Case: 24-2351 Document: 64 Page: 1 Filed: 03/14/2025

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant

v.

MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC., AMGEN USA, INC., BIOCON BIOLOGICS INC., CELLTRION, INC., FORMYCON AG, SAMSUNG BIOEPIS CO., Defendants

AMGEN INC., Defendant-Appellee ______________________

2024-2351 ______________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia in Nos. 1:22-cv-00061- TSK-JPM, 1:23-cv-00089-TSK-JPM, 1:23-cv-00094-TSK- JPM, 1:23-cv-00097-TSK-JPM, 1:23-cv-00106-TSK-JPM, 1:24-cv-00039-TSK-JPM, 1:24-cv-00053-TSK, 1:24-md- 03103-TSK-JPM, Chief Judge Thomas S. Kleeh. ______________________

Decided: March 14, 2025 ______________________

DAVID I. BERL, Williams & Connolly LLP, Washington, DC, argued for plaintiff-appellant. Also represented by ARTHUR JOHN ARGALL, III, THOMAS S. FLETCHER, CHRISTIAN GLADDEN-SORENSEN, KATHRYN SCHLECKSER Case: 24-2351 Document: 64 Page: 2 Filed: 03/14/2025

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KAYALI, RHOCHELLE KRAWETZ, SHAUN PATRICK MAHAFFY, CHARLES MCCLOUD, ADAM PAN, ANDREW V. TRASK; JACOB HARTMAN, Kellogg, Hansen, Todd, Figel & Frederick, PLLC, Washington, DC; PRIYATA PATEL, Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, Washington, DC; ELIZABETH WEISWASSER, New York, NY.

JEFFREY A. LAMKEN, MoloLamken LLP, Washington, DC, argued for defendant-appellee. Also represented by KAYVON GHAYOUMI, ROBERT KRY, LUCAS M. WALKER; ERIC MICHAEL AGOVINO, CHANSON CHANG, PAULINE PELLETIER, WENDY A. WHITEFORD, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA; THOMAS BURNS, KEVIN M. FLOWERS, JOHN LABBE, Mar- shall, Gerstein & Borun LLP, Chicago, IL; EDWARD ANTHONY FIGG, JOSEPH A. HYNDS, JENNIFER NOCK, BRETT ALAN POSTAL, Rothwell, Figg, Ernst & Manbeck, P.C., Washington, DC. ______________________

Before MOORE, Chief Judge, LOURIE and STARK, Circuit Judges. LOURIE, Circuit Judge. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Regeneron”) ap- peals from a decision of the United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia denying Regen- eron’s motion for a preliminary injunction. In re Aflibercept Pat. Litig., No. 1:24-md-3103, 2024 WL 4958308 (N.D. W. Va. Oct. 1, 2024) (“Amgen Decision”). 1 For the following reasons, we affirm.

1 The case generating this appeal is Regeneron Phar- maceuticals, Inc. v. Amgen, Inc., No. 1:24-cv-39 (mistak- enly identified as 1:23-cv-39 in the district court case caption), which is part of a consolidated multi-district liti- gation, No. 1:24-md-3103. Case: 24-2351 Document: 64 Page: 3 Filed: 03/14/2025

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BACKGROUND The district court denied Regeneron’s motion because it failed to establish a likelihood of success in showing that Amgen Inc. (“Amgen”) infringed its U.S. Patent 11,084,865 (“the ’865 patent”). Regeneron’s ’865 patent is directed to pharmaceutical formulations of a fusion protein known as aflibercept, claimed by its amino acid sequence. The ’865 patent is asserted to cover a vial containing Regeneron’s biologic product EYLEA® (“Eylea”) and is listed in the FDA’s Purple Book2 under Regeneron’s Biologic’s License Application (“BLA”) 125387 for Eylea. Regeneron obtained FDA approval to commercially market Eylea for administration in a vial presentation on November 18, 2011.3 Amgen Decision, at *1. Eylea is an ophthalmic drug product used to treat angiogenic eye dis- orders, associated with uncontrolled blood vessel growth in the retina, that can cause vision loss or even blindness. Id. When administered intravitreally, it controls excessive blood vessel growth by inhibiting a growth factor known as vascular endothelial growth factor (“VEGF”). Id. at *2. The Eylea formulation contains 40 mg/ml aflibercept (the active ingredient), 10 mM sodium phosphate, 40 mM so- dium chloride, 0.03% polysorbate 20, and 5% sucrose, and has a pH of 6.2. Id. Examples 3 and 4 of the ’865 patent disclose that formulation. Id. Amgen filed abbreviated Biologics License Application 761298 (“Amgen’s aBLA”) at the FDA on August 23, 2023, seeking to market ABP 938, a biosimilar of Eylea now branded as “Pavblu.” Id. at *2–3; see also J.A. 26703-09. Amgen’s aBLA, approved a year later, states that ABP

