Case: 22-2218 Document: 43 Page: 1 Filed: 03/27/2024

NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

MAX A. RADY, Plaintiff-Appellant

v.

THE BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP, INC., DE BEERS UK LTD., Defendants-Appellees ______________________

2022-2218 ______________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York in No. 1:20-cv-02285-ALC- BCM, Judge Andrew L. Carter. ______________________

Decided: March 27, 2024 ______________________

STEVEN EDWARD TILLER, Whiteford, Taylor & Preston, LLP, Baltimore, MD, argued for plaintiff-appellant. Also represented by PETER JAMES DAVIS; KEVIN HROBLAK, Ice Miller LLP, Baltimore, MD.

BRIAN ROBERT MATSUI, Morrison & Foerster LLP, Washington, DC, argued for all defendants-appellees. De- fendant-appellee Boston Consulting Group, Inc. also repre- sented by SHAUN PATRICK DELACY, KYLE W.K. MOONEY, Case: 22-2218 Document: 43 Page: 2 Filed: 03/27/2024

2 RADY v. BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP, INC.

New York, NY.

CHRISTOPHER P. BORELLO, Venable LLP, New York, NY, for defendant-appellee De Beers UK Ltd. Also repre- sented by JOSHUA DANIEL CALABRO. ______________________

Before REYNA, MAYER, and CUNNINGHAM, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM. Max A. Rady appeals an order of the United States Dis- trict Court for the Southern District of New York dismiss- ing his patent infringement claim after concluding that his asserted patent claimed ineligible subject matter under 35 U.S.C. § 101. For the reasons discussed below, we affirm. I. BACKGROUND Rady owns U.S. Patent No. 10,469,250 (the “’250 pa- tent”), which is directed to “a framework [for] record[ing] to a blockchain” the “unique identification[s] (signatures) of physical items which have unique, random properties.” ’250 patent, Abstract. The claimed invention involves scanning a physical item, such as a gemstone, determining its unique pattern of imperfections, i.e., the item’s “signa- ture,” and then recording that signature to a blockchain if the physical object has not previously been registered. Id. col. 1 ll. 22–53. The patent purports to solve problems re- lated to asset provenance and asset and supply chain man- agement. Id. col. 3 l. 33–col. 5 l. 43. Claim 1 of the ’250 patent recites: 1. A network node comprising: one or more processing devices; a storage device, coupled to the one or more pro- cessing devices and storing instructions for execu- tion by at least some of the one or more processing devices; Case: 22-2218 Document: 43 Page: 3 Filed: 03/27/2024

RADY v. BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP, INC. 3

a communications subsystem, coupled to the one or more processing devices, to communicate with at least one or more other nodes of a peer-to-peer net- work; and item analysis components coupled to the one or more processing devices, the item analysis compo- nents comprising at least one imaging device con- figured to determine spectral analysis data and 3D scan data from measurements generated by the item analysis components; wherein the one or more processing devices operate to configure the network node to: analyze an instance of a physical item using the item analysis components to determine a unique signature for the instance, the unique signature de- termined using 3D spatial mapping to define the unique signature from the spectral analysis data and 3D scan data generated by the item analysis components for the physical item; determine, using the unique signature, whether the instance of the physical item is previously rec- orded to a blockchain maintained by the peer-to- peer network to provide item tracking and authen- tication services, comparing the unique signature generated by the network node to previously rec- orded unique signatures using 3D spatial analysis techniques, rotating in virtual space features of the physical item defined in the unique signature to de- termine a match with features defined in the pre- viously recorded unique signatures; and record the instance of the physical item to the blockchain in response to the determining whether the instance is previously recorded. Case: 22-2218 Document: 43 Page: 4 Filed: 03/27/2024

