Case: 19-1061 Document: 56 Page: 1 Filed: 02/13/2020

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

ACOUSTIC TECHNOLOGY, INC., Appellant

v.

ITRON NETWORKED SOLUTIONS, INC., Appellee ______________________

2019-1061 ______________________

Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in No. IPR2017- 01024. ______________________

Decided: February 13, 2020 ______________________

MICHELLE ARMOND, Armond Wilson LLP, Newport Beach, CA, argued for appellant. Also represented by DOUGLAS R. WILSON, Austin, TX.

ADAM R. BRAUSA, Durie Tangri LLP, San Francisco, CA, argued for appellee. Also represented by MARK A. LEMLEY. ______________________

Before MOORE, REYNA, and TARANTO, Circuit Judges. Case: 19-1061 Document: 56 Page: 2 Filed: 02/13/2020

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REYNA, Circuit Judge. On September 8, 2017, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board instituted inter partes review based on a petition filed by Silver Spring Networks, Inc. Nine days after insti- tution, Silver Spring agreed to merge with Itron, Inc., an entity undisputedly time-barred under 35 U.S.C. § 315(b). Silver Spring and Itron completed the merger during the IPR proceeding. The Board later issued a final written de- cision and found the challenged claim unpatentable. On appeal, Acoustic asks that we vacate the Board’s final writ- ten decision on grounds that the inter partes review was time-barred due to Silver Spring’s and Itron’s merger-re- lated activities. Acoustic also challenges the Board’s un- patentability findings. Because we find that Acoustic waived its time-bar argument and that substantial evi- dence supports the Board’s unpatentability findings, we af- firm. BACKGROUND I. ’841 Patent Acoustic Technology, Inc. (“Acoustic”) owns U.S. Patent No. 6,509,841 (“the ’841 patent”), which relates to commu- nications systems for utility providers to remotely monitor groups of utility meters, e.g., electricity meters. 1 According to Acoustic, the claimed invention was “an improvement upon prior art automated meter reading systems that used expensive and problematic radio frequency (RF)

1 The ’841 patent is a continuation of U.S. Patent Ap- plication No. 08/949,440, which issued as U.S. Patent No. 5,986,574. Acoustic filed a related appeal involving U.S. Patent No. 5,986,574 on the same day it filed this ap- peal. Acoustic Tech., Inc. v. Itron Networked Solutions, Inc., Case No. 2019-1059. We heard oral arguments in this case and Case No. 2019-1059 on December 4, 2019. We have issued opinions in both cases simultaneously. Case: 19-1061 Document: 56 Page: 3 Filed: 02/13/2020

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transmitters, or systems that relied on human meter-read- ers using handheld or vehicle-mounted short-range wire- less devices to obtain meter readings when they were in a customer’s vicinity.” Appellant Br. 7. Central to this ap- peal are the “CDMA” and “relay” claim limitations. In one embodiment, shown in Figure 1 below, a plural- ity of “servicing means 16” (e.g., on-site utility meters) com- municate with a “relay means 14,” which in turn communicates with a “control means 12” (e.g., a remote computer at a utility facility). J.A. 94, Fig. 1; J.A. 98–99 at 2:43–3:19.

The relay can be “positioned at any desired location within the communication system,” including on a distri- bution pole or at a customer’s location. The relay can com- municate with the control station via a Code-Division Multiple Access (“CDMA”) link. CDMA is a digital multi- ple access technique where all users are allowed to trans- mit simultaneously utilizing the same available frequency band. Claim 8 of the ’841 patent, reproduced below, is the only claim at issue on appeal: Case: 19-1061 Document: 56 Page: 4 Filed: 02/13/2020

