Case: 21-1756 Document: 85 Page: 1 Filed: 01/24/2024

NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

DENNIS ERB, Petitioner

v.

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY, Respondent ______________________

2021-1756 ______________________

Petition for review of the Merit Systems Protection Board in No. DC-0752-20-0468-I-1. ______________________

Decided: January 24, 2024 ______________________

JENNIE CATHRYNE BLAINE WATSON, Alan Lescht and Associates, PC, Washington, DC, argued for petitioner. Also represented by CONOR DANIEL AHERN.

KRISTIN ELAINE OLSON, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Wash- ington, DC, argued for respondent. Also represented by BRIAN M. BOYNTON, TARA K. HOGAN, PATRICIA M. MCCARTHY. ______________________ Case: 21-1756 Document: 85 Page: 2 Filed: 01/24/2024

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Before DYK, TARANTO, and CHEN, Circuit Judges. CHEN, Circuit Judge. Dennis Erb was removed from his position in the De- partment of the Treasury (Treasury) for repeatedly falsify- ing information on his timecard and for failing to comply with instructions from his supervisor. Mr. Erb appealed to the Merit Systems Protection Board (Board), and an ad- ministrative judge affirmed Treasury’s removal decision. Erb v. Dep’t of Treasury, No. DC-0752-20-0468-I-1, 2021 WL 76034 (M.S.P.B. Jan. 6, 2021), J.A. 1–37. This initial decision of the administrative judge became the final deci- sion of the Board. Because substantial evidence supports the Board’s determination that Mr. Erb repeatedly falsi- fied information on his timecard and because we sustain the Board’s affirmance of both the overall falsification and failure-to-follow-instructions charges, we affirm. BACKGROUND Prior to his removal, Mr. Erb held the position of Intel- ligence Research Specialist with Treasury’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), Intelligence Divi- sion. J.A. 2. On March 4, 2020, Treasury notified Mr. Erb that he would be removed from his position, charging him with (1) falsifying government records for allegedly report- ing false information on his timecard over several days in 2018 and (2) failing to follow supervisory instructions in 2018 in which Mr. Erb did not comply with a directive from his supervisor to serve as acting director. Issues with Mr. Erb’s conduct arose well before these 2018 incidents. Ryan Crosby, Mr. Erb’s supervisor of sev- eral years, offered testimony directed to these issues at a hearing before the administrative judge. Id. at 6. In Mr. Crosby’s recounting, he had concerns with Mr. Erb’s timecard submissions “[a]lmost from the first day that [Mr. Crosby] came to know that [Mr. Erb] would be on [his] team.” J.A. 75. Before Mr. Erb joined Mr. Crosby’s team, Case: 21-1756 Document: 85 Page: 3 Filed: 01/24/2024

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Mr. Erb’s prior supervisor had warned Mr. Crosby “that there [were] indications that [Mr. Erb] may be involved in time card fraud.” Id.; see J.A. 8. Mr. Crosby testified that, while supervising Mr. Erb, he (1) frequently noticed errors and omissions in Mr. Erb’s submitted timecards, (2) repeatedly admonished Mr. Erb to resolve these inaccuracies, and (3) conducted multiple timecard audits because Mr. Erb had exhausted his leave. J.A. 7; J.A. 75. Despite having been provided policies and procedures for timecard submissions, Mr. Erb routinely miscoded his timecards, for example, using sick leave when he should have used annual leave or recording more hours worked than he was entitled to record. J.A. 7; J.A. 71–72. In one instance, Mr. Crosby confronted Mr. Erb about a day in which Mr. Erb claimed sick leave but was seen in a social media post to be on vacation. J.A. 7; J.A. 72. On other occasions, Mr. Erb booked vacations even though he had no annual leave available and had to request advances on his annual leave. J.A. 7–8; J.A. 72. Mr. Crosby recalled that in Mr. Erb’s evaluation for fiscal year 2017, Mr. Crosby initially included a comment that Mr. Erb needed to pay closer attention to his timecard submissions. J.A. 8; J.A. 74. Mr. Erb entreated Mr. Crosby to strike this comment, and Mr. Crosby agreed to remove it to help Mr. Erb improve his image at the agency. J.A. 8; J.A. 74. In response to concerns about Mr. Erb’s time and at- tendance, the Treasury Inspector General (TIG) began in- vestigating Mr. Erb’s time and attendance records and facility access records from October 15, 2017 to October 13, 2018. J.A. 211. The resulting report documented numer- ous instances where (1) Mr. Erb submitted and validated in-office work time but never accessed a FinCEN facility and (2) telework login records indicated that Mr. Erb en- gaged in little or no telework activity. Id. Based in part on the investigation and the TIG’s report, on October 17, 2019, Treasury proposed removing Mr. Erb Case: 21-1756 Document: 85 Page: 4 Filed: 01/24/2024