4 RADY v. BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP, INC.

Id. col. 19 ll. 15–51. * In March 2020, Rady filed suit against The Boston Con- sulting Group, Inc. and De Beers UK Ltd. (collectively, “BCG”), alleging infringement of the ’250 patent. BCG thereafter filed a motion to dismiss Rady’s infringement claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). In its motion to dismiss, BCG asserted that “the claims of the ’250 patent are directed to the patent-ineligible ab- stract idea of collecting, processing, and storing data to track physical items” and they “do not improve anything about computer technology itself.” J.A. 196. In granting BCG’s motion, the district court stated that while Rady’s claimed system “record[s] a fingerprint for a gemstone” to a blockchain, the patent does “not improv[e] the functionality of storing and processing data on a block- chain.” J.A. 5. The court noted, moreover, that “a block- chain is merely a ledger maintained and verified through a peer-to-peer network, and [Rady] d[id] not describe how the patent improves blockchains.” J.A. 5–6. Furthermore, ac- cording to the court, “tracking physical objects do[es] not make [the] claims any less abstract.” J.A. 5. ** Rady then filed a timely appeal with this court. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).

* Because Rady has not adequately developed any el- igibility arguments about claims of the ’250 patent other than claim 1, we treat claim 1 as representative.

** In addition to patent infringement claims, Rady’s Second Amended Complaint contained breach of contract and trade secret misappropriation claims. See J.A. 183–86. After the district court entered its order dismissing his in- fringement claims, Rady agreed to dismiss, with prejudice, his breach of contract and trade secret misappropriation claims. See J.A. 728–29. Case: 22-2218 Document: 43 Page: 5 Filed: 03/27/2024

RADY v. BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP, INC. 5

II. DISCUSSION A. Standard of Review We apply regional circuit law when reviewing motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim un- der Rule 12(b)(6). Content Extraction & Transmission LLC v. Wells Fargo Bank, Nat’l Ass’n, 776 F.3d 1343, 1346 (Fed. Cir. 2014). “In the Second Circuit, grant of a motion to dismiss is reviewed de novo to determine whether the claim is plausible on its face, accepting the material factual allegations in the complaint and drawing all reasonable in- ferences in favor of the plaintiff.” Ottah v. Fiat Chrysler, 884 F.3d 1135, 1141 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (first citing Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009); and then citing Johnson v. Priceline.com, Inc., 711 F.3d 271, 275 (2d Cir. 2013)). B. Patent Eligibility Section 101 defines patent-eligible subject matter as “any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof.” 35 U.S.C. § 101. It has been long recognized that this language excludes “[l]aws of nature, natural phenom- ena, and abstract ideas.” Ass’n for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., 569 U.S. 576, 589 (2013) (“Myriad”) (quoting Mayo Collaborative Servs. v. Prometheus Lab’ys, Inc., 566 U.S. 66, 70 (2012)); see also Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank Int’l, 573 U.S. 208, 216 (2014). The Supreme Court has articulated a two-stage frame- work to determine whether a claim falls outside the scope of section 101. See Alice, 573 U.S. at 217–18. In the first stage, a court must determine whether the claim at issue is directed to a patent-ineligible concept, such as an ab- stract idea. Id. at 217. If so, the court, in the second stage, must assess whether the elements of the claim, considered both individually and as an ordered combination, are suffi- cient to “‘transform the nature of the claim’ into a patent- eligible application” of the concept. Id. (quoting Mayo, 566 Case: 22-2218 Document: 43 Page: 6 Filed: 03/27/2024

6 RADY v. BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP, INC.

U.S. at 78). This second stage of the eligibility analysis is often referred to as the “search for an ‘inventive concept’— i.e., an element or combination of elements that is ‘suffi- cient to ensure that the patent in practice amounts to sig- nificantly more than a patent upon the [ineligible concept] itself.’” Id. at 217–18 (alteration in original) (quoting Mayo, 566 U.S. at 72–73). C. Alice Step One The Alice step-one analysis requires us to consider the claims “in their entirety to ascertain whether their charac- ter as a whole is directed to excluded subject matter.” In- ternet Pats. Corp. v. Active Network, Inc., 790 F.3d 1343, 1346 (Fed. Cir. 2015). “[W]hile the specification may help illuminate the true focus of a claim, when analyzing patent eligibility, reliance on the specification must always yield to the claim language in identifying that focus.” Charge- Point, Inc. v. SemaConnect, Inc., 920 F.3d 759, 766 (Fed. Cir. 2019). We agree with the district court that, at step one, the claims of the ’250 patent are directed to an abstract idea. See J.A. 5. Claim 1 requires identifying a physical item’s unique pattern of physical imperfections, or “signature,” and then recording that information to a blockchain if the object has not been previously registered. ’250 patent col. 19 ll. 15–51. As we have often emphasized, however, claims directed to gathering and storing data, without more, are impermissibly abstract. See, e.g., Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp. v. Zillow Grp., Inc., 50 F.4th 1371, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2022) (explaining that this court has “repeatedly held claims directed to collection of information, comprehending the meaning of that collected information, and indication of the results, all on a generic computer network operating in its normal, expected manner to be abstract” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)); In re Killian, 45 F.4th 1373, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2022) (explaining that because “[i]nformation as such is an intangible,” claims directed to Case: 22-2218 Document: 43 Page: 7 Filed: 03/27/2024

