*1300 Keith Raniere ("Raniere") appeals from the district court's decisions awarding attorney fees and costs to Microsoft Corporation and AT&T Corporation (together, "Appellees"). Raniere v. Microsoft Corp. , Nos. 15-0540 & 15-2298, 2016 WL 4626584 (N.D. Tex. Sept. 2, 2016) ( Fees Decision ); Raniere v. Microsoft Corp. , Nos. 15-0540 & 15-2298, slip op. (N.D. Tex. Dec. 22, 2016) (J.A. 34-40). Because the district court did not err in finding that Appellees are prevailing parties under 35 U.S.C. § 285 (2012), and did not abuse its discretion in awarding attorney fees and costs under that provision, we affirm.

BACKGROUND

Raniere sued Appellees for patent infringement, asserting five patents against AT&T ( U.S. Patent Nos. 6,373,936, 6,819,752, 7,215,752 ("the '5752 patent"), 7,391,856, and 7,844,041 ("the '041 patent") ) and two of these five patents against Microsoft (the '5752 patent and the '041 patent). Fees Decision , 2016 WL 4626584 , at *1.

In 1995, Raniere and the other named inventors of the patents at issue assigned all rights in these patents to Global Technologies, Inc. ("GTI"). Id. at *2. Raniere is not listed on GTI's incorporation documents as an officer, director, or shareholder. GTI was administratively dissolved in May 1996. Id.

In December 2014, Raniere executed a document on behalf of GTI, claiming to be its "sole owner," that purportedly transferred the asserted patents from GTI to himself. Id. Raniere's suits against Appellees identified himself as the owner of the patents at issue.

In 2015, Microsoft moved to dismiss Raniere's suit for lack of standing, noting that the PTO's records indicated that Raniere did not own the patents at issue. Raniere's counsel represented to the district court that GTI's ownership passed to Raniere in its entirety at some point, and that Raniere properly transferred ownership of the patents from GTI to himself. Id. The court ordered Raniere to produce documentation proving these representations. Id. Raniere produced various documents that, according to the district court, failed to indicate that Raniere had an ownership interest in GTI at any time or that Raniere had the right to assign the patents at issue from GTI to himself. Id. at *3. Given Raniere's failure to produce evidence to support his standing, the district court permitted Appellees to conduct limited discovery into the standing issue and stayed the cases pending its resolution. Id.

Appellees suspended discovery when the parties began negotiating terms of settlement, but Raniere refused to finalize the settlement. Id. AT&T then filed a motion for an order to show cause why the action should not be dismissed under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b) for lack of standing. Id. AT&T also noted that Raniere was seeking third-party discovery in violation of the district court's discovery order. Id. Raniere informed the district court that he could produce evidence to establish his standing, but he required a subpoena to obtain evidence from Alan Rubens, a Washington state attorney. Id. The district court permitted this limited discovery request and ordered Rubens to produce all relevant documentation. Id. Rubens's documents showed the GTI shareholders' consent to a transfer of shares from Raniere's ex-girlfriend-who owned 75% of GTI's shares-to Raniere.

*1301 The documents Raniere proffered did not indicate that any such transfer was ever completed, however, and did not establish that Raniere owned the patents at issue.

In light of these documents, Appellees filed a renewed motion to dismiss for lack of standing. Id. In response, Raniere filed a motion seeking the court's permission to submit additional evidence showing that he had sole ownership over GTI. Id. The district court granted-in-part and denied-in-part this motion, stating that Raniere had received "more than a fair opportunity to adduce evidence to establish his standing." J.A. 2340.

The district court held a hearing on Appellees' motion to dismiss. Fees Decision , 2016 WL 4626584 , at *4. Raniere testified, over Appellees' objection, that the other inventors had disavowed any interest in GTI and given their ownership interests to Raniere. Id. Raniere also testified that his ex-girlfriend held her shares in the corporation in trust for him, based on a side letter executed between these parties, but he did not have possession of that letter nor did he know where the letter could be. Id. The district court found that Raniere's testimony surrounding the alleged transfer contradicted Raniere's earlier representation that the shares had already been transferred to him and was "wholly incredible and untruthful." Id.

