Case: 22-2203 Document: 37 Page: 1 Filed: 04/01/2024

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

DANIEL BADER, Plaintiff-Appellant

v.

UNITED STATES, Defendant-Appellee ______________________

2022-2203 ______________________

Appeal from the United States Court of Federal Claims in No. 1:21-cv-01501-NBF, Senior Judge Nancy B. Fire- stone. ______________________

Decided: April 1, 2024 ______________________

JILLIAN STONECIPHER, Sidley Austin LLP, Washington, DC, argued for plaintiff-appellant. Also represented by CARTER GLASGOW PHILLIPS; CAROLINE A. WONG, Chicago, IL.

TANYA KOENIG, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washing- ton, DC, argued for defendant-appellee. Also represented by BRIAN M. BOYNTON, PATRICIA M. MCCARTHY, DOUGLAS K. MICKLE. ______________________ Case: 22-2203 Document: 37 Page: 2 Filed: 04/01/2024

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Before LOURIE, DYK, and STARK, Circuit Judges. DYK, Circuit Judge. Daniel Bader was a military officer who previously had held the rank of Colonel 1 but had attained the rank of Brig- adier General at the time of his application for retirement in 2012. Following a finding that Col. Bader had violated 18 U.S.C. § 207(c) and 5 C.F.R. § 2635 and that his perfor- mance in the rank of Brigadier General was not “satisfac- tory,” Col. Bader was retired at the rank of Colonel despite his attainment of the higher rank of Brigadier General. This determination affected his rate of retirement pay. Col. Bader brought suit in the Court of Federal Claims (Claims Court) for his allegedly lost pay. The Claims Court granted the government’s cross-motion for judgment on the administrative record and denied Col. Bader’s motion for judgment on the administrative record, finding that there was no error in the decision to retire him at the rank of Colonel. Col. Bader appeals. We affirm. BACKGROUND I The sole issue in this case is whether Col. Bader was properly retired at the rank of Colonel or whether he should have been retired at the rank of Brigadier General, the highest rank he attained. This in turn affects the level of retirement pay to which Col. Bader is entitled. Under 10 U.S.C. § 1370 and Air Force Instruction (AFI) 36-3203, an “officer is not automatically entitled to retire in the highest grade held.” AFI 36-3203 ¶ 7.6 (Sept. 18, 2015). “Instead, an officer is retired in the highest grade served on active duty satisfactorily . . . .” Id. Because the Air Force determined that Col. Bader’s performance as

1 Because Col. Bader was retired at the rank of Colo- nel, we refer to him throughout this opinion as Col. Bader. Case: 22-2203 Document: 37 Page: 3 Filed: 04/01/2024

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Brigadier General was unsatisfactory, the Air Force deter- mined that he was not entitled to retire at the rank of Brig- adier General. See id. This finding was based on a determination that Col. Bader had violated ethical stand- ards set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 207(c) and 5 C.F.R. § 2635. First, the Air Force concluded that Col. Bader had vio- lated 18 U.S.C. § 207(c). This provision imposes a “cooling off” period for former senior government officials, during which time they are forbidden from communicating with, or appearing before, their former agency with the intent to influence the agency on behalf of any other person. This restriction applies to anyone “employed in a position which is held by an active duty commissioned officer of the uni- formed services” who is serving in a senior “grade or rank,” including the rank of Brigadier General. 18 U.S.C. § 207(c)(2)(A)(iv). Col. Bader does not challenge the deter- mination that he violated Section 207(c), admitting that he contacted members of the Air Force during his “cooling off” period in violation of this provision. Second, the Air Force determined that Col. Bader vio- lated 5 C.F.R. § 2635, which defines Standards for Ethical Conduct for Employees of the Executive Branch. Sec- tion 2635.702 of the regulation provides that “an employee shall not use or permit the use of his Government position or title . . . in a manner that is intended to coerce or induce another person, including a subordinate, to provide any benefit” to himself or any other person with whom the em- ployee is affiliated in a nongovernmental capacity. 5 C.F.R. § 2635.702(a); see also 5 C.F.R. §§ 2635.702(d), 2635.101(a), (b). Col. Bader argues that the determination that he violated this provision was erroneous and that this error requires a judgment in his favor despite the admitted violation of Section 207(c). The background leading to the Air Force’s determina- tions is as follows. Case: 22-2203 Document: 37 Page: 4 Filed: 04/01/2024