2 The FDA’s Purple Book is a searchable online da- tabase that lists all FDA-approved biological products. 3 Regeneron received FDA approval for its pre-filled syringe presentation in August 2019. Amgen Br. 9. Case: 24-2351 Document: 64 Page: 4 Filed: 03/14/2025

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938’s formulation is different from Eylea’s formulation. Id. at *3. Relevant here, while ABP 938’s formulation con- tains a version of the fusion protein aflibercept, it does not contain a separate buffer component. Id. That is because Amgen had discovered a way to prepare and formulate the active ingredient, aflibercept, in a manner that eliminates the need for a separate buffer component—i.e., the afliber- cept itself provides sufficient buffering capacity to stabilize the formulation. See id.; Amgen Br. 2. Unlike Amgen’s bi- osimilar ABP 938, other aBLA filers, including Mylan, Formycon, Samsung Bioepis, and Celltrion, proposed bio- similar versions of Eylea that do contain a separate buffer component. Amgen Decision, at *3. On January 10, 2024, Regeneron filed an action against Amgen in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, alleging infringement of various Re- generon patents based on Amgen’s aBLA for ABP 938. Id. at *4. After Regeneron’s action was consolidated with other aBLA-filer actions by the Joint Panel on Multidistrict Litigation (“JPML”), Regeneron filed a motion for a prelim- inary injunction against Amgen, based on allegations that Amgen’s filing of its aBLA for ABP 938 infringed claims 2, 3, 27, and 28 (“the asserted claims”) of the ’865 patent. Id. at *1. The asserted claims depend from claims 1 and 26 of the ’865 patent. Claim 1 is representative and recites: 1. A vial comprising an ophthalmic formulation suitable for intravitreal administration that com- prises: a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antagonist, an organic co-solvent, a buffer, and a stabilizing agent, Case: 24-2351 Document: 64 Page: 5 Filed: 03/14/2025

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wherein said VEGF antagonist fusion pro- tein is glycosylated and comprises amino acids 27-457 of SEQ ID NO:4; and wherein at least 98% of the VEGF antago- nist is present in native conformation fol- lowing storage at 5° C. for two months as measured by size exclusion chromatog- raphy. ’865 patent col. 19 ll. 29–41 (emphases added). Because we have held that “[t]here can be no literal infringement where a claim requires two separate structures and one such structure is missing from an accused [product],” Bec- ton, Dickinson & Co. v. Tyco Healthcare Grp., LP, 616 F.3d 1249, 1255 (Fed. Cir. 2010), the primary dispute before the district court was “whether the asserted claims require that the ‘VEGF antagonist’ [i.e., aflibercept] and the ‘buffer’ be separate and distinct components of the claimed formu- lation.” Amgen Decision, at *8 (cleaned up). Amgen opposed the motion for a preliminary injunc- tion, arguing that “the asserted claims require that the claimed ‘VEGF antagonist’ and the claimed ‘buffer’ be sep- arate components” and therefore that ABP 938 could not infringe the asserted claims. Id. at *9 (cleaned up). Regen- eron disagreed and argued that “the VEGF antagonist can also satisfy the limitation of the claimed buffer.” Id. Spe- cifically, Regeneron argued that the asserted claims were not so limited by pointing to two passages from the specifi- cation allegedly explaining that (1) the claimed formula- tion’s components could embody multiple functions, and (2) all scientific terms should retain their ordinary mean- ings. Id. at *15. To support the latter allegation, Regen- eron relied on extrinsic evidence, including various references and expert testimony, to show that “using aflibercept as a buffer was so ‘well known in the art’ such that no description in the specification was necessary for a [person of ordinary skill in the art] to understand that the Case: 24-2351 Document: 64 Page: 6 Filed: 03/14/2025

