Case: 23-1653 Document: 57 Page: 1 Filed: 03/03/2025

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

DOE NO. 1, Plaintiff-Appellee

v.

UNITED STATES, Defendant-Appellant ______________________

2023-1653 ______________________

Appeal from the United States Court of Federal Claims in No. 1:19-cv-01747-SSS, Judge Stephen S. Schwartz. ______________________

Decided: March 3, 2025 ______________________

DANIEL M. ROSENTHAL, James & Hoffman, P.C., Wash- ington, DC, argued for plaintiff-appellee. Also represented by MICHAEL PAUL ELLEMENT, CHARLOTTE SCHWARTZ; LINDA LIPSETT, Bernstein & Lipsett, P.C., Washing- ton, DC.

REBECCA SARAH KRUSER, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Jus- tice, Washington, DC, argued for defendant-appellant. Also represented by REGINALD THOMAS BLADES, JR., BRIAN M. BOYNTON, PATRICIA M. MCCARTHY. ______________________ Case: 23-1653 Document: 57 Page: 2 Filed: 03/03/2025

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Before MOORE, Chief Judge, DYK and CUNNINGHAM, Circuit Judges. MOORE, Chief Judge. The government appeals an order from the United States Court of Federal Claims denying its motion for sum- mary judgment and holding the United States Office of Personnel Management (OPM) regulation 5 C.F.R. § 551.423(a)(3) invalid. We vacate and remand. BACKGROUND Plaintiff Doe No. 1 is an intelligence analyst with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). To become an intel- ligence analyst, Plaintiff was required to complete the FBI Basic Field Training Course (BFTC). The BFTC required Plaintiff to complete in-person training sessions, as well as various tasks and assessments. Some activities were scheduled outside working hours or had to be completed on Plaintiff’s own time. Plaintiff filed a complaint in the Court of Federal Claims, on behalf of Plaintiff and all others similarly situ- ated, alleging that Plaintiff was not compensated for all overtime hours worked during the BFTC. The government moved for summary judgment on the ground that BFTC participants are entry level trainees and therefore ineligi- ble for overtime compensation under OPM regulation 5 C.F.R. § 551.423(a)(3). The Court of Federal Claims con- cluded 5 C.F.R. § 551.423(a)(3) is invalid and denied the motion. Doe No. 1 v. United States, 161 Fed. Cl. 192, 200 (2022) (Decision). The Court of Federal Claims certified for interlocutory appeal the validity of 5 C.F.R. § 551.423(a)(3). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(d)(2). DISCUSSION This case presents issues of statutory and regulatory interpretation, which are questions of law we review de Case: 23-1653 Document: 57 Page: 3 Filed: 03/03/2025

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novo. Johnson v. United States, 75 F.4th 1354, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2023). The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA or the Act), first enacted in 1938, requires an employer, inter alia, to com- pensate employees at one and one-half times the regular pay rate for work performed in excess of forty hours per week. 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1). The Department of Labor (DOL) administers the FLSA as to non-federal employees through regulations promulgated under the Act. 29 U.S.C. § 204(a). Prior to 1974, the FLSA did not apply to federal employees, for whom overtime entitlements were governed by civil service statutes. In 1974, Congress amended the FLSA to apply to federal employees. Pub. L. No. 93–259, 88 Stat. 55 (1974) (codified in pertinent part at 29 U.S.C. § 203(e)(2)(A)). Congress delegated to the Civil Service Commission (now OPM) the authority to administer the Act with respect to federal employees. 29 U.S.C. § 204(f). DOL continues to administer the FLSA with respect to pri- vate, State, and local government employees and employ- ers. See 29 U.S.C. § 204(a). We have previously addressed the validity of OPM reg- ulations that depart from DOL regulations in administra- tion of the FLSA. Billings v. United States, 322 F.3d 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2003). In Billings, we considered OPM and DOL regulations that contained different definitions of an “exec- utive” employee. Id. at 1330–31 (citing 5 C.F.R. § 551.204 (1997) and 29 C.F.R. pt. 541 (1997)). We held OPM’s regu- lation was valid because (1) the OPM definition of an “ex- ecutive” employee was a reasonable interpretation of the FLSA, and (2) “the variance in OPM’s regulation [was] no more than needed to accommodate the difference between private and public sector employment.” Id. at 1334. Relevant to this case, the FLSA overtime compensation requirement applies not only to work directed by the em- ployer, but also to work the employer “suffer[s] or per- mit[s].” 29 U.S.C. § 203(g). This provision does not apply Case: 23-1653 Document: 57 Page: 4 Filed: 03/03/2025