The district court concluded that Raniere was unlikely to be able to cure the standing defect, and dismissed the case with prejudice . Id. ; J.A. 2362. The district court also stated that it dismissed with prejudice because it found that Raniere's conduct demonstrated "a clear history of delay and contumacious conduct." Fees Decision , 2016 WL 4626584 , at *4.

Raniere appealed the district court's decision on standing. We summarily affirmed the district court's dismissal with prejudice of Raniere's action for lack of standing. Raniere v. Microsoft Corp. , 673 Fed.Appx. 1008 (Fed. Cir. 2017).

While the merits appeal was pending, Appellees filed a motion seeking attorney fees and costs pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 285 . The district court concluded that, because it dismissed Raniere's claims with prejudice, Appellees were prevailing parties for the purposes of § 285. Fees Decision , 2016 WL 4626584 , at *4. Although Raniere disputed that dismissal for lack of standing with prejudice was sufficient to confer prevailing-party status on Appellees, the district court explained that "[a] dismissal with prejudice alters the relationship between the parties and is sufficient to confer prevailing party status for purposes of considering a claim for fees under section 285." Id. The district court also concluded that dismissal with prejudice is an appropriate remedy where it is unlikely that the plaintiff will be able to cure the standing defect. On this point, the district court explained that it had given Raniere multiple opportunities to cure the identified standing defect, but "[n]one of the evidence produced or arguments advanced by [Raniere] in support of his alleged standing gave the Court any reason to believe that the problem could be cured." Id. at 2.

The district court next concluded that this case was exceptional because it stood out from other cases "with respect to the unreasonable manner in which it was litigated. [Raniere]'s conduct throughout this litigation, culminating in his untruthful testimony at the hearing on the motion to dismiss, demonstrates a pattern of obfuscation and bad faith." Id. at *5. The district court noted that Raniere promised repeatedly that he could produce evidence that would cure the standing defect identified by Appellees and the district court. Id. But Raniere failed to satisfy these promises, according to the district court, as "[d]espite numerous representations, [Raniere *1302 ] failed to produce any written document or other credible evidence that he had an interest in GTI that would allow him to transfer the patents to himself." Id. Raniere's conduct required Appellees "to expend significant resources to oppose [Raniere]'s arguments, which the Court now finds were made in bad faith to vexatiously multiply these proceedings and avoid early dismissal." Id. The district court rejected Raniere's attempts to recharacterize his conduct as "zealous pursuit of his good faith claim of ownership," noting its finding that Raniere "made false and misleading representations to Defendants and the Court that resulted in, among other things, prejudice to Defendants in the form of significant legal fees incurred in defending this action." Id. The district court awarded fees and non-taxable costs for the period of time between the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 16 conference and the district court's order of dismissal. Id.

In the alternative, the district court sanctioned Raniere's conduct under its inherent authority. Id. The district court reiterated that Raniere had "acted in bad faith and vexatiously multiplied these proceedings" by failing to seize on any of the multiple opportunities to correct the standing issue. Id. "From the inception of the litigation, [Raniere] engaged in a pattern of obfuscation, offering inconsistent theories and arguments and promising to produce evidence that never materialized." Id. The district court noted that Raniere failed to voluntarily dismiss the case when confronted with the fatal standing defect, instead imposing expenses on both Appellees and the district court. Id. According to the district court, "[t]his deplorable conduct constitutes an abuse of the judicial process and warrants an imposition of sanctions under the Court's inherent powers." Id.

Although Raniere argued that his conduct was not sufficiently egregious to justify imposition of sanctions under the district court's inherent powers, the district court rejected Raniere's characterization of his actions, noting that it "requires full candor on all matters from the parties who come to it seeking relief. [Raniere]'s submission of a document that contained a knowingly false representation constitutes an abuse of the judicial process that warrants sanctions." Id. The district court found "that an award of fees is the least severe sanction adequate to deter similar conduct by [Raniere] in the future and to preserve the integrity of the Court." Id.