RADY v. BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP, INC. 7

“gathering and analyzing information of a specified con- tent, then displaying the results without any particular as- sertedly inventive technology for performing those functions is an abstract idea” (alteration in original) (cita- tion and internal quotation marks omitted)). We note, moreover, that identifying items by their unique physical features is a long-standing and well-estab- lished practice. See, e.g., Bilski v. Kappos, 561 U.S. 593, 611 (2010) (concluding that claims covering “the basic con- cept of hedging, or protecting against risk” described “a fundamental economic practice long prevalent in our sys- tem of commerce and taught in any introductory finance class” and were therefore directed to “an unpatentable ab- stract idea” (citation and internal quotation marks omit- ted)); Solutran, Inc. v. Elavon, Inc., 931 F.3d 1161, 1167 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (concluding that claims reciting a method for electronically processing checks were patent ineligible and explaining that “[t]he desire to credit a merchant’s ac- count as soon as possible” was a “long-standing commercial practice”). As the specification of the ’250 patent acknowl- edges, it has been long understood that many physical ob- jects have unique “small-scale imperfections.” ’250 patent col. 5 l. 19. Diamonds, for example, have “carbon imperfec- tions/carbon flaws” that “are unique in 3D space in the di- amond’s shape and type.” Id. col. 3 ll. 55–56. Indeed, Rady’s specification incorporates by reference a jewelry website that explains that diamonds can be identified by their unique imperfections. Id. col. 3 ll. 56–59 (incorporat- ing by reference J.A. 268–70). The fact that Rady’s patent describes the use of special- ized hardware does not, standing alone, mean that his claims are not directed to an abstract idea. As we have previously recognized, “claims are not saved from abstrac- tion merely because they recite components more specific than a generic computer.” BSG Tech LLC v. BuySeasons, Inc., 899 F.3d 1281, 1286 (Fed. Cir. 2018); see also Univer- sal Secure Registry LLC v. Apple Inc., 10 F.4th 1342, 1352 Case: 22-2218 Document: 43 Page: 8 Filed: 03/27/2024

8 RADY v. BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP, INC.

(Fed. Cir. 2021) (concluding that claims were directed to an abstract idea notwithstanding the fact that they recited the use of a “biometric sensor”); In re TLI Commc’ns LLC Pat. Litig., 823 F.3d 607, 611 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (concluding that a claim was directed to an abstract idea notwithstanding the fact that it “require[d] concrete, tangible components such as a telephone unit and a server” because “the speci- fication ma[de] clear that the recited physical components merely provide[d] a generic environment in which to carry out the abstract idea of classifying and storing digital im- ages in an organized manner” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Content Extraction, 776 F.3d at 1347 (concluding that claims were directed to an abstract idea notwithstand- ing the fact that they required the use of a scanner). From an eligibility perspective, the principal shortcom- ing in Rady’s claims is that they “recite generic steps and results—as opposed to a specific solution to a technological problem,” Universal Secure Registry, 10 F.4th at 1355. Claim 1 of the ’250 patent recites, in broad terms, the use of “item analysis components” to gather “spectral analysis data and 3D scan data” about the unique imperfections present in physical objects. ’250 patent col. 19 ll. 23–28. Rady’s patent, however, does not purport to have invented any new measurement techniques or measurement devices to identify such imperfections. Instead, it relies upon ex- isting devices, such as a “[s]pectral imager,” “[l]aser projec- tor,” “laser receiver,” and “[x]enon light source,” to analyze these imperfections. Id. col. 8 ll. 32–47. Rather than providing any significant details regard- ing how these various item analysis components function to determine an object’s “unique signature,” id. col. 1 ll. 47– 48, the specification simply incorporates by reference a prior publication which discloses “an end-to-end measure- ment system for capturing spectral data on 3D objects,” J.A. 220, and which explains how components such as spec- tral imagers, J.A. 221–23, laser scanning systems, J.A. 225–26, and a xenon light source, J.A. 225–26, can be used Case: 22-2218 Document: 43 Page: 9 Filed: 03/27/2024