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8. A system for remote two-way meter reading comprising: a metering device comprising means for measuring usage and for transmitting data associated with said measured us- age in response to receiving a read com- mand; a control for transmitting said read com- mand to said metering device and for re- ceiving said data associated with said measured usage transmitted from said metering device; and a relay for code-division multiple access (CDMA) communication between said metering device and said control, wherein said data associated with said measured usage and said read command is relayed between said control and me- tering device by being passed through said relay. J.A. 100 at 8:24–39. II. IPR Petition In March 2010, Acoustic sued Itron Inc. (“Itron”) for in- fringement of the ’841 patent. Acoustic and Itron later agreed to settle the suit. As part of the settlement agree- ment, Acoustic licensed the ’841 patent to Itron. As a result of the lawsuit, Itron was time-barred from seeking inter partes review (“IPR”) of the ’841 patent as of March 26, 2011. See 35 U.S.C. § 315(b). Six years after suing Itron, Acoustic sued Silver Spring Networks, Inc. (“Silver Spring”) for infringement of the ’841 patent. In response, on March 3, 2017, Silver Spring filed the IPR petition that gave rise to this appeal: IPR2017- 01024 (“the petition”). Case: 19-1061 Document: 56 Page: 5 Filed: 02/13/2020

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Several weeks before Silver Spring filed the petition, Silver Spring and Itron began privately discussing “a po- tential business combination.” J.A. 6556. The first contact occurred on February 12, 2017, when a representative of Itron phoned a Silver Spring board member to express Itron’s interest in a potential merger. The next day, Itron’s CEO continued the discussion with a director of Silver Spring. One week later, on February 20, 2017, Itron’s CEO requested a meeting with Silver Spring to discuss “a poten- tial acquisition.” J.A. 6556. Silver Spring and Itron continued to discuss a potential merger after Silver Spring filed the petition. Representa- tives from each company met on March 10, 2017, one week after Silver Spring filed the petition, and again on April 12, 2017. The Board instituted inter partes review on Septem- ber 8, 2017. Nine days later, on September 17, 2017, Silver Spring and Itron agreed to merge. Itron publicly an- nounced the agreement the next day. Silver Spring asserts that, up until the day the parties reached an agreement, Silver Spring was exploring potential business relation- ships with more than a dozen other companies. Silver Spring and Itron completed the merger on Jan- uary 5, 2018, while the inter partes review proceeding re- mained underway. Acoustic learned of the merger three days later. On January 17, 2018, Silver Spring filed up- dated mandatory notices that listed Itron as a real-party- in-interest. The Board entered a final written decision on Au- gust 21, 2018, nearly a year after Silver Spring and Itron agreed to merge, and seven months after they completed the merger. The Board’s final written decision found claim 8 unpatentable on all three asserted grounds: anticipated by NetComm; anticipated by Gastouniotis; and obvious in view of Nelson and Roach. Acoustic never raised a time- bar challenge to the Board. Case: 19-1061 Document: 56 Page: 6 Filed: 02/13/2020

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Acoustic appeals the Board’s final written decision. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(4)(A). DISCUSSION Acoustic raises two issues on appeal. First, Acoustic asserts that the Board’s final written decision should be va- cated because the underlying IPR proceeding is time- barred under 35 U.S.C. § 315(b). Second, Acoustic chal- lenges the Board’s unpatentability factual findings as not supported by substantial evidence. I. Time-Bar Acoustic argues that we must vacate the Board’s final written decision because the inter partes review was time- barred under 35 U.S.C. § 315(b). Section 315(b) provides: An inter partes review may not be instituted if the petition requesting the proceeding is filed more than 1 year after the date on which the petitioner, real party in interest, or privy of the petitioner is served with a complaint alleging infringement of the patent. 35 U.S.C. § 315(b) (emphasis added). Congress included the “real parties in interest” provision in § 315(b) to “safe- guard patent owners from having to defend their patents against belated administrative attacks by related parties.” Applications in Internet Time, LLC v. RPX Corp., 897 F.3d 1336, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2018), cert. denied, 139 S. Ct. 1366 (mem.) (2019). The Board evaluates § 315(b) at the time it decides whether to institute the proceeding. Power Integrations, Inc. v. Semiconductor Components Indus., LLC, 926 F.3d 1306, 1315 (Fed. Cir. 2019). In Power Intergrations, we held that the real-party-in-interest determination must consider all relationships that arise before the date of in- stitution, including relationships that arise after the peti- tion filing date. Id. at 1314–1315 (“[Section] 315(b) Case: 19-1061 Document: 56 Page: 7 Filed: 02/13/2020