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from his position based on two charges: (1) falsification of a government record and (2) failure to follow supervisory instruction. Id. at 209–12. The evidence that Treasury considered included, in addition to the TIG’s report, seven exhibits cited in that report, six memoranda encompassing interviews with witnesses and Mr. Erb, Mr. Erb’s timecard and facility access records, and a spreadsheet documenting the times that Mr. Erb remotely logged into the telework system. Id. at 211. The notice of proposed removal lodged eleven specifica- tions 1 for the falsification charge. Id. at 209–11. For each specification, Mr. Erb submitted a timecard indicating that he worked in the office or, in one specification, engaged in a full day of telework. Id. But for each of these specifica- tions, Treasury found that he did not physically report to the FinCEN facility and engaged in little or no telework. Id. As for the second charge, the notice of proposed removal put forth a single specification in which Mr. Erb’s immedi- ate supervisor had assigned him the role of acting director for two days and Mr. Erb immediately reassigned the role to another colleague without his supervisor’s approval and departed the office on an unexcused absence. Id. at 211. On March 4, 2020, after Mr. Erb provided written and oral responses to the proposed removal, Treasury issued a decision removing Mr. Erb from his position. J.A. 2. The decision determined that a preponderance of the evidence supported ten of the eleven specifications (Specifications 2 through 11) of the falsification charge and the sole specifi- cation of the failure-to-follow-instruction charge articu- lated in the notice of proposed removal. J.A. 215.

1 “Each independent ‘specification’ constitutes a sep- arate act or event that supports a charge.” Tartaglia v. Dep’t of Veterans Affs., 858 F.3d 1405, 1407 n.2 (Fed. Cir. 2017). Case: 21-1756 Document: 85 Page: 5 Filed: 01/24/2024

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In determining the appropriate penalty, Treasury’s de- cision considered the nature and seriousness of the of- fenses, concluding that both charges were “inimical to [Mr. Erb’s] position and the FinCEN mission” and that “[his] behavior towards [his] supervisor undermined man- agement’s capacity to maintain employee efficiency and discipline.” Id. Emphasizing the gravity of Mr. Erb’s of- fenses, the decision explained that “[his] misconduct went to the very core of [his] responsibilities as an Intelligence Research Specialist and called into question [his] reliabil- ity, veracity, trustworthiness, and willingness to perform [his] duties.” Id. Mr. Erb, as Treasury noted, was “on no- tice about the conduct in question” and “on notice about how to properly code and validate [his] time card.” Id. at 215–16. According to Treasury, a lesser sanction would not be appropriate because “the seriousness of the conduct un- derlying the charges and the repetitive nature of [his] con- duct (including multiple specifications for one charge alone) support a penalty of removal.” Id. at 216. Treasury further highlighted “that the penalty of removal under the circumstances outlined in this decision [wa]s consistent with the FinCEN Table of Penalties” and that “a sanction less than removal would have no effect in changing [Mr. Erb’s] behavior and would not promote the efficiency of the federal service.” Id. Mr. Erb appealed Treasury’s removal action to the Board, and the administrative judge issued an initial deci- sion that became the Board’s final decision on February 10, 2021. J.A. 29. This final decision sustained each of the charges and declined to mitigate Treasury’s selected pen- alty of removal. Id. at 21, 25, 29. Mr. Erb, Mr. Crosby, and several other former colleagues offered testimony in a hear- ing. Id. at 1, 6–13, 22, 26. The Board’s decision made ad- verse credibility determinations against Mr. Erb, crediting the other witnesses’ testimonies over his testimony. Id. at 12–13. According to the decision, Mr. Erb’s testimony was not “direct or straightforward,” “contained Case: 21-1756 Document: 85 Page: 6 Filed: 01/24/2024