RADY v. BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP, INC. 9

to analyze and identify various physical objects, including “minerals,” J.A. 226. See ’250 patent col. 8 ll. 32–47. Rady’s specification then goes on to explain that, in the claimed invention, spectral imagers, laser scanning systems, and light sources are used as “described in” this prior publica- tion. Id.; see also id. col. 4 ll. 38–50 (explaining that a dia- mond can be reoriented in virtual space using techniques similar to those described in a previously published arti- cle). In essence, Rady’s specification “underscores the . . . abstract nature of the idea embodied in [his] claims,” Affin- ity Labs of Tex., LLC v. DIRECTV, LLC, 838 F.3d 1253, 1259 (Fed. Cir. 2016), because rather than purporting to disclose any technological improvement to the item analy- sis components, it confirms that such devices are used in the same manner as they have been used in the past. The specification makes clear, moreover, that the claimed invention relies on the conventional use of existing blockchain technology. It explains that existing “[b]lock- chain technologies implement distributed ledgers on peer- to-peer networks,” ’250 patent col. 1 ll. 6–7, and notes that “[b]lockchains provide a way to trace unique digital items without reliance on a third party,” id. col. 1 ll. 11–12. It further describes widely-used standard protocols for con- structing and operating blockchains. Id. col. 7 ll. 46–57 (de- scribing the existing “Blockchain Authentication and Trust Module (BATM) framework”). Rather than purporting to disclose any new type of blockchain or any improvement in blockchain functionality, the specification incorporates by reference papers describing conventional blockchain con- struction and performance. Id. col. 7 ll. 20–25, 46–57 (in- corporating by reference J.A. 272–82 and J.A. 386–91). The specification recognizes, moreover, that blockchain technology has previously been used in connection with the management of “physical assets.” Id. col. 3 ll. 36–37. On appeal, Rady asserts that “counterfeiting is a wide- spread economic problem that results in billions of dollars in lost revenue each year, exposing individuals and Case: 22-2218 Document: 43 Page: 10 Filed: 03/27/2024

10 RADY v. BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP, INC.

corporations to heightened health, safety, and cybersecu- rity risks from fraudulent materials and defective parts.” Appellant’s Br. 10. He further states that “[a]n application to confirm the provenance of gemstones . . . allow[s] stones to be traced by their unique characteristics, allowing banks and lenders to identify any ‘double spending’ of stones.” Id. at 11. In his view, his “claimed invention is the first use case that pairs the use of a non-invasive, unique, non-re- producible identifier for the unique identification, authen- tication [and] self-provenance of individual physical items, with blockchain technology, thus enabling the supply chain management to reap the full benefits of blockchain technol- ogy and succeed in combating counterfeiting.” Id. at 35. Rady’s claimed system may be useful in preventing the counterfeiting of gemstones, but utility is not the measure of patent eligibility. See Myriad, 569 U.S. at 591 (explain- ing that “[g]roundbreaking, innovative, or even brilliant discovery does not by itself satisfy the § 101 inquiry”). Rady’s claims are directed to an abstract idea because they do not purport to solve any technological problem, but in- stead use existing imaging and blockchain technology in predictable ways to address the economic problem of coun- terfeit goods. In effect, Rady’s claims rely on existing tech- nological tools to gather and record data but disclose no purported improvement in the tools themselves. See Elec. Power Grp., LLC v. Alstom S.A., 830 F.3d 1350, 1354 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (concluding that claims were directed to an ab- stract idea where their “focus” was not on “an improvement in computers as tools, but on certain independently ab- stract ideas that use computers as tools”); see also Trading Techs. Int’l, Inc. v. IBG LLC, 921 F.3d 1084, 1093 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (concluding that claims were directed to an abstract idea because they did “not improve the functioning of the computer, make it operate more efficiently, or solve any technological problem”). Case: 22-2218 Document: 43 Page: 11 Filed: 03/27/2024