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claimed VEGF antagonist can serve as the separately claimed ‘buffer.’” Id. at *17. The district court began its claim construction analysis by reciting well-established claim construction principles, including that “[t]he construction that stays true to the claim language and most naturally aligns with the patent’s description of the invention will be, in the end, the correct construction.” Id. at *11 (quoting Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1316 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc)). Consistent with such principles, the district court applied our prece- dent in Becton and its progeny to assess the claims. Amgen Decision, at *11 (citing Becton, 616 F.3d at 1254). Specifi- cally, the district court evaluated the applicability and ef- fect of the claim construction principle, reiterated in Becton, that explains “[w]here a claim lists elements sepa- rately, the clear implication of the claim language is that those elements are distinct components of the patented in- vention.” Id. (emphasis added); see Becton, 616 F.3d at 1254 (quoting Gaus v. Conair Corp., 363 F.3d 1284, 1288 (Fed. Cir. 2004)). The district court acknowledged that the “parties d[id] not dispute that the asserted claims separately list the claimed ‘VEGF antagonist’ and the ‘buffer.’” Amgen Deci- sion, at *12 (citing the ’865 patent at claims 1 and 26) (cleaned up). It therefore determined that there was no dispute that “the separate listing of these elements estab- lishes a presumption the claimed ‘VEGF antagonist’ and ‘buffer’ are distinct components.” Id. The district court next considered whether the evi- dence overcame “the clear implication” of separateness un- der Becton. See id. at *12–23. It determined that it did not. Specifically, the district court determined that neither the intrinsic nor extrinsic evidence rebutted the implica- tion of separateness and, in fact, only reinforced the impli- cation that the “VEGF antagonist” and “buffer” must be separate components of the claimed formulation. Id. at *17 Case: 24-2351 Document: 64 Page: 7 Filed: 03/14/2025

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(“Here, neither the claims nor the specification of the ’865 patent explain or suggest that the VEGF antagonist can serve as the buffer, or vice versa, or that these components can overlap in function. Rather, the claims and the speci- fication further support and confirm that they cannot be one and the same.”); id. at *19 (considering the extrinsic evidence). As part of its analysis, the district court explained that the claim construction issue in this case had yet to be de- termined, notwithstanding the district court’s earlier con- struction of the term “buffer,” in separate Regeneron litigation asserting the same ’865 patent, as “a substance that resists changes to pH upon addition of an acid or base within an optimal pH range through a proton-donating component and/or a proton-accepting component, includ- ing, for example, histidine, phosphate, and proteins like aflibercept.” Id. at *8; see In re Aflibercept Pat. Litig., No. 1:23-cv-97, 2024 WL 3423047, at *15–17 (N.D. W. Va. July 9, 2024) (“the Formycon Decision”). 4 Because the claim construction issue before the district court in this case was different from the issue presented in the Formycon Decision, the district court explained that its earlier decision “did not address the claim construction is- sue that Amgen raises in this case” and proceeded to

4 Prior to its decision in this case, the district court granted Regeneron’s motion for a preliminary injunction against Formycon based on Formycon’s biosimilar product, FYB203, which contains a separate histidine buffer. Amgen Decision, at *8. Formycon had argued that it did not infringe the ’865 patent because, in its view, the term “buffer” was limited to a phosphate buffer. Formycon De- cision, at *15. The district court rejected that construction. Id. That issue was not raised on appeal, and we otherwise affirmed. See Regeneron Pharms., Inc. v. Formycon AG, No. 2024-2009, 2025 WL 324288 (Fed. Cir. Jan. 29, 2025). Case: 24-2351 Document: 64 Page: 8 Filed: 03/14/2025