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improbabilities,” and was inconsistent with his deposition testimony. Id. at 13. By comparison, the other witnesses’ testimonies were clear, direct, straightforward, and con- sistent with documentary evidence. Id. at 12–13. For these reasons, the decision accorded “very little weight” to Mr. Erb’s testimony and “significant weight” to the other witnesses’ testimonies. Id. Sustaining the falsification charge, the Board found that Treasury had demonstrated that Mr. Erb (1) had in- correctly entered information into his timecards for Speci- fications 2 through 11 of the falsification charge, and (2) had done so with the intent to deceive or mislead Treas- ury for his own material gain. Id. at 15–21. The Board likewise sustained the failure-to-follow-instructions charge, finding that Mr. Erb’s explanation as to why he could not comply with his supervisor’s instructions lacked credibility. Id. at 24–25. Turning to nexus and penalty, the Board determined that Treasury established a nexus between Mr. Erb’s mis- conduct and the efficiency of the service and found no error in Treasury’s considerations in selecting removal as the penalty. Id. at 25, 28–29. As the Board observed, “[t]he Board has long recognized that removal for falsification and dishonest activity promotes the efficiency of the service since such behavior raises serious doubts regarding the ap- pellant’s reliability, trustworthiness, and continued fitness for employment[,]” and “the Board has also held that re- moval for failure to follow instructions is not an unreason- able penalty despite an appellant’s superior performance.” Id. at 28–29 (citations omitted). The Board accordingly af- firmed Treasury’s removal action. Id. at 29. Mr. Erb timely appealed. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(9) and 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1)(A). Case: 21-1756 Document: 85 Page: 7 Filed: 01/24/2024

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STANDARD OF REVIEW We may set aside a Board decision if it is “(1) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in ac- cordance with law; (2) obtained without procedures re- quired by law, rule, or regulation having been followed; or (3) unsupported by substantial evidence.” 5 U.S.C. § 7703(c). “The petitioner bears the burden of establishing error in the Board’s decision.” Harris v. Dep’t of Veterans Affs., 142 F.3d 1463, 1467 (Fed. Cir. 1998). DISCUSSION On appeal, Mr. Erb alleges that (1) the Board acted ar- bitrarily in determining that his testimony lacked credibil- ity, (2) substantial evidence does not support the Board’s decision to sustain the falsification charge, (3) substantial evidence does not support the Board’s decision to sustain the failure-to-follow-instructions charge, and (4) the pen- alty of removal was unreasonable. As discussed below, we disagree on each count. I. Credibility Determinations Mr. Erb alleges that the Board misapplied the factors for determining credibility outlined in the Board’s prece- dential decision in Hillen v. Department of the Army, 35 M.S.P.R. 453, 458 (M.S.P.B. 1987). Appellant’s Br. 34–38. The Hillen factors are “general internal procedural re- quirements that the [Board] has established for its adjudi- cative processes, and our review of the [Board]’s fulfillment of these procedural processes is in that light.” Haebe v. Dep’t of Just., 288 F.3d 1288, 1302 n.32 (Fed. Cir. 2002). However, we reiterate that credibility “determinations are virtually unreviewable.” Hambsch v. Dep’t of Treasury, 796 F.2d 430, 436 (Fed. Cir. 1986). Here, the Board pro- vided sufficient reasoning for generally giving little weight to Mr. Erb’s testimony by referring to his demeanor during the hearing, citing discrepancies in his testimony, and ex- plaining why his testimony “contained improbabilities.” Case: 21-1756 Document: 85 Page: 8 Filed: 01/24/2024

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J.A. 12–13. The Board also repeatedly compared Mr. Erb’s specific version of events with contrary evidence of record and found his version of events to not be credible. See, e.g., Id. at 15–18, 25–26. Mr. Erb has failed to show how the Board’s credibility determinations were arbitrary. II. Charge of Falsification of Government Records Mr. Erb challenges the Board’s sustainment of Treas- ury’s falsification charge. Appellant’s Br. 14–31. To estab- lish a charge of falsification, an agency must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the employee know- ingly supplied wrong information with the intent of de- frauding the agency. Leatherbury v. Dep’t of Army, 524 F.3d 1293, 1300 (Fed. Cir. 2008). We find substantial evi- dence supports at least four of the ten specifications for the falsification charge and therefore supports the overall charge. To start, the Board did not err in determining that Mr. Erb supplied wrong information for Specifications 2, 9, 10, and 11. With respect to Specifications 2 and 11, the Board found that Mr. Erb submitted timecards for two days reflecting a full tour of duty in the office and that Mr. Erb admitted these submissions were false. J.A. 15– 16, 18. With respect to Specifications 9 and 10, the Board found that Mr. Erb submitted timecards for two days re- flecting five hours of in-office work and four hours of sick leave. Id. at 18. The Board found that, on both days, Mr. Erb (1) did not work in a FinCEN facility and (2) “claimed sick hours when he was not ill, seeking medi- cal assistance, or attending a routine medical appoint- ment.” Id. at 18–19. While Mr. Erb testified that he teleworked both days, the Board did not find this testimony credible and gave it little weight. Id. at 11–13. Instead, the Board found that Mr. Erb had not remotely logged into the FinCEN network on these days and credited testimony from Mr. Erb’s former colleagues that “to justify a full day of work, an employee must be logged into the network” and Case: 21-1756 Document: 85 Page: 9 Filed: 01/24/2024