In the order granting attorney fees, the district court directed Appellees to submit evidence of their reasonable fees and costs. Id. at *6. AT&T submitted evidence that it incurred $395,050.30 in attorney fees and $13,917.10 in costs, and Microsoft submitted evidence that it incurred $176,166.40 in attorney fees and $2,073.68 in costs. Raniere objected to these figures.

The district court applied the lodestar method to determine the appropriate amount of attorney fees. The district court found that the hourly rates Appellees' counsel charged were reasonable. Although Raniere argued that AT&T improperly redacted its invoices and included unintelligible time entries, thus justifying a lower fee award, the district court found that "[t]he allegedly objectionable time entries are not block billed, or so vague or unintelligible as to prevent meaningful review." J.A. 30. The district court found Appellees were not entitled to fees spent on certain matters after the district court issued its stay order. And, the district court reduced the lodestar for both Appellees by twenty percent due to duplication of efforts between Microsoft and AT&T attorneys. In view of these determinations, the district court awarded $300,295.71 to *1303 AT&T and $143,719.26 to Microsoft in attorney fees and costs. J.A. 33.

Raniere appeals the district court's fee award. We have jurisdiction to review this appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1295 (a).

DISCUSSION

A district court "in exceptional cases may award reasonable attorney fees to the prevailing party." 35 U.S.C. § 285 . An exceptional case, though rare,

is simply one that stands out from others with respect to the substantive strength of a party's litigating position (considering both the governing law and the facts of the case) or the unreasonable manner in which the case was litigated. District courts may determine whether a case is "exceptional" in the case-by-case exercise of their discretion, considering the totality of the circumstances.

Octane Fitness, LLC v. ICON Health & Fitness, Inc. , --- U.S. ----, 134 S.Ct. 1749 , 1756, 188 L.Ed.2d 816 (2014). As such, "the exceptional-case determination is to be reviewed only for abuse of discretion." Highmark Inc. v. Allcare Health Mgmt. Sys., Inc. , --- U.S. ----, 134 S.Ct. 1744 , 1748, 188 L.Ed.2d 829 (2014). "An abuse of discretion occurs when a district court's decision commits legal error or is based on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence." Univ. of Utah v. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Wissenschaften e.V. , 851 F.3d 1317 , 1322 (Fed. Cir. 2017). "A factual finding is clearly erroneous if, despite some supporting evidence, we are left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made." Id. (quoting Insite Vision Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc. , 783 F.3d 853 , 858 (Fed. Cir. 2015) ).

Raniere challenges the district court's decision on four grounds. First, he contends that the district court erred in finding that Appellees are prevailing parties under § 285. Second, he argues that the district court abused its discretion in finding this case "exceptional." Third, he asserts that the district court erred in sanctioning Raniere under its inherent authority, in the alternative to a fee award under § 285. Finally, he argues that the district court abused its discretion in determining the amount of the fee award.

We conclude that Appellees are prevailing parties, and that the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding this case exceptional under § 285 or in its fee award. We, thus, need not reach the district court's sanction under its inherent authority in the alternative.

A. Appellees Are Prevailing Parties

Raniere first disputes whether Appellees are prevailing parties under § 285. Raniere contends that dismissal with prejudice for lack of standing is not an adjudication on the merits, as he contends is required to find that a defendant is a "prevailing party" under our case law. Raniere also asserts that dismissal with prejudice, without adjudication of a patent infringement claim, should preclude finding that a defendant has prevailed in a litigation. We disagree with these statements, particularly in light of the Supreme Court's recent decision in CRST Van Expedited, Inc. v. EEOC , which held that a favorable judgment on the merits is not necessary for a defendant to be deemed a prevailing party for purposes of statutory fee-shifting. --- U.S. ----, 136 S.Ct. 1642 , 1651, 194 L.Ed.2d 707 (2016). Even without CRST , we conclude that the district court's dismissal with prejudice of Raniere's case for lack of standing is tantamount to a judgment on the merits. Under either of these rationales, Appellees have in fact prevailed in this case.