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requires consideration of privity and [real-party-in-inter- est] relationships arising after filing but before institu- tion.”). We expressly declined to decide whether the Board is required to reevaluate § 315(b) in view of a new real- party-in-interest that arises after institution. Id. at 1314 n.8 (“We do not address the impact of a change in RPI . . . occurring after institution.”). Acoustic argues that the underlying IPR is time-barred because Itron was a real-party-in-interest “both before and after the IPR was instituted.” Appellant Br. 51. Before institution, Acoustic asserts, Itron was a real-party-in-in- terest because “the executives met; Itron conducted due dil- igence; the details of the merger were discussed; and the formal ‘merger agreement’ was prepared and negotiated.” Reply Br. 15–16. After institution, Acoustic contends, Itron was “unquestionably” a real-party-in-interest because Sil- ver Spring became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Itron, and Itron “controlled [Silver Spring] and had a significant in- terest” in the inter partes review proceeding. Id. at 19–22. Acoustic contends that Silver Spring’s post-institution status as a real-party-in-interest is important because “in- stitution is not a static decision” and the Board has the au- thority to reevaluate § 315(b) when a real-party-in-interest arises after institution. Reply Br. 17–18. The Board’s abil- ity to assess § 315(b) after institution is necessary, Acoustic explains, in order to avoid an “end-run around Section 315(b)” where parties delay their corporate deals until shortly after institution and avoid the consequences of the time-bar. Id. 21–22. Itron advances several arguments in response to Acoustic’s time-bar arguments. First, Itron argues that Acoustic waived its time-bar challenge of the IPR because Acoustic did not raise those arguments before the Board. Second, Itron argues that the time bar of § 315(b) does not apply to the underlying IPR proceeding because Itron merged with Silver Spring after the Board instituted the Case: 19-1061 Document: 56 Page: 8 Filed: 02/13/2020

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proceeding. Third, Itron asserts that the Board is not au- thorized to reevaluate § 315(b) after institution and that Acoustic’s proposed reading of the statute “offers no logical stopping point” for the Board to assess the time bar. Ap- pellee Br. 39. We hold that Acoustic has waived its time-bar chal- lenge to the IPR because it failed to present those argu- ments before the Board. We retain case-by-case discretion over whether to apply waiver. Monsanto Tech. LLC v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 878 F.3d 1336, 1342 n.8 (Fed. Cir. 2018). We have “frequently declined to hear argu- ments that the applicant failed to present to the Board.” In re Watts, 354 F.3d 1362, 1367 (Fed. 2004). When a party raises arguments on appeal that it did not raise to the Board, they “deprive[] the court of the benefit of the [Board’s] informed judgment.” In re NuVasive, Inc., 842 F.3d 1376, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (explaining the im- portance of “a comprehensive record that contains the ar- guments and evidence presented by the parties”). There is no dispute that Acoustic failed to raise § 315(b) time-bar arguments before the Board. Acoustic became aware of the merger as of January 8, 2018, more than seven months before the Board issued its final written decision. J.A. 7026. Yet, Acoustic does not provide any reason for its failure to challenge the proceeding as time-barred. Be- cause Acoustic failed to present its time-bar arguments to the Board and “deprive[d] the court of the benefit of the [Board’s] informed judgment,” we exercise our discretion to apply waiver. In re NuVasive, 842 F.3d at 1380. Acoustic attempts to excuse its waiver by asserting, without legal authority, that the time-bar is “jurisdic- tional” and thus “may be raised at any time.” Appellant Br. 29. We disagree. Acoustic is correct that we have previously described the time-bar restrictions on the Board’s institution powers as “jurisdictional.” Appellant Br. 32–35 (citing Click-to- Case: 19-1061 Document: 56 Page: 9 Filed: 02/13/2020