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determine whether the “buffer” was a distinct component of the claimed formulation under Becton and its line of cases. Id. at *8. Ultimately, the district court “construe[d] the asserted claims to require that the claimed ‘VEGF antagonist’ be a separate component from the claimed ‘buffer.’” Id. at *9 (cleaned up). And because Amgen’s ABP 938 product does not contain a separate buffer, the district court determined that Amgen had raised a substantial question of nonin- fringement and thus that Regeneron had not demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits for its infringement action. Id. The district court therefore denied Regeneron’s motion for a preliminary injunction. Id. at *27. Regeneron timely appealed and we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1292(a)(1) and 1292(c)(1). DISCUSSION Regeneron’s appeal challenges the district court’s claim construction, and specifically whether the district court erred in applying Becton. In Regeneron’s view, Becton is inapplicable here and, even if it were applicable, the evi- dence overcomes the clear implication, recited in Becton, that separately listed components of a claimed invention are distinct. We address each argument in turn. I We first address the applicability of Becton. As ex- plained below, because the plain language of the claim re- cites a formulation comprising four separately listed components, Becton applies. “We review claim construction based on intrinsic evi- dence de novo and review any findings of fact regarding ex- trinsic evidence for clear error.” Promptu Sys. Corp. v. Comcast Corp., 92 F.4th 1372, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2024). Claim terms are generally given their plain and ordinary mean- ing, which is the meaning that one of ordinary skill in the Case: 24-2351 Document: 64 Page: 9 Filed: 03/14/2025

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art would ascribe to a term when read in the context of the claims, specification, and prosecution history. See Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1313–17. We have held that “where a claim lists elements sepa- rately, the clear implication of the claim language is that those elements are distinct components of the patented in- vention.” Becton, 616 F.3d at 1254 (quoting Gaus, 363 F.3d at 1288) (cleaned up); see, e.g., Kyocera Senco Indus. Tools Inc. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 22 F.4th 1369, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2022) (“The asserted claims list those elements separately” and “there is, therefore, a presumption that those compo- nents are distinct.”); see also Schindler Elevator Corp. v. Otis Elevator Co., 593 F.3d 1275, 1282 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (ex- plaining that “the term ‘information transmitter’ itself sug- gests that the transmitter is a thing, separate and apart from an ‘elevator user’”). 5 Here, claim 1 plainly recites a pharmaceutical formu- lation, comprising four separately listed components, which include a “VEGF antagonist” and “a buffer.” ’865 patent col. 19 ll. 29–34. As we determined in Becton, the plain language of the claim therefore establishes a “clear implication” that the VEGF antagonist and buffer

5 As we recently reiterated in Google LLC v. Ecofactor, Inc., 92 F.4th 1049, 1058 (Fed. Cir. 2024): [Our] cases do not create a per se rule that separately listed claim elements are distinct components, regardless of the intrinsic rec- ord. . . . Rather, we have explained that there is a “presumption” that separately listed claim limitations may indicate separate and distinct physical structure, but that presump- tion may always be rebutted in the context of a particular patent. Case: 24-2351 Document: 64 Page: 10 Filed: 03/14/2025

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components are distinct components of the claimed formu- lation. Becton, 616 F.3d at 1254. Becton therefore applies. Regeneron’s arguments otherwise are misplaced. Re- generon argues that “[t]he district court fundamentally erred in applying the Becton line of precedent.” Regeneron Br. 35; see also Regeneron Reply Br. 2–8. Regeneron ar- gues that “claim construction must ‘begin’ with, not evade, the claim language’s ordinary meaning,” Regeneron Reply Br. 12 (citing Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1313), and that the dis- trict court failed to heed that established principle of claim construction, see id. (“The fundamental error in the district court’s construction is that it failed to address what ‘buffer’ means.”). Specifically, Regeneron argues that because the district court in Formycon had previously construed the term “buffer” in a way that “encompasses what the patent recites in a different limitation, the implication of separate- ness under Becton is simply inapplicable.” Regeneron Br. 35–37 (relying on Formycon Decision, 2024 WL 3423047, at *16–17). Stated otherwise, Regeneron argues that because the district court previously construed the claimed buffer as covering “proteins like aflibercept,” Bec- ton does not apply. Amgen Decision, at *39. We disagree. First, contrary to Regeneron’s arguments, the district court did properly engage with the claims, consistent with Phillips and established claim construction principles. It did so by evaluating, under Becton, whether the implica- tion of separateness applied, which necessarily requires a review of the claims themselves. See id. at *11 (“The claims separately list ‘a VEGF antagonist’ and ‘a buffer,’ giving rise to a presumption that they are separate and dis- tinct components of the claimed formulation.”). Addition- ally, as discussed in Section II, infra, the district court also considered whether the surrounding context, including other claims of the ’865 patent, overcomes the implication of separateness. Id. at *12–15. Case: 24-2351 Document: 64 Page: 11 Filed: 03/14/2025