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II Col. Bader graduated from the United States Air Force Academy in 1985. Since that time, he has served many po- sitions within the Air Force, including several staff posi- tions at the National Guard Bureau (NGB). The National Guard Bureau “administers the federal functions of the Army and Air National Guard.” Air National Guard, United States Air Force, https://www.af.mil/About- Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104546/air-national-guard/ (last visited Mar. 4, 2024). He also served as Commander of the Air National Guard/Air Force Reserve Command Test Center (AATC) in 2008 and 2009. He was promoted to the rank of Colonel in 2005 and to the rank of Brigadier General in August 2010. His service up until the time of his appointment as Brigadier General appears to have been exemplary. Col. Bader was awarded numerous ser- vice medals throughout his career and was consistently commended for his leadership. The events in question occurred during his service as Assistant Adjutant General – Air, New York National Guard (ATAG-Air NYNG) from August 2010 until August 2012 when he held the rank of Brigadier General. During this period, because Col. Bader served as ATAG-Air NYNG in a part-time capacity, he was permitted to engage in out- side employment. In September 2010, Col. Bader accepted a part-time civilian position with Gauss Management Re- search and Engineering, Inc. (GMRE) as their Vice Presi- dent for International Programs, with full-time employment to begin in January 2011. Col. Bader’s later positions at GMRE included Vice President of East Coast Operations and Executive Vice President of Operations. GMRE is a veteran-owned business with its headquar- ters in South Ogden, Utah and is a member of System of Systems Security Consortium (SOSSEC). SOSSEC con- sists of a variety of organizations, including academic in- stitutions and private companies. As a consortium, Case: 22-2203 Document: 37 Page: 5 Filed: 04/01/2024

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SOSSEC provides the services of its member organizations to the government under Other Transactions Authority, which, as described below, is “a special vehicle used by fed- eral agencies to obtain or advance research and develop- ment or prototypes.” J.A. 168. In 2011 and 2012, GMRE became aware of two govern- ment contracting opportunities. Col. Bader represented GMRE in attempting to secure these contracts, and GMRE was successful in obtaining both contracts. The 2011 con- tract concerned support for a division of the Air National Guard where Col. Bader previously served as Commander. The 2012 contract between the National Guard Bureau and GMRE awarded GMRE “end of year fallout funds for a GMRE study of [Remotely Piloted Aircraft Squadron Oper- ation Centers.]” J.A 150. These Squadron Operation Cen- ters provide ground operational support for Remotely Piloted Aircraft. The Air National Guard sought contrac- tors to research ways to integrate the Operation Centers. The contract impacted the six Remotely Piloted Aircraft units in the Air National Guard across the nation, one of which was located in New York at the time when Col. Ba- der was serving as the ATAG-Air for New York. In each instance, the contracting parties were GMRE and divisions of the National Guard Bureau. While Col. Bader was not directly responsible for negotiating the con- tracts on behalf of the National Guard Bureau at the time he represented GMRE in the negotiations, he was an officer of the Air National Guard and he dealt with Air Force of- ficers during the negotiating process. This led to the two problems at issue here—the violation of the “cooling off” period statute, 18 U.S.C. § 207(c), and the violation of pri- vate gain regulation 5 C.F.R. § 2635, described in more de- tail below. An investigation was commenced by the Secretary of the Air Force, Inspector General. Case: 22-2203 Document: 37 Page: 6 Filed: 04/01/2024