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that “substantive work require[d] system access.” Id. at 19. These findings, we conclude, amount to substantial evi- dence in support of the Board’s determination that Treas- ury proved Mr. Erb supplied wrong information on his timecard for the days corresponding to Specifications 2, 9, 10, and 11. Next, we do not find merit to Mr. Erb’s challenges to the Board’s findings of intent for these specifications. The intent element of falsification requires the agency to show that the employee (a) “intended to deceive or mislead the agency” and (b) “intended to defraud the agency for his own private material gain.” Leatherbury, 524 F.3d at 1300. As to the first prong of intent, the Board found that Mr. Erb intended to deceive or mislead Treasury because he (1) was repeatedly told not to submit inaccurate time and attendance records, (2) had coded his time properly nu- merous times and thus knew how to properly code his time, and (3) could not offer any plausible explanation for his er- rors with respect to Specifications 2, 9, 10, and 11. J.A. 19. For Specifications 2 and 11, the Board did not find credible Mr. Erb’s claims that internal system errors or another person changed his submission or that he unintentionally miscoded his time. 2 Id. at 15–16, 19. For Specifications 9 and 10, Mr. Erb offered no explanation for the timecard er- rors. Id. at 18. Substantial evidence accordingly supports the Board’s determination that Mr. Erb intended to mis- lead or deceive Treasury.

2 On appeal, Mr. Erb requests that we take judicial notice of the fact that the federal government was shut down on the day corresponding to Specification 2. ECF No. 83. We do not see this fact as a basis for disturbing the Board’s finding that Mr. Erb submitted a false time report with intent. Case: 21-1756 Document: 85 Page: 10 Filed: 01/24/2024

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As to the second prong of intent, the Board did not err in finding that Treasury proved Mr. Erb engaged in time- card falsification for his own material gain. We are unper- suaded by Mr. Erb’s argument that salaried employees with good performance reviews cannot gain any material benefit from falsifying their timecards. Appellant’s Reply Br. 15–18. As the Board explained, as a result of Mr. Erb’s misconduct, he “received pay for hours he performed mini- mal, if any work” and “was being paid for working in the office while he was not working, which allowed him to re- ceive pay instead of tap[p]ing into or depleting his scarce annual leave hours.” J.A. 20. We conclude that substantial evidence supports the Board’s determination that Mr. Erb engaged in this misconduct for his own material gain. In sum, we sustain Specifications 2, 9, 10, and 11 and thus sustain the overall falsification charge. We do not reach Mr. Erb’s challenges to Specifications 3 through 8 be- cause, as discussed below, we may uphold the penalty of removal on the basis of the overall sustained falsification charge supported by the four sustained specifications. III. Charge of Failure to Follow Supervisory Instructions Under the Board’s standard for proving a charge of fail- ure to follow instructions—which Mr. Erb does not chal- lenge—“an agency must establish that the employee: (1) was given proper instructions, and (2) failed to follow the instructions, without regard to whether the failure was intentional or unintentional.” Powell v. U.S. Postal Serv., 122 M.S.P.R. 60, ¶ 5 (M.S.P.B. 2014). Mr. Erb alleges the Board erred in sustaining this charge because Mr. Erb acted reasonably when he, in response to being as- signed to serve as acting director by his immediate super- visor, reassigned a colleague to that role without notifying his immediate supervisor. Appellant’s Br. 31–34. The Board found that Mr. Erb: (1) improperly delegated his acting supervisory responsibility, (2) provided an unrea- sonable justification for this delegation (that he was Case: 21-1756 Document: 85 Page: 11 Filed: 01/24/2024