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Second, Regeneron’s argument that Becton does not ap- ply conflates two independent claim construction inquiries. The claim construction inquiry relevant here, under Bec- ton, is directed to whether a formulation is claimed in a way that clearly implies it requires distinct components. In contrast, Regeneron’s proposed inquiry, relevant in the Formycon Decision, asks whether the claimed “buffer” com- ponent overlaps in scope with the claimed “VEGF antago- nist” component. Formycon Decision, 2024 WL 3423047, at *15–17. Because the district court’s Formycon Decision “did not address the claim construction issue that Amgen raises in this case,” id. at *8, the district court properly viewed itself as not bound by its earlier construction. Thus, we find Regeneron’s related arguments regarding overlap- ping claim scope unpersuasive.6 Because the asserted claims plainly recite a pharma- ceutical formulation comprising four separately listed com- ponents, including a “VEGF antagonist” and “a buffer,” we conclude that “the clear implication of the claim language is that those elements are distinct components of the pa- tented invention.” Becton, 616 F.3d at 1254 (cleaned up). The district court therefore correctly applied Becton. II We next address whether the evidence overcomes the implication of separateness under Becton, such that a for- mulation comprising a self-buffering VEGF antagonist, like Amgen’s ABP 938, may infringe the claims even in the absence of a separate buffer component. Because the claims and specification of the ’865 patent only reinforce that the claimed components are distinct, we agree with

6 We note that the Formycon construction was also preliminary in nature and non-binding, as it was deter- mined at the preliminary injunction stage of a separate lit- igation to which Amgen is not a party. Case: 24-2351 Document: 64 Page: 12 Filed: 03/14/2025

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the district court that the implication of separateness has not been overcome, and the claimed “VEGF antagonist” and “buffer” are distinct limitations. A claim “can be defined only in a way that comports with the instrument as a whole.” Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 517 U.S. 370, 389 (1996). Consistent with this principle, to overcome Becton, there must be evi- dence that shows that the impliedly distinct components, instead, can be satisfied by a single component. Compare Google, 92 F.4th at 1058 (overcoming the implication of separateness in part because “the specification contem- plates an embodiment in which one claimed input is calcu- lated based on at least one other claimed input”), with Becton, 616 F.3d at 1254 (not overcoming the implication of separateness because “[t]he specification . . . confirms that the spring means is a separate element from the hinged arm, as the only elements disclosed in the specifica- tion as ‘spring means’ for urging the guard forward are sep- arate structures from the hinged arm and its hinges”) (emphasis added). Such evidence may be intrinsic or ex- trinsic, though it is difficult to envision Becton’s clear im- plication of separateness being overcome without at least a suggestion of non-separateness in the intrinsic evidence. See generally Intel Corp. v. VIA Techs., 319 F.3d 1357, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (holding that extrinsic evidence may never be used to alter meaning that is clear from intrinsic evi- dence); see also Kyocera, 22 F.4th at 1382 (“The mere fact that there is an alternative embodiment disclosed in [a] pa- tent that is not encompassed by a claim construction does not outweigh the language of the claim, especially when the court’s construction is supported by the intrinsic evidence.” (cleaned up) (emphasis added) (quoting TIP Sys., LLC v. Phillips & Brooks/Gladwin, Inc., 529 F.3d 1364, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2008))). Having addressed the showing required to overcome the implication of separateness under Becton, we now turn to whether Regeneron has made such a showing. For the Case: 24-2351 Document: 64 Page: 13 Filed: 03/14/2025

