Case: 22-1654 Document: 66 Page: 1 Filed: 09/09/2024

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

CONTOUR IP HOLDING LLC, Plaintiff-Appellant

v.

GOPRO, INC., Defendant-Appellee ______________________

2022-1654, 2022-1691 ______________________

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California in Nos. 3:17-cv-04738- WHO, 3:21-cv-02143-WHO, Judge William H. Orrick, III. ______________________

Decided: September 9, 2024 ______________________

JOHN R. KEVILLE, Sheppard Mullin Richter & Hampton LLP, Houston, TX, argued for plaintiff-appellant. Also rep- resented by MICHAEL C. KRILL; RICHARD L. STANLEY, Law Office of Richard L. Stanley, Houston, TX.

SEAN S. PAK, Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP, San Francisco, CA, argued for defendant-appellee. Also represented by WILLIAM ADAMS, New York, NY; NATHAN HAMSTRA, MARC L. KAPLAN, Chicago, IL. ______________________

Before PROST, SCHALL, and REYNA, Circuit Judges. Case: 22-1654 Document: 66 Page: 2 Filed: 09/09/2024

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REYNA, Circuit Judge. Contour sued GoPro for patent infringement. Accord- ing to Contour, several of GoPro’s point-of-view digital video camera products infringed its patents. After five years of litigation, GoPro sought summary judgment on grounds that Contour’s asserted claims were patent ineli- gible under 35 U.S.C. § 101. The district court agreed with GoPro and entered judgment against Contour. We reverse and remand for further proceedings. BACKGROUND I Contour IP Holding LLC (“Contour”) owns U.S. Patent Nos. 8,890,954 (“’954 patent”) and 8,896,694 (“’694 pa- tent”). The ’694 patent is a continuation of the ’954 patent, and the two patents share virtually identical specifications. We thus refer to the ’954 patent specification when discuss- ing both asserted patents. The asserted patents relate to portable, point-of-view (“POV”) video cameras. ’954 patent, 1:14–17. As the name suggests, POV video cameras are often used to capture a scene from a user’s point-of-view rather than from a third- person viewpoint. The patents’ shared specification ex- plains that at the time the patents were filed, POV cameras were “a relatively new product category,” and even those that were not designed to be hands-free were being “adapted to capture POV video by action sports enthusiasts in a hands-free manner.” Id. at 1:21–23. The asserted patents disclose a “hands-free, POV ac- tion sports video camera” that is “configured for remote im- age acquisition control and viewing.” Id. at 1:15–17. The specification explains that often in a sports application, a POV camera is “mounted in a location that does not permit the user to easily see the camera.” Id. at 19:36–37. A skier, for example, may wish to mount a small POV camera to his helmet. See id. at 12:42–45 (“[B]ase mount 130 . . . can be Case: 22-1654 Document: 66 Page: 3 Filed: 09/09/2024

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attached to a variety of surfaces such as, for example, the surfaces of helmets . . . .”), 21:66–22:2. In these instances, the user is unable to review what is being recorded in real time on the camera or to even see the camera. In addition, in these circumstances, it is difficult to adjust recording settings or a point of view to better match the user’s record- ing preferences. See id. at 19:35–37 (“[I]n a sports applica- tion, digital video camera 10 is often mounted in a location that does not permit the user to easily see the camera.”). To address these problems, the patents describe imple- menting wireless technology in the video camera 10 that allows the camera to send real time information to a remote device, such as a cell phone. Id. at 19:48–50. From this remote device, the user can see what is being recorded by the camera. Id. at 20:41–44. The user can also make real time adjustments to the recording settings, such as light level and audio settings, before or during an activity. Id. at 20:44–47. The skier, for example, can ensure that his descent down the ski slope has been recorded to his prefer- ences. See, e.g., id. at 20:41–44 (“This wireless connection capability enables a user to configure camera settings in real time and preview what digital video camera 10 sees.”); see also id. at 22:66–22:53 (describing procedures for ad- justing camera position, lighting level, and color settings on the remote device). Separate from the use of wireless technology itself, the patent also discloses modifications to the camera’s system for processing recordings and permitting real time play- back. In a key embodiment, the patents disclose that cam- era 10 is configured to generate video recordings “in two formats, high quality and low quality, in which the lower quality file is streamed” to the remote device. Compare id. at 20:9–11, with id. at 31:4–11 (limitations recited in claim 11 of the ’954 patent). The system thereby achieves real time playback on the remote device without exceeding wireless connection bandwidth. See, e.g., id. at 20:13–16 (explaining that “[f]or streaming implementation, wireless Case: 22-1654 Document: 66 Page: 4 Filed: 09/09/2024