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III Apparently, due to an Air Force reorganization, Col. Bader was required to be reassigned or to retire in 2012. He applied for military retirement and planned to retire on September 1, 2012. Bader v. United States, 160 Fed. Cl. 529, 536 (2022). On August 29, 2012, however, Col. Bader was notified that he was being investigated by the Inspec- tor General due to alleged violations of ethics rules. Then, on January 14, 2013, Col. Bader was informed of the specific alleged misconduct that formed the basis of the investigation. The first allegation was that Col. Bader, “by his actions while serving as an Air National Guard general officer and as an employee of [GMRE], violated post-gov- ernment employment ethics restrictions as stated in Title 18, United States Code, Section 207.” J.A. 171. The second allegation was that Col. Bader, “by his actions while serv- ing as an Air National Guard general officer and as an em- ployee of [GMRE], used his public office for private gain, in violation of 5 C.F.R. [§] 2635.” J.A. 191. In April 2014, the Inspector General, in a Report of Investigation, determined that both allegations were substantiated. On July 24, 2014, Col. Bader was sent a Letter of Rep- rimand by the Department of Air Force, Office of the Vice Chief of Staff. On September 25, 2014, the Director of the Air National Guard initiated a discretionary Officer Grade Determination for Col. Bader. On October 7, 2015, the Sec- retary of the Air Force, “after reviewing Col. Bader’s ‘entire military record of service, including the misconduct sub- stantiated by an April 2014 Air Force Inspector General investigation’ found that Col. Bader should be re- tired . . . in the lower grade of [C]olonel,” as opposed to his Case: 22-2203 Document: 37 Page: 7 Filed: 04/01/2024

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highest attained rank of Brigadier General. 2 Bader, 160 Fed. Cl. at 537. “A single incident of misconduct can render service in a grade unsatisfactory despite a substantial pe- riod of otherwise exemplary service,” and the determina- tion of “satisfactory or credible service” is a matter of Secretarial discretion. AFI 36-3203 ¶¶ 7.6.2.2, 7.6.2. On December 2, 2015, the Acting Under Secretary for Defense for Personnel and Readiness concurred with the Air Force’s decision. Col. Bader was notified of this decision on February 11, 2016. Col. Bader then petitioned the Air Force Board for Correction of Military Records (AFBCMR), asking that “(1) ‘the [Inspector General’s] Report Findings be overturned as to the substantiated allegation that he used his public of- fice for private gain’; (2) ‘that his retirement grade be re- stored and approved in the rank and grade of Brigadier General/O-7’; (3) ‘retirement pay and benefits be directed and paid’; and (4) ‘removal or modification of his military

2 On November 4, 2014, the Office of General Coun- sel for the Secretary of the Air Force “initiated a federal contractor debarment action against Col. Bader based on the Inspector General report.” Bader, 160 Fed. Cl. at 537. A debarment action “‘is an administrative action which ex- cludes nonresponsible contractors from government con- tracting’ and ‘effectuate[s] the [federal government’s] policy that agencies shall solicit offers from, award con- tracts to, and consent to subcontracts with responsible con- tractors only.’” Friedler v. Gen. Servs. Admin., 271 F. Supp. 3d 40, 43 (D.D.C. 2017) (quoting Caiola v. Carroll, 851 F.2d 395, 397–98 (D.C. Cir. 1988)). After Col. Bader responded through counsel, explaining that he failed to understand the requirements of the post-government employment reg- ulations in Section 207(c) but that he accepted responsibil- ity for those violations, the proposed debarment action was terminated. Case: 22-2203 Document: 37 Page: 8 Filed: 04/01/2024

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records to comport with the Board’s findings in [t]he inter- est of equity and justice.’” Bader, 160 Fed. Cl. at 538 (al- terations in original) (citation omitted). In September 2017, a panel of the AFBCMR concluded that no error or injustice existed that would warrant the requested relief, relying on the Inspector General’s Report. Id. Col. Bader filed for reconsideration in 2019, submitting additional ev- idence. The Board again found that no error or injustice existed. Id. at 539. IV Col. Bader filed a complaint in the Claims Court in 2021, seeking to recover the original retirement pay he would have earned if he had been retired at the rank of Brigadier General. The court determined that 10 U.S.C. § 1370 was a money-mandating statute that supplied the court with jurisdiction under the Tucker Act. The Claims Court further concluded that Col. Bader had not demon- strated that the AFBCMR’s decisions were arbitrary, ca- pricious, unsupported by substantial evidence, or contrary to law. Id. at 549. This appeal followed. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(3). DISCUSSION We review a decision of the Claims Court “granting or denying a motion for judgment on the administrative rec- ord without deference.” Barnick v. United States, 591 F.3d 1372, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2010); see also Lewis v. United States, 458 F.3d 1372, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2006). Applying the same standard of review as the Claims Court, “we will not dis- turb the decision of the AFBCMR unless it is arbitrary, ca- pricious, contrary to law, or unsupported by substantial evidence.” Barnick, 591 F.3d at 1377. In reviewing the de- cisions of the AFBCMR, we do not substitute our judgment for that of the military “when reasonable minds could reach differing conclusions on the same evidence.” Heisig v. Case: 22-2203 Document: 37 Page: 9 Filed: 04/01/2024