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Call Techs., LP v. Ingenio, Inc., 899 F.3d 1321, 1325 (Fed. Cir. 2018); Wi-Fi One, LLC v. Broadcom Corp., 878 F.3d 1364, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2018)). But our application of waiver differs between challenges to an agency’s “jurisdic- tion” and challenges to a federal court’s jurisdiction. PGS Geophysical AS v. Iancu, 891 F.3d 1354, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2018). As we explained in PGS: Even if the Board could be said to have acted “ultra vires” in refusing to institute reviews of some claims and grounds . . . the Board’s error is wai- vable, not one we are required to notice and act on in the absence of an appropriate request for relief on that basis. Several courts of appeals have rec- ognized the same for a challenge to an agency’s “ju- risdiction,” after the Supreme Court, in City of Arlington v. FCC, rejected a distinction between agency “jurisdiction” errors and other errors for certain deference purposes . . . .” Id. (compiling cases) (citations omitted). We hold that time-bar challenges under § 315(b) are not immune from waiver. To permit litigants to raise § 315(b) time-bar chal- lenges for the first time on appeal would encourage what the Supreme Court has referred to as “sandbagging,” i.e., “suggesting or permitting, for strategic reasons, that the [tribunal below] pursue a certain course, and later—if the outcome is unfavorable—claiming that the course followed was reversible error.” Freytag v. Comm’r of Internal Reve- nue, 501 U.S. 868, 895 (1991). But allowing Acoustic to raise a time-bar challenge for the first time on appeal would afford it a significant and unfair advantage: Acous- tic could wait for the Board’s decision on the merits, which if favorable would have estoppel effect, and then challenge the Board’s jurisdiction on appeal only if the Board finds the claims obvious. Case: 19-1061 Document: 56 Page: 10 Filed: 02/13/2020

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Although we do not address the merits of Acoustic’s time-bar argument, we note Acoustic’s concerns about the concealed involvement of interested, time-barred parties. But because Acoustic never raised this issue to the Board, we decline to resolve whether Itron’s pre-merger activities render it a real-party-in-interest, or whether the Board has any authority or obligation to reevaluate § 315(b) post in- stitution. II. Unpatentability Acoustic argues that we should reverse the Board’s un- patentability findings. Acoustic contends that the Board erred with respect to each of the three grounds on which it found claim 8 unpatentable: (A) anticipation by NetComm; (B) anticipation by Gastouniotis; and (C) obviousness in view Nelson and Roach. We address each ground in turn. We review the Board’s factual determinations for sub- stantial evidence and its legal determinations de novo. Li- qwd, Inc. v. L’Oreal USA, Inc., 941 F.3d 1133, 1136 (Fed. Cir. 2019). Anticipation is a question of fact that we review for substantial evidence. In re Hodges, 882 F.3d 1107, 1111 (Fed. Cir. 2018). Whether an invention would have been obvious is a legal conclusion based on un- derlying factual findings. Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1, 17–18 (1966). Determinations about the scope and content of prior art, and whether an artisan would be mo- tivated to modify it with a reasonable expectation of suc- cess, are questions of fact. Id. A. Anticipation by NetComm Acoustic challenges the Board’s determination that NetComm anticipates claim 8 of the ’841 patent. Specifi- cally, Acoustic claims the Board erred by finding that Net- Comm discloses the claimed CDMA communication limitation. Acoustic contends that the Board’s CDMA finding is not supported by substantial evidence because the Board Case: 19-1061 Document: 56 Page: 11 Filed: 02/13/2020

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relied entirely on the testimony of Silver Spring’s expert, Dr. Soliman. Appellant Br. 56. Acoustic explains that Dr. Soliman’s testimony is not evidence of anticipation because Dr. Soliman’s testimony reflects an “incorrect obviousness standard” instead of the standard for anticipation. Id. Acoustic points to Dr. Soliman’s statement that a skilled artisan would “recognize” NetComm as disclosing CDMA. Id. Dr. Soliman’s use of the word “recognize,” Acoustic as- serts, is akin to testimony about what a prior art reference “suggests”—which goes to obviousness, not anticipation. Id. We disagree. In an anticipation analysis, the dispositive question is whether a skilled artisan would “reasonably understand or infer” from a prior art reference that every claim limitation is disclosed in that single reference. Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Cable & Wireless Internet Servs., Inc., 344 F.3d 1186, 1192 (Fed. Cir. 2003). Expert testimony may shed light on what a skilled artisan would reasonably understand or infer from a prior art reference. Monsanto Tech. LLC v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 878 F.3d 1336, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2018). Moreover, expert testimony can constitute substan- tial evidence of anticipation when the expert explains in detail how each claim element is disclosed in the prior art reference. Koito Mfg. Co. v. Turn-Key-Tech, LLC, 381 F.3d 1142, 1152 (Fed. Cir. 2004). Here, Dr. Soliman conducted a detailed analysis and explained how a skilled artisan would reasonably under- stand that NetComm’s disclosure of radio wave communi- cation was the same as CDMA. J.A. 893–896 at ¶¶ 165– 175. For example, Dr. Soliman identified specific passages in NetComm that a skilled artisan would recognize as dis- closing “spread-spectrum radio communication.” J.A. 894 at ¶ 169. Dr. Soliman identified other passages that a skilled artisan would recognize as disclosing that “multiple users share a band and hop between channels in that band using a pseudo-random pattern assigned to each device.” J.A. 895 at ¶ 171. As a result, Dr. Soliman concluded, a Case: 19-1061 Document: 56 Page: 12 Filed: 02/13/2020