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connection bandwidth can be monitored to adapt to the available bandwidth the resolution, bit rate, and frame rate on the secondary [(lower quality)] recording”). Using the lower quality recording, the skier gets to see real time progress on the remote device and make adjustments ac- cordingly. The higher quality version of the recording is saved on the camera for later viewing. See id. at 19:38–41 (describing using a wireless connection protocol for “remote access to image data stored in digital video camera 10”). This “dual recording” embodiment is reflected in the two claims at issue in this case, claim 11 of the ’954 patent and claim 3 of the ’694 patent. The parties agree that claim 11 of the ’954 patent may be treated as representa- tive for purposes of the § 101 inquiry. See Berkheimer v. HP Inc., 881 F.3d 1360, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2018). Claim 11 recites: 11. A portable, point of view digital video camera, comprising: a lens; an image sensor configured to capture light propa- gating through the lens and representing a scene, and produce real time video image data of the scene; a wireless connection protocol device configured to send real time image content by wireless transmis- sion directly to and receive control signals or data signals by wireless transmission directly from a personal portable computing device executing an application; and a camera processor configured to: receive the video image data directly or indi- rectly from the image sensor, generate from the video image data a first im- age data stream and a second image data Case: 22-1654 Document: 66 Page: 5 Filed: 09/09/2024

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stream, wherein the second image data stream is a higher quality than the first image data stream, cause the wireless connection protocol device to send the first image data stream directly to the personal portable computing device for display on a display of the personal portable computing device, wherein the personal portable compu- ting device generates the control signals for the video camera, and wherein the control signals comprise at least one of a frame alignment, multi-camera synchronization, remote file ac- cess, and a resolution setting, and at least one of a lighting setting, a color setting, and an au- dio setting, receive the control signals from the personal portable computing device, and adjust one or more settings of the video camera based at least in part on at least a portion of the control signals received from the personal portable computing device. ’954 patent, 30:57–31:24. II In 2015, Contour sued GoPro, Inc. (“GoPro”), alleging that several GoPro products infringed claims of the ’954 and ’694 patents. In 2021, Contour filed a second suit against newer GoPro products, alleging that those products similarly infringed claims of the two asserted patents. In 2018, in the first lawsuit, the United States District Court for the Northern District of California issued an or- der construing disputed claim terms in the asserted pa- tents. Contour IP Holding, LLC v. GoPro, Inc., No. 3:17- cv-04738-WHO, 2018 WL 3428606 (N.D. Cal. July 16, 2018) (“Claim Construction Order”). In particular, the Case: 22-1654 Document: 66 Page: 6 Filed: 09/09/2024