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United States, 719 F.2d 1153, 1156 (Fed. Cir. 1983). Relief from a corrections board decision will not be granted unless it is clear “by ‘cogent and clearly convincing evidence that the correction board acted arbitrarily, capriciously, con- trary to law, or that its determination was unsupported by substantial evidence.’” Dodson v. United States, 988 F.2d 1199, 1204–05 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (quoting Arens v. United States, 969 F.2d 1034, 1037 (Fed. Cir. 1992)). I Regulation of the ethical standards of public officials has been a concern since the founding of our country. Dan- iel L. Koffsky, Coming to Terms with Bureaucratic Ethics, 11 J.L. & Pol. 235, 240 n.28 (1995). 3 As the government expanded over time in both size and function, the regula- tion of government employee conduct became more exten- sive. Notable was the Ethics in Government Act of 1978, Pub. L. No. 95-521, 92 Stat. 1824, following the events of Watergate, which, among other things, amended the

3 Historical conflict of interest provisions include “(1) limits imposed on the Secretary of Treasury by the First Congress; (2) an 1853 prohibition on the prosecution by fed- eral employees of claims against the government; (3) 18 U.S.C. § 216, which in 1862 barred federal employees from receiving consideration for taking or procuring contracts; (4) 18 U.S.C. § 434, which in 1863 barred federal employees from transacting government business with companies with which they had an interest; (5) 18 U.S.C. § 281, which in 1864 barred federal employees from rendering services for a fee in matters which the United States had an inter- est; (6) 5 U.S.C. § 99, which in 1872 imposed a two year ban on post-employment claims; and (7) the salary supplemen- tation prohibition first enacted in 1917.” Koffsky, supra, at 240 n.28 (citing Robert N. Roberts, White House Ethics: The History of the Politics of Conflict of Interest Regulation 7 (1988)). Case: 22-2203 Document: 37 Page: 10 Filed: 04/01/2024

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existing post-government employment restrictions, re- quired financial disclosures and established the Office of Government Ethics within the Office of Personnel Manage- ment. We are concerned here with two statutes enacted in 1962 and 1966. In 1962, Congress enacted a statute, 76 Stat. 1119, to “simplify and strengthen the conflict laws presently in ef- fect.” S. Rep. No. 87-2213, at 4 (1962). Among other things, this statute continued the pre-existing restrictions on con- tacts between former senior officials and their agencies. See, e.g., 18 U.S.C. §§ 203, 205, 207. Additionally, 5 U.S.C. § 7301, enacted in 1966, author- ized the President to “prescribe regulations for the conduct of employees in the executive branch.” The Office of Gov- ernment Ethics promulgated regulations that set out the Standards of Ethical Conduct for Employees of the Execu- tive Branch, including the provisions at issue here. 5 C.F.R. § 2635. This regulation lays out the responsibilities of public service, delineating “general principles” that “re- quir[e] employees to place loyalty to the Constitution, the laws and ethical principles above private gain.” 5 C.F.R. § 2635.101(a), (b). Among those general principles is that employees shall not use their public office for private gain. 5 C.F.R. § 2635.101(b)(7). Other provisions of the regula- tion reinforce this obligation. See 5 C.F.R. § 2635.702(a), (d). A. Violations of 18 U.S.C. § 207(c) Col. Bader, a part-time general officer in the Air Na- tional Guard who was returned to active-duty status as needed, was a government employee subject to the “cooling off” restrictions of 18 U.S.C. § 207. Because Col. Bader was a “special Government employee,” he was prohibited from “knowingly mak[ing], with the intent to influence, any Case: 22-2203 Document: 37 Page: 11 Filed: 04/01/2024