*1304 The Supreme Court has addressed the issue of what constitutes a "prevailing party" on several occasions. In Buckhannon Board & Care Home, Inc. v. West Virginia Department of Health & Human Resources , 532 U.S. 598 , 121 S.Ct. 1835 , 149 L.Ed.2d 855 (2001), the Supreme Court rejected the "catalyst" theory for identifying a prevailing party, under which a plaintiff is a "prevailing party" in a lawsuit if it achieves the desired result by bringing about a voluntary change in the defendant's behavior. There, the Court stated:

Our "[r]espect for ordinary language requires that a plaintiff receive at least some relief on the merits of his claim before he can be said to prevail."

....

A defendant's voluntary change in conduct, although perhaps accomplishing what the plaintiff sought to achieve by the lawsuit, lacks the necessary judicial imprimatur on the change. Our precedents thus counsel against holding that the term "prevailing party" authorizes an award of attorney[ ] fees without a corresponding alteration in the legal relationship of the parties

....

We cannot agree that the term "prevailing party" authorizes federal courts to award attorney[ ] fees to a plaintiff who, by simply filing a nonfrivolous but nonetheless potentially meritless lawsuit (it will never be determined), has reached the "sought-after destination" without obtaining any judicial relief.

Id. at 603-06 (emphasis in original) (quoting Hewitt v. Helms , 482 U.S. 755 , 760, 107 S.Ct. 2672 , 96 L.Ed.2d 654 (1987) ).

We have interpreted Buckhannon and its application to jurisdictional dismissals in prior cases. We interpreted Buckhannon to require that, "[i]n determining whether a party is a prevailing party in patent litigation, we apply the general principle that 'to be a prevailing party, one must receive at least some relief on the merits, which alters ... the legal relationship of the parties.' " Inland Steel Co. v. LTV Steel Co. , 364 F.3d 1318 , 1320 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (quoting Former Emps. of Motorola Ceramic Prods. v. United States , 336 F.3d 1360 , 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (internal quotations omitted) ). We clarified later that " 'relief on the merits' at least required that the party obtain a court order materially changing the legal relationship of the parties." Rice Servs., Ltd. v. United States , 405 F.3d 1017 , 1023 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (citing Buckhannon , 532 U.S. at 604-05 , 121 S.Ct. 1835 ).

Raniere argues that Appellees cannot be prevailing parties because Appellees did not prevail on the merits. In his view, Appellees only "won" a judgment that Raniere did not possess standing to bring his suit, which is merely jurisdictional. And, he contends that we have previously made clear that a dismissal for lack of standing is generally to be without prejudice because it is not an adjudication on the merits. Univ. of Pittsburgh v. Varian Med. Sys., Inc. , 569 F.3d 1328 , 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2009). But as noted, the Supreme Court recently clarified Buckhannon 's rule in CRST , holding that "a defendant need not obtain a favorable judgment on the merits in order to be a 'prevailing party.' " 136 S.Ct. at 1651 .

In CRST , the Court first summarized its prior precedent on the issue of prevailing parties, noting that the "touchstone of the prevailing party inquiry must be the material alteration of the legal relationship of the parties." Id. at 1646 (quoting Tex. State Teachers Ass'n v. Garland Indep. Sch. Dist. , 489 U.S. 782 , 792-93, 109 S.Ct. 1486 , 103 L.Ed.2d 866 (1989) ). Acknowledging Buckhannon 's requirement that the change in relationship between the *1305 parties "must be marked by 'judicial imprimatur ,' " the Court explained that, "when a plaintiff secures an 'enforceable judgmen[t] on the merits' or a 'court-ordered consent decre[e],' that plaintiff is the prevailing party because he has received a 'judicially sanctioned change in the legal relationship of the parties.' " Id. (alterations in original) (quoting Buckhannon , 532 U.S. at 604-05 , 121 S.Ct. 1835 ).