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district court construed a term of claim 11 of the ’954 pa- tent that recites: “generat[ing] from the video image data a first image data stream and a second image data stream, wherein the second image data stream is a higher quality than the first image data stream.” Id. at *5. The district court construed the word “generate” as “record in parallel from the video image data.” Id. (emphasis added). The dis- trict court concluded the claim term was limited to record- ing in parallel because during inter partes review proceedings, Contour asserted that the claims required both data streams be generated from the image sensor data, or “in parallel.” Id. at *7. Contour argued that gen- erating streams in parallel distinguished the claims from prior art systems with streams created “in sequence,” where the high-resolution stream is generated first and down-converted to create a low resolution stream. Id.; see also GoPro’s Responsive Claim Construction Br. at Exs. J, K, Contour IP Holding, LLC v. GoPro, Inc., No. 3:17-cv-04738-WHO (N.D. Cal. May 18, 2018), ECF No. 235. In 2021, after the district court had granted partial summary judgment that GoPro’s accused products infringe claim 11 of the ’954 patent in the first lawsuit, GoPro chal- lenged claim 11 of the ’954 patent and claim 3 of the ’694 patent as patent ineligible under 35 U.S.C. § 101. GoPro raised its § 101 challenge in the second lawsuit, initially as a motion for judgment on the pleadings under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c). Contour IP Holding, LLC v. Go- Pro, Inc., No. 3:17-cv-04738-WHO, 2021 WL 4148651, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 13, 2021) (“Rule 12(c) Order”). GoPro filed the motion soon after this court issued its decision in Yu v. Apple Inc., 1 F.4th 1040 (Fed. Cir. 2021), and relied heavily on the analysis in Yu in making its arguments for ineligi- bility. See Rule 12(c) Order, 2021 WL 4148651, at *7. Like the claims in this case, Yu involved claims reciting compo- nents of a digital camera. Yu, 1 F.4th at 1042. We con- cluded in Yu that the claims were “directed to the abstract Case: 22-1654 Document: 66 Page: 7 Filed: 09/09/2024

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idea of taking two pictures (which may be at different ex- posures) and using one picture to enhance the other in some way.” Id. at 1043. The district court denied the motion. Rule 12(c) Order, 2021 WL 4148651, at *6. In its ruling on GoPro’s motion for judgment on the pleadings, the district court referred to the two-step § 101 inquiry set forth in Alice Corporation Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank International, 573 U.S. 208 (2014). It observed, Contour pleads[] it came up with an innovative so- lution: the camera would stream a low quality video to a smartphone so that the user could watch what was being recorded removed from the camera; it would store a high quality video that would be the one ultimately used; and it would receive spec- ified control signals from the smartphone so that users could control the image removed from the camera. This is also reflected in the patents. Rule 12(c) Order, 2021 WL 4148651, at *8 (citations omit- ted). Although it denied the motion based on Contour’s al- legations, the district court ruled that its decision was made without prejudice to GoPro’s raising § 101 patent in- eligibility “again at summary judgment based on a factual record.” Id. at *6. At the summary judgment stage, GoPro again argued that the asserted claims were patent ineligible under § 101. Contour IP Holding, LLC v. GoPro, Inc., No. 3:17-cv-04738- WHO, 2022 WL 658553, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 4, 2022) (“De- cision”). This time, the district court agreed with GoPro. At Alice step one, the district court characterized repre- sentative claim 11 as directed to the abstract idea of “cre- ating and transmitting video (at two different resolutions) and adjusting the video’s settings remotely.” Id. at *4. At Alice step two, the district court concluded that the claim recites only functional, results-oriented language with “no indication that the physical components are behaving in Case: 22-1654 Document: 66 Page: 8 Filed: 09/09/2024

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any way other than their basic, generic tasks.” Id. at *7. Following its conclusion that the asserted claims were pa- tent ineligible under § 101, the district court entered judg- ment for GoPro and against Contour. Contour appeals. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1). STANDARD OF REVIEW We review the grant of a summary judgment under the law of the applicable regional circuit, in this case, the Ninth Circuit. Synopsys, Inc. v. Mentor Graphics Corp., 839 F.3d 1138, 1146 (Fed. Cir. 2016). The Ninth Circuit reviews summary judgment determinations de novo. Id. Summary judgment is appropriate in the Ninth Circuit when, draw- ing all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party, there are no genuine issues of material fact. Id. We review § 101 patent eligibility under Federal Circuit law. Smart Sys. Innovations, LLC v. Chi. Transit Auth., 873 F.3d 1364, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2017). Eligibility is ulti- mately a question of law that may be based on underlying factual findings. Berkheimer, 881 F.3d at 1365. DISCUSSION I Section 101 of the Patent Act states, “[w]hoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manu- facture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent therefor, subject to the conditions and requirements of this title.” 35 U.S.C. § 101. The Supreme Court has determined that certain exceptions to the requirements of § 101 exist such that “[l]aws of nature, natural phenomena, and abstract ideas are not patentable.” Alice, 573 U.S. at 216 (citation omitted). The patentability exception for abstract ideas, at issue in this case, embodies “the longstanding rule that Case: 22-1654 Document: 66 Page: 9 Filed: 09/09/2024