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following reasons, the district court correctly determined that the record evidence failed to overcome the implication of separateness under Becton. See Amgen Decision, at *16 (“[T]he intrinsic evidence is clear and uniform that the ‘VEGF antagonist’ and the ‘buffer’ are separate compo- nents.”). “[T]he claims themselves provide substantial guidance as to the meaning of particular claim terms.” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1314. Moreover, “[o]ther claims of the patent in question, both asserted and unasserted, can [] be valuable sources of enlightenment as to the meaning of a claim term.” Id. For instance, “[d]ifferences among claims can [] be a useful guide in understanding the meaning of partic- ular claim terms.” Id. Here, the district court identified that all of the claims of the ’865 patent treat the “VEGF antagonist” as separate from the “buffer.” Amgen Decision, at *13. Specifically, as the district court explained, “[t]he components are listed with different concentrations and different units of measurement.” Id. (emphasis added). The district court therefore concluded that “[t]he clear implica- tion of the claims’ use of different units of measurement for these two components is that the components are separate and distinct.” Id. We agree. Certain dependent claims use different units of meas- urement to recite the claimed concentrations of each com- ponent, respectively. For example, where claim 2 recites a “concentration of said VEGF antagonist fusion protein [that] is 40 mg/ml,” claim 7 recites a concentration of buffer that is “5-25 mM.” Compare ’865 patent col. 19 ll. 21–43 (claim 2), with id. at col. 19 ll. 53–54 (claim 7) (em- phases added). Put simply, one component is measured in milligram per milliliter (mg/ml) units and the other in mil- limolar units (mM). The dependent claims therefore pro- vide “a useful guide in understanding the meaning of particular claim terms,” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1314, and such context reinforces that the two components are differ- ent. Case: 24-2351 Document: 64 Page: 14 Filed: 03/14/2025

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We next consider whether the specification overcomes the implication that the claimed buffer and VEGF antago- nist are separate components. And again, we agree with the district court that “[l]ike the claims, the specification of the ’865 patent uniformly describes the ‘VEGF antagonist’ and the ‘buffer’ as separate and distinct components of the formulation.” Amgen Decision, at *14. “The importance of the specification in claim construc- tion derives from its statutory role,” requiring that “the specification describe the claimed invention in ‘full, clear, concise, and exact terms.’” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1316 (cit- ing 35 U.S.C. § 112, para 1). The specification is therefore “always highly relevant to the claim construction analysis,” “is the single best guide to the meaning of a disputed term” and can “make[] plain what the [patentee] did and did not invent.” Id. at 1315 (cleaned up). “Thus claims must be construed so as to be consistent with the specification, of which they are a part.” Merck & Co., Inc. v. Teva Pharms. USA, Inc., 347 F.3d 1367, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2003). The specification explains that a “VEGF antagonist is a compound capable of blocking or inhibiting the biological action of [VEGF], and includes fusion proteins capable of trapping VEGF.” ’865 patent col. 6 ll. 27–30. The specifi- cation further describes how “the buffering agent, may be, for example, phosphate buffer.” Id. col. 2 ll. 45–48. And as the district court correctly identified, “[t]he specification does not suggest that the VEGF antagonist can be a buffer or vice versa,” and “Regeneron has not identified any such disclosure.” Amgen Decision, at *14. More to the point, the specification explains that “[p]referably, the liquid formu- lation comprises a pharmaceutically effective amount of the VEGF antagonist . . . [and] can also comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, buffers, tonic- ity agents, stabilizers, and/or excipients.” ’865 patent col. 6 l. 65–col. 7 l. 2 (emphases added). That is, the specifica- tion describes a formulation containing a VEGF antagonist plus a distinct buffer component. And that understanding Case: 24-2351 Document: 64 Page: 15 Filed: 03/14/2025

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is reinforced consistently throughout the specification, which “includes eight example formulations and twenty- two (22) embodiments, each of which describes the VEGF antagonist (aflibercept) plus a buffer.” Amgen Decision, at *14 (cleaned up) (citing ’865 patent col. 2 l. 33–col. 4 l. 62, col. 8 l. 32–col. 12 l. 26). Regeneron does not seriously dispute the overwhelm- ing evidence from the specification reinforcing the implica- tion that the claimed “VEGF antagonist” and “buffer” are distinct components of the claimed formulation. Instead, Regeneron argues that “[t]he patent did not need to list known or unknown buffers in order for ‘a buffer’ to overlap with the ‘VEGF antagonist’ limitation and rebut any pre- sumption from Becton.” Regeneron’s Br. 51. Regeneron ex- plains that is so because there is no “requirement to repeat what is known.” Id. To support that argument, Regeneron relies on the Formycon construction, arguing that it proves that “proteins like aflibercept . . . were known buffers or categories of buffers.” Id. (citing Formycon Decision, 2024 WL 3423047, at *16). It continues, “[j]ust as the patent un- disputedly did not have to list ingredients like histidine in order for them to be within the scope of ‘buffer,’ . . . it also did not have to list proteins as buffers where, as the experts agreed, proteins like aflibercept that contain histidine res- idues were understood to act as buffers.” Id. at 51–52 (cit- ing Formycon Decision, 2024 WL 3423047, at *16). We disagree. Again, Regeneron unduly relies on the preliminary claim construction in Formycon. Regardless, Regeneron’s avoidance of the specification’s disclosures, or lack thereof, is telling and is an apparent concession that the “specifica- tion, moreover, confirms that the [buffer] is a separate ele- ment from the [VEGF antagonist], as the only elements disclosed in the specification as [being a buffer] are sepa- rate structures from the [VEGF antagonist].” Becton, 616 F.3d at 1254. Further, like the patent at issue in Bec- ton, “[n]othing in the specification indicates” that the Case: 24-2351 Document: 64 Page: 16 Filed: 03/14/2025