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to all work performed in excess of forty hours per week. OPM and DOL have enacted regulations delineating excep- tions to the general overtime compensation requirement. Under OPM regulations, “hours of work” does not in- clude “[t]ime spent in apprenticeship or other entry level training, or internship or other career related work study training . . . outside regular working hours . . . provided no productive work is performed during such periods,” subject to exceptions not present here. 5 C.F.R. § 551.423(a)(3). This provision bars overtime compensation for entry level training hours unless specific criteria are met. OPM’s ex- ception to the FLSA overtime compensation requirement applies only to federal employees. DOL regulations do not contain an identical exception for entry level training. Under DOL regulations, “hours of work” does not include certain “bona fide apprenticeship programs.” 29 C.F.R. § 785.32. DOL broadly allows com- pensation for “lectures, meetings, training programs and similar activities” unless certain conditions are met. 29 C.F.R. § 785.27. Entry level training is not categorically excluded from overtime compensation under DOL regula- tions. The issue in this case is whether Plaintiff is entitled to overtime pay for hours worked during the BFTC. The gov- ernment argued before the Court of Federal Claims that Plaintiff is not eligible for such compensation because OPM regulation 5 C.F.R. § 551.423(a)(3) bars overtime pay for entry level training, including the BFTC. The Court of Federal Claims held 5 C.F.R. § 551.423(a)(3) is invalid. Decision at 197–200. Under Billings, the court reasoned OPM regulations must gener- ally conform to DOL regulations in administration of the FLSA. Specifically, the court held “[w]hen OPM’s regula- tions are inconsistent with DOL’s, a court must ‘determine whether the OPM interpretation of the statute is reasona- ble, as well as whether any difference between OPM’s Case: 23-1653 Document: 57 Page: 5 Filed: 03/03/2025

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interpretation and the [DOL] standard is required to effec- tuate the consistency of application of the provision to both federal and non-federal employees.’” Id. at 197 (quoting Billings, 322 F.3d at 1334). Regarding the OPM regulation at issue here, 5 C.F.R. § 551.423(a)(3), the court held OPM’s interpretation of the FLSA “could be reasonable, at least in the abstract.” Id. at 198. The court concluded, however, that the government failed to provide sufficient justification for OPM’s categorical rule against overtime compensation for entry level training, which does not exist under DOL regulations. The court held OPM regulation 5 C.F.R. § 551.423(a)(3) is invalid under Billings and can- not bar overtime compensation for hours Plaintiff worked during the BFTC. The government appeals the validity of 5 C.F.R. § 551.423(a)(3). The government makes two arguments on appeal as to why the OPM regulation, 5 C.F.R. § 551.423(a)(3), is valid. Appellant’s Opening Br. 8–16. First, the government ar- gues it is not clear that Billings applies to this case. The DOL regulations at issue in Billings were legislative rules promulgated by notice-and-comment rulemaking proce- dure. Here, in contrast, the DOL regulations are interpre- tive statements of policy, which were not the product of notice-and-comment rulemaking. 29 C.F.R. § 785.2 (“The regulations in this part . . . . provide a ‘practical guide for employers and employees as to how the office representing the public interest in its enforcement will seek to apply it.’” (quoting Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 138 (1944))); see 5 U.S.C. § 553(b)(A) (notice-and-comment pro- cedure “does not apply” “to interpretative rules, general statements of policy, or rules of agency organization, pro- cedure, or practice”). The government argues Billings therefore does not clearly apply. Second, the government argues even if Billings does apply, it does not invalidate 5 C.F.R. § 551.423(a)(3) because any differences between the OPM and DOL regulations at issue are justified. We agree with the government on both counts. Case: 23-1653 Document: 57 Page: 6 Filed: 03/03/2025

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Billings does not apply in this case because the DOL regulations at issue are interpretive rather than legisla- tive. Legislative rules are promulgated according to the notice-and-comment rulemaking procedure prescribed by the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). 5 U.S.C. § 553. Rules issued through the notice-and-comment process are referred to as “legislative rules” because they have the force and effect of law. Perez v. Mortg. Bankers Ass’n, 575 U.S. 92, 96 (2015). Not all regulations are required to issue through the notice-and-comment process. The notice-and- comment requirement does not apply to “interpretative rules, general statements of policy, or rules of agency or- ganization, procedure, or practice.” 5 U.S.C. § 553(b)(A). “The absence of a notice-and-comment obligation makes the process of issuing interpretive rules comparatively eas- ier for agencies than issuing legislative rules. But that con- venience comes at a price: Interpretive rules ‘do not have the force and effect of law and are not accorded that weight in the adjudicatory process.’” Perez, 575 U.S. at 97 (quoting Shalala v. Guernsey Mem’l Hosp., 514 U.S. 87, 99 (1995)). The OPM regulation at issue here, 5 C.F.R. § 551.423(a)(3), is a legislative rule promulgated through the notice-and-comment rulemaking procedure. See 45 Fed. Reg. 85659–65 (1980) (Final Rule). In contrast, the DOL regulations at issue are interpretive rules that serve to “inform the public” on how DOL will apply the FLSA. 29 C.F.R. § 785.2. Our analysis in Billings considered the validity of an OPM legislative rule in light of a conflicting DOL legislative rule. Both regulations in Billings thus had the force and effect of law. We see no reason to extend Billings to allow interpretive statements of DOL policy to invalidate an OPM regulation issued pursuant to notice- and-comment rulemaking procedures. Moreover, importantly, Billings does not require iden- ticality between OPM and DOL regulations. Billings, 322 F.3d at 1334 (upholding the validity of an OPM regulation where departure from DOL regulation was “needed to Case: 23-1653 Document: 57 Page: 7 Filed: 03/03/2025

