injure Picker (although it retained alternative counsel), through no fault of Picker’s, the court noted that a different result would injure Varían, also through no fault of Varian’s. The Ohio judge also reviewed the timing of the conflict in the litigation. In addition, the judge looked at Jones Day’s unwillingness to recognize an “unavoidable” conflict and to take measures that would have proved beneficial to its client Picker, i.e., to step aside when the conflict arose so that new counsel could become acquainted with the case. The magistrate in Utah found the Ohio district court’s opinion persuasive and recommended that the Utah district court follow this earlier case as precedent. The Utah court affirmed the magistrate’s report in all respects after de novo review.

IV. ANY WAIVER OR CONSENT WAS INEFFECTIVE.

After Varían realized that the merged firm refused to consider Varían a client, Varían agreed by letter on February 11,1987 to accept representation of Varían, in several actions including the ongoing Genus action, by Jones Day attorneys, formerly with MH & S.2 The letter specified that these attorneys were acting in their individual capacities. It appears that Var-ían agreed to this arrangement while the motion for disqualification in the Ohio court was pending. From Varian’s perspective, the agreement was a necessary evil as long as the merged firm was refusing to acknowledge Varían as a client in order for the merged firm to preserve its client relationship with Picker and to represent Picker in the Ohio case. As a legal matter, however, such an agreement, signed under such conditions of duress, does not constitute voluntary waiver of or consent to Jones Day’s behavior. Jones Day need not be permitted to force Varían to accept a second-class level of clienthood encumbered by such conflict, in order that Jones Day may continue to represent a more preferred client in all pending cases.

Accordingly, in response to the certified question of appeal from the Northern District of Ohio, where the district court answered no, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in ruling that this merging law firm must withdraw from the one case that provides the conflict, Civil Action No. C86-327, instead of ending its relationship with Varían, one of its clients. In response to the certified question of appeal from the District of Utah, where the district court answered yes, we conclude that that district court did not abuse its discretion in ruling that Jones Day is precluded under the provisions of DR 5-105 from representing Picker in Civil Action No. 87C-596S. Therefore, the decision of each court disqualifying Jones Day as counsel for Picker is

AFFIRMED.