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VEGF antagonist “might” also satisfy the distinct “buffer” component. Id. at 1255. In fact, all eight examples and twenty-two other embodiments disclose a VEGF antago- nist “plus” a separate buffer. Amgen Decision, at *14 (em- phasis in original) (citing ’865 patent col. 2 l. 33–col. 4 l. 62, col. 8 l. 32–col. 12 l. 26). And every embodiment either de- scribes the buffer as a phosphate buffer or provides a con- centration range for a buffer that does not overlap with the converted concentration range for the VEGF antagonist. Id. Despite acknowledging that the specification nowhere gives an example of a single component performing both functions (e.g., a self-buffering protein), Regeneron argues that “[t]he patent does not disavow the ordinary meaning of ‘buffer.’” Regeneron Br. 67 (“Although the specification only explicitly discloses phosphate buffer, it contains no ‘expressions of manifest exclusion or restriction’ as to non- excipient buffers.”). It adds that “[t]he patent did not need to list known or unknown buffers,” id. at 51, and that “[t]he evidence was unequivocal that proteins containing histi- dine were known buffers,” id. at 52. But here, the claims recite the “VEGF antagonist” and “buffer” as distinct components, and the specification only reinforces that understanding. The specification makes clear what “the inventors actually invented and intended to envelop,” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1316, and that is, a for- mulation containing a VEGF antagonist plus a distinct buffer. While Regeneron argues “that the [person of ordi- nary skill] would have understood in the context of the ’865 patent that proteins containing histidine were buffers,” like Amgen’s ABP 938 product, it says so without identify- ing any support from the specification. Regeneron Br. 63. That lack of specification-based support is revealing be- cause the claims “do not have meaning removed from the context from which they arose.” Netword, LLC v. Centraal Corp., 242 F.3d 1347, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2001). And the claims here “arose” from a specification that clearly and Case: 24-2351 Document: 64 Page: 17 Filed: 03/14/2025

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repeatedly describes the “VEGF antagonist” and “buffer” as distinct components and does not explain or suggest that one can stand in as the other. See ’865 patent col. 2 l. 33– col. 4 l. 62, col. 8 l. 32–col. 12 l. 26. Similarly, the fact that the term “buffer” was left unde- fined in the specification without any clear disavowal, does not mean that the term is divorced from what is so clearly implied by the claims and the specification alike. See Se- quoia Tech., LLC v. Dell, Inc., 66 F.4th 1317, 1324 (Fed. Cir. 2023) (“[T]he use of a term denoting a non-exhaustive list does not eviscerate our obligation to construe terms in the context of the entire patent.”). Accordingly, and be- cause the Becton presumption applies, the district court correctly concluded that the only reasonable construction of the claim language, in light of the specification (which does nothing to rebut the presumption of separateness), is that the “VEGF antagonist” and “buffer” are distinct com- ponents. We turn next to the district court’s consideration of ex- trinsic evidence and Regeneron’s argument that the dis- trict court clearly erred by “concluding that extrinsic evidence was irrelevant to whether claim terms could over- lap under Becton.” Regeneron Br. 53. For the following reasons, we conclude that the district court did not clearly err in finding that “none of the extrinsic evidence discloses that aflibercept can function as a buffer in a pharmaceuti- cal formulation” as of the effective filing date of the ’865 patent. Amgen Decision, at *19. As the district court correctly noted, “while extrinsic evidence can shed useful light on the relevant art, it is less significant than the intrinsic record in determining the le- gally operative meaning of claim language.” Id. at *18 (cleaned up) (citing Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1317). The district court also correctly recognized that “it need not consider this extrinsic evidence for claim construction where, as here, the intrinsic evidence is clear and unambiguous.” Id. Case: 24-2351 Document: 64 Page: 18 Filed: 03/14/2025