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skilled artisan would recognize that NetComm discloses the CDMA limitation of claim 8. J.A. 896 at ¶ 176. Acous- tic provided no evidence to rebut Dr. Soliman’s testimony. J.A. 26. We conclude that the Board’s finding that NetComm discloses CDMA and anticipates claim 8 is supported by substantial evidence. See Koito Mfg., 381 F.3d at 1152. B. Anticipation by Gastouniotis Acoustic challenges the Board’s determination that Gastouniotis anticipates claim 8 of the ’841 patent. Acous- tic asserts that the Board’s finding is erroneous because the Board relied on “the same structures to satisfy separate claim limitations.” Appellant Br. 60. Specifically, Acoustic asserts that the Board relied on the same “remote station 6” in Gastouniotis to satisfy the “control” and “relay” limi- tations of claim 8. Id. at 57. We disagree. Gastouniotis discloses a two-way utility meter reading system that includes a plurality of “remote stations” that communicate with a plurality of “instrument links.” J.A. 968 at 4:9–46. Gastouniotis discloses that individual “remote stations” may have different functions in a given embodiment. Id. In finding that Gastouniotis anticipated claim 8, the Board relied on separate “remote station” structures to meet the “control” and “relay” limitations. J.A. 30. As to the “control” limitation of claim 8, the Board re- lied on Gastouniotis’ disclosure of at least one remote sta- tion that engages in two-way communication with the metering device: transmitting commands to the metering device and receiving usage data from the metering device. Id. at 4:15–17. Dr. Soliman provided unrebutted testimony that a skilled artisan would understand that these remote stations disclosed in Gastouniotis meet the “control” limi- tation of claim 8. Case: 19-1061 Document: 56 Page: 13 Filed: 02/13/2020

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As to the “relay” limitation of claim 8, the Board relied on Gastouniotis’ disclosure of separate remote stations that function as a “relay”: [T]he remote stations can be configured to com- municate with each other as well as with the in- strument links. In this way, data obtained by one remote station can be communicated to a central location using the other remote stations as a relay. J.A. 968 at 4:37–42 (emphasis added). Dr. Soliman pro- vided unrebutted testimony that a skilled artisan would understand that these remote stations disclosed in Gastouniotis meet the “relay” limitation of claim 8. As a result, we conclude that the Board did not improp- erly rely on the same structure in Gastouniotis to meet the “control” and “relay” limitations of claim 8. We affirm the Board’s factual finding that Gastouniotis anticipates claim 8. C. Obviousness in View of Nelson and Roach Acoustic challenges the Board’s determination that claim 8 of the ’841 patent is rendered obvious in view of Nelson and Roach. Acoustic asserts two errors in the Board’s obviousness analysis: (i) that the Board errone- ously mapped Nelson onto the elements of claim 8; and (ii) that the Board’s motivation-to-combine finding is not sup- ported by substantial evidence. We reject both arguments. 1. First, Acoustic asserts that the Board erroneously mapped “the same structure in Nelson onto multiple claim limitations.” Appellant Br. 64. Specifically, Acoustic as- serts that the Board relied on the same “electronic meter reader (EMR)” in Nelson to satisfy both the “metering de- vice” and “relay” limitations of claim 8. Appellant Br. 64– 65. We disagree. Case: 19-1061 Document: 56 Page: 14 Filed: 02/13/2020