RADY v. BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP, INC. 11

D. Alice Step Two Turning next to Alice step two, we conclude that Rady’s claims fail to recite any elements that, either individually or as an ordered combination, transform the abstract idea of gathering and storing data about the unique imperfec- tions of a physical object into a patent-eligible application of that idea. See Alice, 573 U.S. at 217. Rady argues that his “claims are directed to the inventive combination of multiple item analyses components to capture” the unique imperfections in physical objects. Appellant’s Br. 39. We do not find this argument persuasive. Rady’s patent does not meaningfully explain how the various “item analysis components,” ’250 patent col. 19 l. 23, are configured and combined, much less purport to combine those components in an inventive way. See TLI Commc’ns, 823 F.3d at 615 (emphasizing that “vague, functional descriptions of . . . components are insufficient to transform [an] abstract idea into a patent-eligible invention”). Nor does Rady plausibly allege that recording infor- mation about the unique imperfections of a physical object on a blockchain, rather than another type of ledger, sup- plies an inventive concept. As discussed previously, Rady’s patent does not purport to disclose any novel type of block- chain or other decentralized network. It does not, moreo- ver, disclose any improved or otherwise unconventional technique for storing data on a blockchain. In this regard, the fact that the patent describes recording a particular type of information—data about the unique pattern of im- perfections in a physical object—to a blockchain does not mean that it improves the underlying blockchain technol- ogy. See BSG Tech, 899 F.3d at 1288 (explaining that “an improvement to the information stored by a database is not equivalent to an improvement in the database’s function- ality”). Thus, because the claims of the ’250 patent use con- ventional item analysis components and existing blockchain technology to implement the abstract idea of gathering and storing information about physical objects, Case: 22-2218 Document: 43 Page: 12 Filed: 03/27/2024

12 RADY v. BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP, INC.

they fail to supply the inventive concept required at Alice step two. See Trinity Info Media, LLC v. Covalent, Inc., 72 F.4th 1355, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2023) (explaining that this court has “found no inventive concept where claims merely recited ‘generic features’ or ‘routine functions’ to imple- ment the underlying abstract idea” (citations omitted)). E. Motion to Dismiss We reject, moreover, Rady’s contention that the district court prematurely resolved the eligibility question. “Like other legal questions based on underlying facts, [the eligi- bility] question may be, and frequently has been, resolved on a Rule 12(b)(6) or (c) motion where the undisputed facts, considered under the standards required by that Rule, re- quire a holding of ineligibility under the substantive stand- ards of law.” SAP Am., Inc. v. InvestPic, LLC, 898 F.3d 1161, 1166 (Fed. Cir. 2018). In response to BCG’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion, Rady asserted that his claimed invention passed muster under section 101 because it relied upon specialized sensors, J.A. 327–28, and “solv[ed] a compli- cated and long[-]standing problem plaguing many indus- tries,” J.A. 335. Because Rady failed to present non- conclusory allegations that his patent disclosed any specific technical improvements to computers, measurement de- vices, blockchains, or any other technology, however, the district court properly resolved the eligibility question at the pleadings stage. See, e.g., Simio, LLC v. FlexSim Soft- ware Prods., Inc., 983 F.3d 1353, 1365 (Fed Cir. 2020) (“We disregard conclusory statements when evaluating a com- plaint under Rule 12(b)(6).”). We have considered Rady’s remaining arguments but do not find them persuasive. III. CONCLUSION Accordingly, the order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York is affirmed. AFFIRMED