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at *19 (citing Seabed Geosolutions (US) Inc. v. Magseis FF LLC, 8 F.4th 1285, 1287 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (“If the meaning of a claim term is clear from the intrinsic evidence, there is no reason to resort to extrinsic evidence.”)). The district court accordingly determined that “the claims and specifi- cation are clear and uniform in supporting that the as- serted claims require separate components such that the buffer must be separate and distinct from the VEGF antag- onist.” Id. (cleaned up). Nevertheless, the court considered the extrinsic evidence “for completeness” and found “that the evidence supports the construction that the claims re- quire the VEGF antagonist and buffer to be separate and distinct components.” Id. We see no clear error in the dis- trict court’s analysis. Regeneron argues that “the court erred in disregarding the . . . extrinsic evidence.” Regeneron Br. 54; see also Re- generon Reply Br. 23–28. In Regeneron’s view, “[t]he [ex- trinsic] evidence was unequivocal that proteins containing histidine were known buffers,” and that “[t]here was no dis- pute that proteins have been known for decades to be buff- ers or have buffering capacity.” Regeneron Br. at 52. It also contends the district court, “in alternatively consider- ing the extrinsic evidence, . . . legally erred in disregard- ing [International Patent Application Publication WO 2006/138181 (“Gokarn”)] as irrelevant to claim con- struction.” Id. at 55. Gokarn, it argues, “undisputedly pre- dated the filing of the ’865 patent, and so it unquestionably confirmed to the [person of ordinary skill in the art] that ‘biopharmaceutical proteins’ could ‘be formulated in self- buffering compositions.’” Id. We are unpersuaded. Indeed, as already noted, the dis- trict court did not need to consider the extrinsic evidence given the overwhelming evidence in the intrinsic record. But the district court nevertheless considered both experts’ testimony as well as the references submitted by Regen- eron and found that evidence too “supports the construc- tion that the claims require the VEGF antagonist and Case: 24-2351 Document: 64 Page: 19 Filed: 03/14/2025

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buffer to be separate and distinct components.” Amgen De- cision, at *19. Additionally, it was reasonable for the dis- trict court to determine that, given the proximity of Gokarn’s publication date to the ’865 patent’s filing date, the reference actually supports Amgen’s contention that self-buffering proteins were not well known and that “Go- karn advanced the art over the ’865 patent precisely by dis- closing certain buffer-free formulations in which the therapeutic protein is itself capable of maintaining pH sta- bility.” Amgen Br. 51. We therefore conclude that the dis- trict court’s findings regarding the extrinsic evidence are not clearly erroneous. See Genentech, Inc. v. Sandoz Inc., 55 F.4th 1368, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2022) (“Where there are two permissible views of the evidence, the fact-finder’s choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous.”). In light of the foregoing, and given the undisputed fact that Amgen’s ABP 938 product does not contain a buffer separate from the VEGF antagonist, there is at least a sub- stantial question of noninfringement. Regeneron has therefore not established a likelihood of success on the mer- its of its infringement allegations and the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying its motion for a prelim- inary injunction. See Genentech, Inc. v. Novo Nordisk A/S, 108 F.3d 1361, 1364 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (holding that if an al- leged infringer “raises a ‘substantial question’ concerning validity, enforceability, or infringement (i.e., asserts a de- fense that [the patentee] cannot show ‘lacks substantial merit’)[,] the preliminary injunction should not issue”). III Amgen, during oral argument, waived its right to a re- mand for a calculation of damages from the temporary in- junction. See Oral Arg. at 25:13–48, Appeal No. 24-2351, available at https://oralarguments.cafc.uscourts.gov/de- fault.aspx?fl=24-2351_01142025.mp3. Case: 24-2351 Document: 64 Page: 20 Filed: 03/14/2025

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CONCLUSION We have considered Regeneron’s remaining arguments and find them unpersuasive. For the foregoing reasons, we affirm. AFFIRMED