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communication to or appearance before” his former 4 agency “on behalf of any other person . . . in connection with any matter on which such person seeks official action by any officer or employee of such department or agency,” for one year following his last day of active service. This prohibi- tion only applies if an officer serves in active duty for more than 60 days within the prior 365 days. If Col. Bader served in active duty status for more than 60 days within the prior 365 days, he was barred from contacting his for- mer agency for one year. 18 U.S.C. § 207(c)(1), (c)(2)(B); Bader, 160 Fed. Cl. at 534. Due to Col. Bader’s active duty service between 2010 and April 2012, he was in a “cooling off” period continuously from January 1, 2011, through April 10, 2013, and was prohibited from communicating with the Department of the Air Force during that time “on behalf of any other person.” 18 U.S.C. § 207(c). Col. Bader admitted that he violated these restrictions by communicating with the Air Force numerous times dur- ing this period. Despite being advised that he could not communicate with his former agency for a period of one year, Col. Bader “proceeded to engage” with this agency in his “governmental contractor capacit[y].” A.R. 369. 5 His frequent switches from “representation of the [Air National Guard] to representation of GMRE” created confusion among those he worked with, making it unclear whether

4 The use of the word “former” does not fully describe the relationship between Col. Bader and the Air Force be- cause he continued to be a part-time Air Guardsman with the Air National Guard. As a member of the Air National Guard, he was “periodically returned to active-duty status as needed.” Appellant Opening Br. 7–8. We use the lan- guage “former” here consistent with the statutory language of 18 U.S.C. § 207(c). 5 Citations to the administrative record (“A.R.”) refer to Bader v. United States, 1:21-cv-01501-NBF, ECF No. 8. Case: 22-2203 Document: 37 Page: 12 Filed: 04/01/2024

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he was representing the National Guard, the State of New York, or GMRE. A.R. 370. He would “communicate[] via email with Air Force and NGB officials to advocate for var- ious contracting efforts—sometimes in his capacity as an [Air Force General Officer], and other times as a repre- sentative of his private employer.” A.R. 366. He received a Cautionary Memo from the National Guard Bureau, Chief Counsel (NGB/JA) Ethics Counselor, warning him of potential conflicts of interest because of his concurrent mil- itary duties and work with GMRE, but he continued to “re- peatedly contact[] members of AATC, NGB/A2, and NGB/A5 regarding the need for and award of a contract to conduct a [Remotely Piloted Aircraft Squadron Operations Centers] study.” A.R. 367. For example, Col. Bader “communicated with the Air Force by contacting AATC leadership on at least two occa- sions via email . . . regarding the use of SOSSEC as a con- tract vehicle and regarding a[] [Request for Research Project Proposal].” J.A. 190. He also “testified that he con- tacted several agencies, including the NGB, in an effort to identify business opportunities for GMRE.” Id. Beyond these communications, he “advised and assisted the NGB in the development of a [Statement of Objectives] for a [Re- mote Squadron Operation Center (“RSOC”)] study and di- rectly supported the RSOC study after GMRE was awarded the contract.” Id. Each time Col. Bader, with the intent to influence, communicated or appeared before his former agency during the “cooling off” period, he violated 18 U.S.C. § 207(c). Col. Bader has accepted responsibility for his actions that led to the violation of § 207(c). J.A. 209. However, he contends that the denial of general officer retirement pay was based both on his violation of the cooling off statute, 18 U.S.C. § 207(c), and a violation of 5 C.F.R. § 2635 and cannot be sustained if we find that the AFBCMR’s decision regarding the violation of 5 C.F.R. § 2635 was arbitrary and capricious or unsupported by substantial evidence. Case: 22-2203 Document: 37 Page: 13 Filed: 04/01/2024

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B. Violation of 5 C.F.R. § 2635 The primary alleged misconduct relates to a 2012 con- tract awarded to GMRE by the National Guard Bureau. The AFBCMR, in its initial decision, declined to provide re- lief, relying on the Inspector General’s Report and advisory opinions from the Secretary of the Air Force and the Na- tional Guard Bureau as the basis for its determination that 5 C.F.R. § 2635 was violated. The improper conduct with respect to the 2012 contract falls into several categories. Contract Drafting The contemplated 2012 contract was to require that contractors prepare a baseline study about Remotely Pi- loted Aircraft Squadron Operation Centers. This study was necessary to bring the existing Operation Centers to a uniform standard, a standard which could then be used as a template for any new centers. In developing the Request for Research Project Proposal for the contract, the Air Force needed to write a Statement of Objectives to deline- ate the scope of the contract upon which contractors would then be able to bid. In June 2012, Col. Bader, working on behalf of GMRE, assisted the National Guard Bureau staff—the same organization where Col. Bader spent over half his time on active duty during this period—in develop- ing and writing the Statement of Objectives for this con- tract. To assist with the drafting, Col. Bader, on behalf of GMRE, led a meeting with National Guard Bureau staff where they discussed the requirements of the proposal be- fore the contract was awarded. He also provided a draft Statement of Objectives to the project manager of the con- tract. His actions caused concern among officers at the Na- tional Guard Bureau because, as one officer expressed, “at the end of the day, [the requirements] needed to be some- thing that was defined by the government.” J.A. 199. After helping set the scope of work with the National Guard Bu- reau, Col. Bader then helped draft GMRE’s Response to the Research Project Proposal. Case: 22-2203 Document: 37 Page: 14 Filed: 04/01/2024