The Court explained, though, that, before CRST , it had "not set forth in detail how courts should determine whether a defendant has prevailed." Id. On this point, it concluded that "[c]ommon sense undermines the notion that a defendant cannot 'prevail' unless the relevant disposition is on the merits," and that "[t]he defendant may prevail even if the court's final judgment rejects the plaintiff's claim for a nonmerits reason." Id. at 1651. This is logical, explained the Court, because "[t]he defendant has ... fulfilled its primary objective whenever the plaintiff's challenge is rebuffed, irrespective of the precise reason for the court's decision," even if the defendant "might prefer a judgment vindicating its position regarding the substantive merits of the plaintiff's allegations." Id.

The Court further noted that, in the context of 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(k), the fee-shifting provision of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964:

[C]ongressional policy regarding the exercise of district court discretion in the ultimate decision whether to award fees does not distinguish between merits-based and non-merits-based judgments.... [O]ne purpose of the fee-shifting provision is to deter the bringing of lawsuits without foundation.... The Court, therefore, has interpreted the statute to allow prevailing defendants to recover whenever the plaintiff's "claim was frivolous, unreasonable, or groundless." It would make little sense if Congress' policy of sparing defendants from the costs of frivolous litigation[ ] depended on the distinction between merits-based and non-merits-based frivolity. Congress must have intended that a defendant could recover fees expended in frivolous, unreasonable, or groundless litigation when the case is resolved in the defendant's favor, whether on the merits or not.

Id. at 1652 (emphasis in original) (internal quotations and citations omitted).

Although CRST considered the fee-shifting provision of Title VII, the Court explained there that "Congress has included the term 'prevailing party' in various fee-shifting statutes, and it has been the Court's approach to interpret the term in a consistent manner." Id. at 1646 (citing Buckhannon , 532 U.S. at 602-03 , 121 S.Ct. 1835 ); see Buckhannon , 532 U.S. at 602 , 121 S.Ct. 1835 ("Congress ... has authorized the award of attorney[ ] fees to the 'prevailing party' in numerous statutes in addition to those at issue here."); Hensley v. Eckerhart , 461 U.S. 424 , 433 n.7, 103 S.Ct. 1933 , 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983) (holding that interpretation of "prevailing party" in a case involving the Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Awards Act of 1976, 42 U.S.C. § 1988 , is "generally applicable in all cases in which Congress has authorized an award of fees to a 'prevailing party' ").

Our sister circuits have interpreted CRST to mean that, if a defendant succeeds on a jurisdictional issue, it may be a prevailing party. The First Circuit recently examined a similar issue: whether a defendant that prevailed because plaintiffs failed to demonstrate their standing can be a "prevailing party" under 17 U.S.C. § 505 (2012), the fee-shifting provision of the Copyright Act. See Small Justice LLC v. Xcentric Ventures LLC , 873 F.3d 313 (1st Cir. 2017). The First Circuit concluded that, under CRST and its circuit law, the *1306 district court did not abuse its discretion in awarding fees when that court "resolved the parties' copyright dispute on standing grounds without reaching the merits of ownership." Id. at 327-28 (internal quotation marks omitted).

Similarly, the Ninth Circuit concluded that CRST overruled its earlier holding in Branson v. Nott , 62 F.3d 287 (9th Cir. 1995) that, when a defendant wins based on a dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, that defendant is not a prevailing party under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 . Amphastar Pharms. Inc. v. Aventis Pharma SA , 856 F.3d 696 , 710 (9th Cir. 2017). The district court in the Amphastar qui tam case applied Branson 's holding, but the Ninth Circuit panel concluded that, even though the defendant in the action did not win on the "merits," it had spent significant time and resources fighting the lawsuit, and fees should be awarded to deter future frivolous filings. Id. In other words, "[c]ommon sense says that [the defendant] has won a significant victory and permanently changed the 'legal relationship of the parties.' " Id. (quoting CRST , 136 S.Ct. at 1646 ). 1

We reach the same conclusion our sister circuits have reached regarding CRST , which clarified the application of Buckhannon to defendants seeking prevailing-party status. The relevant inquiry post- CRST , then, is not limited to whether a defendant prevailed on the merits, but also considers whether the district court's decision-"a judicially sanctioned change in the legal relationship of the parties"-effects or rebuffs a plaintiff's attempt to effect a "material alteration in the legal relationship between the parties." CRST , 136 S.Ct. at 1646, 1651 . And the same policy rationales the CRST Court emphasized in support of its holding underscore § 285 actions: the statute deters filing of "exceptional" cases-those "that stand[ ] out from others with respect to the substantive strength of a party's litigating position (considering both the governing law and the facts of the case) or the unreasonable manner in which the case was litigated." Octane Fitness , 134 S.Ct. at 1756.