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teleworking), and (3) failed to communicate with his direct supervisor despite being expressly told to do so. J.A. 24– 25. Substantial evidence supports the Board’s determina- tion that Mr. Erb failed to comply with his supervisor’s in- structions, and we thus sustain the Board’s ruling as to this charge. IV. Penalty Determination Finally, the Board did not err in sustaining Treasury’s selected penalty of removal. “It is well-established that se- lecting the penalty for employee misconduct is left to the agency’s discretion.” Webster v. Dep’t of Army, 911 F.2d 679, 685 (Fed. Cir. 1990). “This court will not disturb the agency’s choice unless the severity of its action appears to- tally unwarranted in light of the relevant factors.” DeWitt v. Dep’t of Navy, 747 F.2d 1442, 1445 (Fed. Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1054 (1985). On appeal, Mr. Erb critiques Treasury’s application of the Douglas v. Veterans Admin- istration factors, twelve non-exhaustive factors an agency may use to determine the appropriateness of a penalty. 5 M.S.P.R. 280, 305–06 (M.S.P.B. 1981); see Appellant’s Br. 38–46. In Mr. Erb’s view, Treasury “failed to provide adequate evidence to support the severe penalty of removal and communicate why it is the appropriate penalty in this circumstance.” Appellant’s Br. 45. Mr. Erb does not allege that Treasury or the Board failed to consider any specific factor and, instead, seeks to have us reweigh the facts and make our own determination as to the penalty that should have been imposed. We decline to do so. See Tartaglia, 858 F.3d at 1408–09 (explaining that “we may not” reweigh ev- idence in determining the appropriate penalty for a case). We likewise find no abuse of discretion in the Board’s decision to affirm Treasury’s penalty. In its removal deci- sion, Treasury expressly referred to the twelve Douglas fac- tors, noted that certain Douglas factors were inapplicable or neutral, and analyzed each relevant and aggravating factor to determine that removal was the appropriate Case: 21-1756 Document: 85 Page: 12 Filed: 01/24/2024

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penalty. J.A. 215–16, 215 n.1. And the Board acknowl- edged the detailed analysis that Treasury underwent in de- ciding to remove Mr. Erb. See J.A. 28. We are unpersuaded that removal was an unreasonable penalty. This case, we note, does not present a scenario in which remand would be appropriate because we have “upheld fewer than all the charges against an employee.” Guise v. Dep’t of Just., 330 F.3d 1376, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2003). Our decision in Guise teaches that in such a situation, the agency’s selected penalty may be called into question. Hathaway v. Dep’t of Just., 384 F.3d 1342, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 2004). Here, having sustained all charges, we do not un- derstand the Guise rule to be controlling. To the extent the Guise rule applies in equal force to the present case, where we have sustained fewer than all specifications of the falsification charge, “when the agency makes . . . clear before the Board” that “the agency itself would have imposed the same penalty on the basis of the sustained charges that it chose on the basis of the combined charges,” the agency’s chosen penalty is entitled to defer- ence. Lachance v. Devall, 178 F.3d 1246, 1259 (Fed. Cir. 1999). Treasury’s removal decision viewed as aggravating factors that Mr. Erb “had been specifically advised in the past on the need for proper timecard entry” and was “on notice about how to properly code and validate [his] time card.” J.A. 215–16. The removal decision emphasized that the seriousness of Mr. Erb’s misconduct, and, in particular, “the repetitive nature of [his] conduct (including multiple specifications for [the falsification] charge []) support[ed] a penalty of removal.” Id. at 216. Treasury additionally de- termined removal to be consistent with the FinCEN Table of Penalties, id. at 216, and Mr. Erb on appeal does not dis- pute that the Table of Penalties deems removal to be Case: 21-1756 Document: 85 Page: 13 Filed: 01/24/2024

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reasonable for even a single falsification offense. 3 Con- sistent with the reasoning for declining to mitigate the pen- alty articulated in Treasury’s decision, our opinion today leaves undisturbed Treasury’s findings with respect to ear- lier concerns with Mr. Erb’s conduct, sustains both charges, and, in sustaining multiple specifications of the falsification charge, confirms the repetitive nature of Mr. Erb’s misconduct. Mr. Erb on appeal identifies noth- ing suggesting that Treasury would have reached a differ- ent result absent the six other specifications underlying the falsification charge. We thus see no basis for overturning Treasury’s selected penalty of removal. CONCLUSION We have considered Mr. Erb’s remaining arguments and find them unpersuasive. For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Board’s decision to affirm Treasury’s removal of Mr. Erb. AFFIRMED

3 Oral Arg. at 45:48–47:18 (available at https://oralarguments.cafc.uscourts.gov/default.aspx?fl=21 -1756_12042023.mp3) (describing that FinCEN’s Table of Penalties indicated removal was within the appropriate range of penalties for first, second, and third offenses of fal- sification of government records).