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The Letter of Reprimand that Col. Bader received fol- lowing the Inspector General’s Report found “[p]articularly egregious . . . the action [Col. Bader] took to influence the scope of an NGB services contract and then writ[e] the re- sponse to the same contract on behalf of [his] civilian em- ployer.” J.A. 205. Interactions with Subordinates Col. Bader was found to have behaved unethically in requesting actions from subordinate officers designed to as- sist GMRE while its contract proposal was under consider- ation by the National Guard Bureau. Specifically, he was found to have “actively solicited and obtained the assis- tance of subordinate military officers to secure a contract on behalf of his employer, GMRE.” J.A. 202. Having ear- lier provided career advice to a subordinate government of- ficer (First Lieutenant Russo), Col. Bader sent her draft emails and asked her to forward those emails to contract- ing specialists within the government as if they came di- rectly from her, regarding the same proposed GMRE contract award. The officer testified that Col. Bader’s rank had influence on her, and she thought “it was a little odd” for him to be making this request. J.A. 196. She testified that she felt a “sense of trust” and an “intimidation factor” “given his position, given his rank.” J.A. 196–97. 6 Col. Bader enlisted the help of other subordinate offic- ers as well in connection with the 2012 contract. Col. Bader

6 As part of his motion for reconsideration, Col. Ba- der included a letter from First Lieutenant Russo. Col. Ba- der contends the AFBCMR failed to consider this letter and argues that this constitutes procedural error. We do not agree. This letter does not undermine her previous testi- mony but instead reaffirms it. First Lieutenant Russo is explicit that her “testimony to the IG [stood] and [she did] not wish to modify anything.” A.R. 304. Case: 22-2203 Document: 37 Page: 15 Filed: 04/01/2024

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contacted a subordinate officer on several occasions over the phone and by email regarding the drafting of the State- ment of Objectives and the GMRE’s Response to the Re- motely Piloted Aircraft Squadron Operation Centers contract. On one occasion, after Col. Bader reached out di- rectly to a government contracting specialist for infor- mation about an internal government funding deadline and was told to go through the proper channels to request such information, Col. Bader sent a draft email to two sub- ordinate officers. In the draft email, he essentially made the same inquiry that he had just made to the contracting specialist but requested that the subordinate officers for- ward it to that same contracting specialist as if it came from the subordinate officers. After GMRE was awarded the first phase of the Re- motely Piloted Aircraft Squadron Operation Center con- tract, Col. Bader asked a subordinate officer to forward another draft email “to create the appearance that [he], a government employee, supported the award of follow-on phases to the [] project.” A.R. 371. The subordinate officer did so, “despite the fact that he did not personally support follow-on funding for the project.” Id. Blurring the Lines Between Official and Civilian Status The Secretary of the Air Force, Deputy General Coun- sel opined that “[b]y maintaining a continued official pres- ence as an [Air National Guard General Officer] in a workplace that he also utilized as a government contractor” and by “engaging in his official capacity as an [Air Force General Officer] with individuals with whom he also did business as a government contractor,” Col. Bader “perpet- uated his mantle of authority” as a general officer and took advantage of those relationships to advance the interests of his private employer. A.R. 369. In 2011 and 2012, Col. Bader “spent more than half of the time he was on orders . . . working issues with the [Na- tional Guard Bureau],” the same organization that “he Case: 22-2203 Document: 37 Page: 16 Filed: 04/01/2024