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accommodate the difference between private and public sector employment”). Nor would such a requirement be consistent with the statute. Congress gave OPM authority to administer the FLSA with respect to federal employees but retained DOL’s authority to administer the FLSA with respect to non-federal employees. 29 U.S.C. § 204(a), (f). This division of authority between different agencies con- templates that the FLSA may be administered differently for federal and non-federal employees. The statute broadly grants OPM rulemaking authority that is neither subject to nor limited by DOL regulations. 29 U.S.C. § 204(f). OPM regulations are valid if they are consistent with the FLSA and implement a legitimate policy choice. Billings requires nothing more. Here, the OPM regulation implements a legitimate pol- icy choice. Differences between the OPM regulation, 5 C.F.R. § 551.423(a)(3), and corresponding DOL regula- tions, 29 C.F.R. §§ 785.27, 785.32, are justified by OPM’s need to regulate against statutes that apply only to federal employees. Specifically, the Government Employees Training Act (GETA), codified sixteen years before the FLSA was extended to cover federal employees, generally does not allow federal employees to receive premium pay, including overtime pay, for time spent in training. 5 U.S.C. § 4109(a)(1) (“The head of an agency . . . may pay all or a part of the pay (except overtime, holiday, or night differen- tial pay) of an employee of the agency selected and assigned for training under this chapter, for the period of training . . . .”). OPM is responsible for administering both the FLSA and GETA. 5 U.S.C. § 4118; 29 U.S.C. § 204(f). That is, OPM regulations pursuant to the FLSA must also be con- sistent with GETA and other statutes specific to federal employees. Ragsdale v. Wolverine World Wide, Inc., 535 U.S. 81, 86 (1997) (“A regulation cannot stand if it is arbi- trary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to the statute.”). GETA’s general prohibition against overtime Case: 23-1653 Document: 57 Page: 8 Filed: 03/03/2025

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compensation for training applies only to federal employ- ees, 5 U.S.C. § 4109, and has no private sector counterpart. DOL therefore does not need to ensure that its FLSA regu- lations comply with the same sources of statutory authority regarding training compensability. The OPM regulation, which allows overtime pay for training in certain circumstances, is an exception to GETA’s general rule against such premium pay. See 5 C.F.R. § 551.423(a). OPM’s decision to narrow this ex- ception by separately defining “hours of work” for entry level training is a legitimate policy choice in light of its duty to regulate in a manner consistent with both GETA and the FLSA. “Because of the peculiar nature of the statutory framework surrounding federal employment, it is reasona- ble for OPM’s regulation to vary from the [DOL] standard.” Billings, 322 F.3d at 1334. The Court of Federal Claims erred in holding differences between OPM regulation 5 C.F.R. § 551.423(a)(3) and corresponding DOL regula- tions were not justified. OPM regulations pursuant to the FLSA are valid if they are consistent with the statute and, to the extent they differ from DOL regulations, any differences are justified by legitimate reasons.1 For the foregoing reasons, the Court of Federal Claims erred in holding the OPM regula- tion is invalid. We vacate the Court of Federal Claims’

1 Our analysis in Billings incorporated Chevron def- erence, which has since been overruled. Billings, 322 F.3d at 1333 (citing Chevron, U.S.A. Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def. Coun- cil, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 848 (1984)); Loper Bright Enters. v. Raimondo, 603 U.S. 369 (2024). Under Loper Bright, OPM regulations implementing the FLSA must be consistent with the statute. Loper Bright, 603 U.S. at 412 (“Courts must exercise their independent judgment in deciding whether an agency has acted within its statutory author- ity, as the APA requires.”). Case: 23-1653 Document: 57 Page: 9 Filed: 03/03/2025

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holding that OPM regulation 5 C.F.R. § 551.423(a)(3) is in- valid and remand to determine whether the OPM regula- tion is consistent with the FLSA. CONCLUSION We have considered the parties’ remaining arguments and find them unpersuasive. We vacate and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. VACATED AND REMANDED COSTS No costs.