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Nelson discloses a two-way meter reading system that includes a plurality of “electronic meter readers (EMRs).” J.A. 997 at 8:23–27; J.A. 1005 at 22:25; J.A. 1013 at 13:19. Nelson discloses that individual EMRs may have different functions in a given embodiment. Id. In finding that Nel- son anticipated claim 8, the Board relied on separate EMR structures to meet the “metering device” and “relay” limi- tations. To satisfy the “metering device” limitation of claim 8, the Board relied on Nelson’s disclosure that the “meter ap- paratus 10,” which houses an EMR, “is substantially the same as a conventional meter apparatus designed to indi- cate the amount of electricity consumed by a consumer’s electrical system.” J.A. 997 at 8:23–27; J.A. 1005 at 22:25. Dr. Soliman provided unrebutted testimony that a skilled artisan would recognize the metering apparatus of Nelson as meeting the “metering device” limitation of claim 8.

To satisfy the “relay” limitation of claim 8, the Board relied on Nelson’s disclosure of separate, “intermediate EMR devices” that operate as “communication relays” in a technique known as “meterstringing.” J.A. 1013 at 24:13– 19 (emphasis added). Nelson discloses that these “[i]nter- mediate EMR devices serve [the] sole purpose of communi- cations link between the EMI device and the target EMR at the end of the communication link.” Id. Dr. Soliman provided unrebutted testimony that a skilled artisan would recognize that the intermediate EMR devices of Nelson meet the “relay” limitation of claim 8.

As a result, we conclude that the Board did not improp- erly rely on the same electronic meter reader in Nelson to satisfy both the “metering device” and “relay” limitations of claim 8. 2. Second, we reject Acoustic’s argument that the Board erred in finding that a skilled artisan would be motivated Case: 19-1061 Document: 56 Page: 15 Filed: 02/13/2020

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to combine Nelson and Roach. Acoustic argues that the Board “erred by not making any factual findings that one of ordinary skill would have been motivated to combine the prior art.” Appellant Br. 61. Acoustic requests that we re- verse the Board’s finding because the Board relied on “at- torney argument,” and “generically cited to [Dr. Soliman’s] expert testimony.” Id. at 61–62. The motivation to combine prior art references can come from the knowledge of those skilled in the art, from the prior art reference itself, or from the nature of the prob- lem to be solved. PGS Geophysical AS v. Iancu, 891 F.3d 1354, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2018). Acoustic is correct that conclusory expert testimony and attorney argument cannot constitute substantial evidence of a motivation to combine. E.g., Icon Health & Fitness, Inc. v. Strava, Inc., 849 F.3d 1034, 1043 (Fed. Cir. 2017). We have found expert testimony insufficient where, for example, the testimony consisted of conclusory statements that a skilled artisan could combine the references, not that they would have been motivated to do so. TQ Delta, LLC v. CISCO Sys., Inc., 942 F.3d 1352, 1359–60 (Fed. Cir. 2019). The Board’s final written decision provides a detailed discussion of Silver Spring’s arguments that a skilled arti- san would have been motivated to combine Nelson and Roach. J.A. 35–36. The Board expressly found those argu- ments “supported by a sufficient rational underpinning” and “supported by the testimony of Dr. Soliman.” J.A. 35– 36, 38. The Board cited specific pages of Dr. Soliman’s tes- timony, including his opinion that “one of the goals of Nel- son’s system is to increase communication reliability and information access integrity,” and that the CDMA commu- nication described in Roach was “well known” among skilled artisans as a way to achieve those goals. J.A. 34– 36 (citing J.A. 914–915). Dr. Soliman’s testimony was not conclusory or other- wise defective, and the Board was within its discretion to Case: 19-1061 Document: 56 Page: 16 Filed: 02/13/2020

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give that testimony dispositive weight. In re Am. Acad. of Sci. Tech Ctr., 367 F.3d 1359, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2004). We have previously determined that expert testimony consti- tuted substantial evidence of a motivation to combine prior art references, e.g., Unwired Planet, LLC v. Google Inc., 841 F.3d 995, 1003 (Fed. Cir. 2016), and we reach the same conclusion here. We affirm the Board’s conclusion that claim 8 is rendered obvious by Nelson and Roach. CONCLUSION We have considered Acoustic’s other arguments and find them unpersuasive. We affirm. AFFIRMED COSTS No costs.