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was . . . negotiating and facilitating profitable contracts with . . . on behalf of his private employer.” A.R. 369. His status throughout that time was unclear; one day he might walk into the building in a uniform and be a superior of- ficer; the next he would walk into the same building in a suit and contact the same individuals, purportedly in his civilian capacity. Col. Bader also participated in a meeting at the Air Combat Command at which topics regarding Remotely Pi- loted Aircraft were to be discussed, including a briefing of the Squadron Operation Centers study—the same study that was the subject of the 2012 contract with GMRE. His participation drew concern from the NGB Director for Plans and Requirements. It was unclear whether Col. Ba- der was there representing GMRE or in his military capac- ity. He also “addressed [Air Force] officials by their call signs” when discussing GMRE business and “assumed the leadership position at the head of the table” during a meet- ing he had convened as a civilian contractor to discuss GMRE business on at least one occasion. A.R. 370. The Inspector General “did not discover any evidence which indicated [Col.] Bader represented GMRE while on [active duty] as Brig. Gen. Bader.” J.A. 201. However, even though Col. Bader did not take these actions on the days when he was on active duty, the Inspector General’s Report of Investigation found “[t]he ‘blurring’ of [Col.] Ba- der’s military and civilian statuses supports the conclusion that he used the authority derived from this [National Guard Bureau] general officer status . . . and gave rise to the appearance of a genuine conflict of interest.” J.A. 201. The Report further found that the “appearance of impro- priety was substantial.” J.A. 203. II While Col. Bader does not challenge the factual find- ings of the Inspector General’s Report, he argues that Case: 22-2203 Document: 37 Page: 17 Filed: 04/01/2024

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AFBCMR’s decision should be set aside for several reasons, none of which has merit. First, he argues that the failure of the criminal conflict of interest statute, 18 U.S.C. § 207(c), to specifically pro- hibit using public office for private gain means that such conduct is permissible. Appellant Opening Br. 42 (“By spe- cifically defining impermissible conduct, Congress left no room for the Correction Board to create a broader prohibi- tion under the military’s general authority to prevent use of public office for private gain.”). This specious argument finds no support in the statute. In fact, the legislative his- tory of this statute explicitly recognized the fact there are other, additional means to regulate conduct in this area and that, because this area is regulated by a variety of mechanisms, the criminal statute need not address every aspect of possible employee conduct. S. Rep. No. 87-2213, at 13 (1962) (“The committee considers that the additional provision included by the House falls principally within the field of legal ethics, where the present Canons of Ethics would seem to give adequate coverage.”) It was also noted that agencies promulgate their own regulations to govern conduct in addition to the statute. Id. at 10. Directly con- tradicting Col. Bader’s argument that this statute was somehow meant to set the outer bounds of prohibited con- duct, the statute was passed with the express awareness that additional regulations and ethics guidelines had gov- erned and would continue to govern employee conduct. Second, Col. Bader argues that he is being sanctioned solely because he held both civilian and military employ- ment simultaneously, which is permissible. See, e.g., Ap- pellant Reply Br. 9 (“There is no real dispute that Colonel Bader was penalized for performing dual roles, as permit- ted under section 207.”). Again, this argument is wholly without merit. The fact that an individual in military re- serve status can hold civilian employment does not exempt that individual from ethical obligations. Col. Bader was denied retirement at his highest attained rank not because Case: 22-2203 Document: 37 Page: 18 Filed: 04/01/2024