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‘[a]n idea of itself is not patentable.’” Id. at 218 (quoting Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S. 63, 67 (1972)). To determine whether patent claims are directed to pa- tent ineligible subject matter, the Supreme Court has de- veloped a two-step test commonly known as the “Alice” test. Under Alice step one, we consider whether the claims at issue are directed to, in this case, an abstract idea. Id. at 217. If the claims are not directed to an abstract idea, the Alice inquiry ends. Id. If we conclude that the claims are directed to patent ineligible subject matter, the inquiry continues to Alice step two, where we ask whether the claims recite something “significantly more” than an ab- stract idea itself. Id. at 217–18. The court determines whether the claims include elements sufficient to trans- form them into a patent-eligible application. Id. II Citing Yu and other precedent, the district court deter- mined at Alice step one that representative claim 11 of the ’954 patent is directed to patent ineligible subject matter. Decision, 2022 WL 658553, at *5. We disagree. At Alice step one, we determine whether the claims are directed to patent ineligible subject matter. We often ex- amine the “focus of the claimed advance over the prior art.” Affinity Labs of Tex., LLC v. DIRECTV, LLC, 838 F.3d 1253, 1257 (Fed. Cir. 2016); see also Enfish, LLC v. Microsoft Corp., 822 F.3d 1327, 1335 (Fed. Cir. 2016). We conduct this analysis by ascertaining the “basic character” of the claimed subject matter. Trinity Info Media, LLC v. Covalent, Inc., 72 F.4th 1355, 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2023) (cita- tions omitted). In doing so, we must avoid describing the claims at a high level of abstraction, divorced from the claim language itself. Enfish, 822 F.3d at 1337. To determine the focus of the claimed advance at Alice step one, we look to whether the claims are directed to “a specific means or method that improves the relevant Case: 22-1654 Document: 66 Page: 10 Filed: 09/09/2024

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technology” rather than simply being directed to “a result or effect that itself is the abstract idea.” McRO, Inc. v. Ban- dai Namco Games Am. Inc., 837 F.3d 1299, 1314 (Fed. Cir. 2016). An improved result, without more, is not enough to support patent eligibility at Alice step one. Koninklijke KPN N.V. v. Gemalto M2M GmbH, 942 F.3d 1143, 1150 (Fed. Cir. 2019). When a claim “abstractly cover[s] results” without regard to a specific process or machinery for achieving those results, it creates preemption concerns be- cause it “would prohibit all other persons from making the same thing by any means whatsoever.” McRO, 837 F.3d at 1314 (quoting Le Roy v. Tatham, 55 U.S. 156, 175 (1853)). Here, when read as a whole, claim 11 is directed to a specific means that improves the relevant technology. Claim 11 recites an improved POV camera through its combination of claim limitations and requirement that the claimed POV camera processor be configured to record low- and high-quality data streams in parallel, followed by the low-quality data stream’s wireless transfer to a remote de- vice. With the claimed POV camera, a user can remotely view and adjust the desired recording in real time, with the elimination of bandwidth limitations on wireless data transfer. See ’954 patent, 20:9–16. The claims thus require specific, technological means—parallel data stream record- ing with the low-quality recording wirelessly transferred to a remote device—that in turn provide a technological im- provement to the real time viewing capabilities of a POV camera’s recordings on a remote device. Importantly, the district court construed “generate” in representative claim 11 to require recording multiple video streams “in parallel.” Claim Construction Order, 2018 WL 3428606, at *5. Thus, the claims do not cover other ways that a camera processor might generate multiple video streams of varying quality for wireless transmission, such as streams created “in sequence.” See id. at *7. Rather, the claims are drawn to a “specific means or method that Case: 22-1654 Document: 66 Page: 11 Filed: 09/09/2024