Raniere has not persuasively explained why we should make a distinction between § 285 and other statutory provisions that award attorney fees to "prevailing parties," and we see no reason to make such a distinction in light of the Supreme Court's clear command to construe the term "prevailing party" consistently across fee-shifting regimes. We hold CRST applies to our analysis of prevailing-party status under § 285, and that defendants need not prevail on the merits to be classified as a "prevailing party." To the extent inconsistent with this conclusion, our prior case law to the contrary- Inland Steel and its progeny-is abrogated accordingly.

Even if the district court's decision to dismiss with prejudice for lack of standing is not based on the substantive merits of a plaintiff's case, CRST makes clear that a merits decision is not required. Appellees spent significant time and resources to prevail in this action, as reflected by their request for attorney fees and costs. And here, Appellees "won" through the court's dismissal of Raniere's case with prejudice-they prevented Raniere from achieving a material alteration of the relationship between them, based on a decision marked by "judicial imprimatur ."

*1307 CRST , 136 S.Ct. at 1646 . Appellees received all relief to which they were entitled. The district court's findings entitle Appellees to a finding that they have prevailed in this litigation, such that an award of attorney fees would be appropriate.

Even without the benefit of CRST 's clarification of Buckhannon , moreover, we still would conclude that the district court did not err in finding that Appellees are prevailing parties. The district court's dismissal with prejudice of Raniere's infringement suit was tantamount to a decision on the merits, making it sufficient to establish Appellees as prevailing parties.

Raniere objects to this conclusion, arguing that Varian makes clear that a dismissal for lack of standing is not an adjudication on the merits under Rule 41(b). But Varian examined whether dismissal with prejudice is appropriate when jurisdictional defects exist, and explained that "a dismissal for lack of standing should generally be without prejudice, particularly when the defect is curable." 569 F.3d at 1332 . Varian did not hold that a dismissal with prejudice is never appropriate in such circumstances, however. Here, the district court found explicitly that the standing defect was unlikely to be curable, based on Raniere's repeated failures to correct the defect. Fees Decision , 2016 WL 4626584 , at *4. The district court also based its decision to dismiss the matter with prejudice on Raniere's pattern of delay and "contumacious conduct." Id. This case is, thus, materially distinguishable from Varian because the dismissal here was with prejudice . 2

As we noted in Highway Equipment Co. v. FECO, Ltd. , a voluntary dismissal with prejudice under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(2)"has the necessary judicial imprimatur to constitute a judicially sanctioned change in the legal relationship of the parties, such that the district court properly could entertain [the defendant's] fee claim under 35 U.S.C. § 285 ." 469 F.3d 1027 , 1035 (Fed. Cir. 2006). And in Power Mosfet Technologies, LLC v. Siemens AG , where the plaintiff voluntarily dismissed one defendant from the case with prejudice, we concluded that the district court erred in not finding that defendant to be a prevailing party as to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54 costs. 3 378 F.3d 1396 , 1416 (Fed. Cir. 2004). There, we stated that "[t]he dismissal of a claim with prejudice, however, is a judgment on the merits under the law of the Federal Circuit." Id. (citing Hallco Mfg. Co. v. Foster , 256 F.3d 1290 , 1297 (Fed. Cir. 2001) ).