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he held two jobs at the same time, but because he violated the public trust by using his government position to benefit his civilian employer. The Inspector General’s Report did not take issue with the fact that Col. Bader had concurrent employment as an Air National Guard general officer and as an employee of GMRE, but found that “by his actions while serving” in these roles, he violated 5 C.F.R. § 2635. His actions while serving created the violation, not merely the fact that he served in both capacities simultaneously. Third, Col. Bader contends that, through “multiple eth- ics opinions,” “the military advised Colonel Bader it was permissible for him to concurrently perform the dual roles which it later demoted him for performing.” Appellant Opening Br. 45–46; see also id. at 1 (“[T]he military disci- plined Colonel Bader and retired him at a lower rank for doing what the ethics opinions told him was permissi- ble . . . .”). Col. Bader also argues that he could not have violated 5 C.F.R. § 7635.702, which requires a showing that the use of his government position was intended “to coerce or induce another person” to provide a benefit, because he was relying on the provided ethics opinions—and that reli- ance meant he could not have the requisite intent. Appel- lant Opening Br. 56. This argument rests on a mischaracterization of the ethics opinions. The ethics opinions on which Col. Bader relies did not advise him that it was permissible to use the authority derived from his position as a general officer in a manner intended to benefit himself and his employer. In- stead, the opinions advised Col. Bader of criminal statutes regarding conflicts of interest, 18 U.S.C. §§ 203, 205, 207, and the Federal Procurement Integrity Act, 41 U.S.C. § 423—all statutes that could be relevant to him during his post-employment period. While these opinions do not di- rectly address the private gain regulations, they cannot re- motely be read to advise Col. Bader that these regulations are inapplicable to him or that his improper conduct was permissible. Case: 22-2203 Document: 37 Page: 19 Filed: 04/01/2024

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Furthermore, the “record reflects that the Board con- sidered Col. Bader’s arguments regarding his lack of in- tent,” Bader, 160 Fed. Cl. at 545 n.7, and the Inspector General, in the Report of Investigation, found that Col. Ba- der acted “in a manner intended to induce others, including NGB military subordinates, to provide a benefit to himself and his employer.” J.A. 201. Moreover, a finding of intent is not even necessary. The Inspector General’s Report noted that “several portions of Title 5 of the Code of Federal Regulations are applicable to this allegation,” and cited 5 C.F.R. § 7635.101(a) and (b) and § 7635.702(a) and (d) when describing the standards Col. Bader was alleged to have violated. Section 7635.702(d) is explicitly concerned with actions that could create an appearance of impropri- ety. Also, 5 C.F.R. § 7635.101(a) and (b) establish general standards for employee conduct and do not require specific intent. Finally, Col. Bader contends that, because GMRE op- erates through an Other Transactions Authority, he was permitted to engage in this conduct. See Appellant Reply Br. 22 (“[A] contractor is permitted to do precisely what the military faulted Colonel Bader for doing here: work with the military to jointly define the scope of a contract by de- veloping ‘program objectives’ and ‘statement[s] of work.’”). The Other Transactions Authority provides a more diverse set of contractors the opportunity to partner with the fed- eral government in research and development initiatives without needing to adhere to traditional government con- tracting requirements. This alternative acquisition method is useful particularly when it is necessary to work with organizations who have been reluctant to contract with the federal government due to its contracting require- ments, specifically “concerning intellectual property rights and cost accounting standards.” L. Elaine Halchin, Other Transaction (OT) Authority, CRS Report for Congress, 5 (Nov. 25, 2008), https://www.congressionalresearch.com/ RL34760/document.php (available at J.A. 272). Case: 22-2203 Document: 37 Page: 20 Filed: 04/01/2024

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Col. Bader points to the fact that the agreement be- tween the government and his civilian employer, GMRE, was made pursuant to the Other Transactions Authority, so the Federal Acquisition Regulation did not apply. See 32 C.F.R. § 3.2 (“‘Other transactions’ are generally not sub- ject to the Federal laws and regulations limited in applica- bility to contracts, grants or cooperative agreements. As such, they are not required to comply with the Federal Ac- quisition Regulation (FAR) and its supplements (48 CFR).”). Col. Bader is correct that the FAR does not apply to the Other Transactions Authority, but that fact does not help his argument. Col. Bader was not found to be in vio- lation of the FAR or any other regulation that is “limited in applicability to contracts.” 32 C.F.R. § 3.2. The Other Transactions Authority provisions do not exempt govern- ment employees from generally applicable ethics regula- tions. See John Cibinic, Jr. et al., Formation of Government Contracts § 1.02(d) (5th ed. 2023) (“When an agency uses its other transactions authority, it generally need not comply with the procurement statutes [or] the FAR,” but it still “will be required to comply with any other statute of general applicability.”). The Other Transactions Authority is not designed to promote self-dealing or to per- mit a public officer to use “his public office for private gain.” J.A. 201. CONCLUSION We agree that the government demonstrated that Col. Bader engaged in serious misconduct and the Claims Court properly granted the government’s motion for judgment on the administrative record. The decision of the Claims Court is affirmed. AFFIRMED