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improves the relevant technology.” McRO, 837 F.3d at 1314; see also CardioNet, LLC v. InfoBionic, Inc, 955 F.3d 1358, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2020). The district court’s decision characterizes the claims at an impermissibly high level of generality. As we have noted, the practice of “describing the claims at such a high level of abstraction and untethered from the language of the claims all but ensures that the exceptions to § 101 swal- low the rule.” Enfish, 822 F.3d at 1337 (citations omitted). For example, in this case, the district court’s conclusion that the claims were “directed to a result or effect that itself is the abstract idea” disregards the disclosed technological means for obtaining a technological result. Decision, 2022 WL 658553, at *4 (internal quotations and citation omit- ted). The district court erred in its generalized articulation of the claimed advance of the claims, which all but ensured the incorrect conclusion that the claims were drawn to an abstract idea. Enfish, 822 F.3d at 1337. GoPro contends that the claims simply employ known or conventional components that existed in the prior art at the time of the invention. See, e.g., Appellee’s Br. 25–26. Even so, that alone does not necessarily mean that the claim is directed to an abstract idea at step one. See, e.g., Core Wireless Licensing S.A.R.L. v. LG Elecs., Inc., 880 F.3d 1356, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (discussing Thales Vi- sionix Inc. v. United States, 850 F.3d 1343, 1348–49 (Fed. Cir. 2017)); see also TecSec, Inc. v. Adobe Inc., 978 F.3d 1278, 1297 (Fed. Cir. 2020). We also reject GoPro’s argument that our decisions in other cases, particularly Yu, are dispositive in this case. Oral Arg. at 32:00–32:35. We characterized the claims in Yu as being “directed to the abstract idea of taking two pic- tures (which may be different at different exposures) and using one picture to enhance the other in some way.” 1 F.4th at 1043. In Yu, there was no dispute that “the idea and practice of using multiple pictures to enhance each Case: 22-1654 Document: 66 Page: 12 Filed: 09/09/2024

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other has been known by photographers for over a cen- tury.” Id. Stated differently, in Yu, we took note of a longstanding, fundamental practice in photography, with- out conducting a prior art search. Here, GoPro does not argue that a camera’s recording two video streams in par- allel and wirelessly transferring the lower quality video stream to a remote device for real time viewing and adjust- ment was a long-known or fundamental practice support- ing patent ineligibility at Alice step one. We also reject GoPro’s argument that Contour’s claims are simply directed to the abstract idea of wireless network communication and thus analogous to ChargePoint, Inc. v. SemaConnect, Inc., 920 F.3d 759 (Fed. Cir. 2019). The claims in ChargePoint related to charging stations for elec- tric vehicles, and more particularly local charging stations connected via a wireless network. Id. at 763, 766. We con- cluded that the claims were drawn to the abstract idea of “communication over a network,” applied to the context of electric vehicle charging stations. Id. at 769. We explained that neither the specification nor the claims supported that “the charging station itself is improved from a technical perspective, or that it would operate differently than it oth- erwise could.” Id. at 768. Here, claim 11 of the ’954 patent describes more than wireless data transfer within a particular technological en- vironment. Instead, claim 11 enables the claimed POV camera to “operate differently than it otherwise could,” id., by both recording multiple video streams in parallel and wirelessly transferring only one video stream, a lower qual- ity stream, to a remote device. The claims are directed to a technological solution to a technological problem. The written description discloses improving POV camera technology through specific means of generating high- and low-quality video streams in paral- lel and transferring a low-quality video stream to a remote device, and the claims reflect this improvement. The Case: 22-1654 Document: 66 Page: 13 Filed: 09/09/2024

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claims, therefore, recite patent eligible subject matter at Alice step one. We hold that claim 11 of the ’954 patent and claim 3 of the ’694 patent are not directed to patent ineligible subject matter. We need not proceed to the second step of the Alice inquiry. Alice, 573 U.S. at 217. Because the district court erred in concluding the claims were directed to an abstract idea, we reverse and remand for further proceedings. CONCLUSION We have considered GoPro’s remaining arguments and find them unpersuasive. We hold that the asserted claims are directed to patent eligible subject matter. We thus re- verse the district court’s invalidity determination based on subject matter ineligibility under 35 U.S.C. § 101 and re- mand for further proceedings. REVERSED AND REMANDED COSTS Costs to Contour.