*1308 Raniere objects, but does not explain why this principle would not apply to dismissals under Rule 41(b). To the contrary, the Supreme Court has explained, in the context of discussing the differences between Rule 41(a) and Rule 41(b), that "an 'adjudication upon the merits' is the opposite of a 'dismissal without prejudice .' " Semtek Int'l Inc. v. Lockheed Martin Corp. , 531 U.S. 497 , 505, 121 S.Ct. 1021 , 149 L.Ed.2d 32 (2001) (emphasis added). Semtek cites to Wright & Miller for the propositions that "[b]oth parts of Rule 41... use the phrase 'without prejudice' as a contrast to adjudication on the merits," id. (citing 18 Wright, Miller, & Cooper, Federal Practice & Procedure § 4435, at 329 n.4 (1981) ), and that " 'with prejudice' is an acceptable form of shorthand for 'an adjudication upon the merits,' " id. (citing 9 Wright, Miller, & Cooper, Federal Practice & Procedure § 2373, at 396 n.4 (1981) ). As Wright & Miller explains with respect to awarding costs to the prevailing party, "dismissal of the action, whether on the merits or not, generally means [the] defendant is the prevailing party," and "[a] party who is only partially successful also can be deemed a prevailing party." 10 Wright, Miller & Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2667 (3d ed. 2002) ; cf. Schwarz v. Folloder , 767 F.2d 125 , 129-30 (5th Cir. 1985) ("Dismissal of an action with prejudice is a complete adjudication of the issues presented by the pleadings and is a bar to a further action between the parties. An adjudication in favor of the defendants, by court or jury, can rise no higher than this." (quoting Smoot v. Fox , 340 F.2d 301 , 303 (6th Cir. 1964) ) ).

The district court's dismissal with prejudice of Raniere's action gave Appellees the full relief to which they were legally entitled. Thus, to the extent any relief on the merits remains a necessary predicate to prevailing-party status after CRST , the dismissal with prejudice here was such a judgment. This suffices to make Appellees "prevailing parties."

For these reasons, we conclude the district court did not err in finding Appellees are "prevailing parties" for the purposes of § 285. We affirm this determination accordingly.

B. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Finding This Case "Exceptional"

Raniere also contends that the district court abused its discretion in finding this case exceptional. We disagree, and affirm the district court's well-reasoned determination on this issue. Many of Raniere's objections to the district court's exceptionality determination raise factual disputes with the underlying merits ruling, which we cannot review at this stage of the proceeding. The attorney fee award is separately appealable here, and thus collateral, because it cannot "alter the [merits] order or moot or revise decisions embodied in the [merits] order." Budinich v. Becton Dickinson & Co. , 486 U.S. 196 , 199, 108 S.Ct. 1717 , 100 L.Ed.2d 178 (1988).

The district court specifically found that Raniere's behavior throughout the litigation employed "a pattern of obfuscation and bad faith," and that this behavior caused Appellees to incur significant fees and costs to oppose Raniere's positions. These positions, in the district court's view, "were made in bad faith to vexatiously multiply these proceedings and avoid early dismissal"-in effect, to stall the termination of the proceedings. Fees Decision , 2016 WL 4626584 , at *5. "Because the district court lives with the case over a prolonged period of time, it is in a better position to determine whether a case is exceptional and it has discretion to evaluate the facts on a case-by-case basis."

*1309 SFA Sys., LLC v. Newegg Inc. , 793 F.3d 1344 , 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (internal quotations, alterations, and citations omitted). The district court properly examined the totality of the circumstances in this case and found the case to be exceptional. We see no reason to disturb the district court's well-reasoned determination.

Raniere requests that, if we affirm the district court's finding of exceptionality, we reduce the amount of the fee and costs award. We conclude, however, that the district court's discretionary determination of fees and costs is well-supported and reflects the court's careful consideration of the relevant billing rates, invoices, and records. The district court explicitly found that various time entries to which Raniere objected were "not block billed, or so vague or unintelligible as to prevent meaningful review." J.A. 30. The district court exercised its discretion in electing to not accept Appellees' fee request in its entirety-it made modifications to the lodestar for duplication in effort between Microsoft and AT&T's lawyers, and it also declined to allow Appellees to recover all requested fees and costs. J.A. 30-33. On this record, we decline to modify the district court's discretionary award.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court's award of attorney fees and costs under 35 U.S.C. § 285 .

AFFIRMED

COSTS

Costs to Appellees.