Case: 23-2188 Document: 56 Page: 1 Filed: 05/16/2025

NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________ BILLJCO, LLC, Appellant v. APPLE INC., Appellee ______________________ 2023-2188 ______________________ Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in No. IPR2022- 00129. ______________________ Decided: May 16, 2025 ______________________ COURTLAND COLLINSON MERRILL, Saul Ewing Arnstein & Lehr LLP, Minneapolis, MN, argued for appellant. Also represented by JOSEPH KUO, BRIAN MICHALEK,, ELIZABETH A. THOMPSON, Chicago, IL; BRIAN LANDRY, Boston, MA.

JAMES LAWRENCE DAVIS, JR., Ropes & Gray LLP, East Palo Alto, CA, argued for appellee. Also represented by JAMES RICHARD BATCHELDER, CHRISTOPHER M. BONNY; DOUGLAS HALLWARD-DRIEMEIER, Washington, DC; BRIAN LEBOW, CASSANDRA B. ROTH, New York, NY.

Case: 23-2188 Document: 56 Page: 2 Filed: 05/16/2025

2 BILLJCO, LLC v. APPLE INC.

______________________ Before CHEN, SCHALL, and STOLL, Circuit Judges.

CHEN, Circuit Judge.

Apple, Inc. (Apple) filed a petition for inter partes re- view (IPR) alleging that claims 1–3, 8, 20–21, 23–27, 32, 44–45, and 47–48 of U.S. Patent No. 8,566,839 (’839 pa- tent) are unpatentable under 35 U.S.C. § 103 based on four separate obviousness grounds, each including a common reference, Lutnick 1. The Patent Trial and Appeal Board (Board) instituted IPR and found all challenged claims un- patentable on all asserted grounds. Apple Inc. v. BillJCo LLC, No. IPR2022-00129, 2023 WL 5028724 (P.T.A.B. May 18, 2023) (Decision). The patent owner, BillJCo, LLC (Bill- JCo), appeals. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(4)(A). We affirm.

Claim 1 is representative. In relevant part, claim 1 re- quires (1) “receiving, by [a] receiving data processing sys- tem, an object, said object containing information and instructions for presenting said information,” and (2) “a condition for detecting a particular user action by a user of said receiving data processing system.” ’839 patent at claim 1. BillJCo argues that the Board implicitly and erro- neously construed these limitations and that substantial evidence does not support the Board’s findings.

First, with respect to the “object” limitation, BillJCo misunderstands the Board’s decision. The Board did not find this limitation satisfied by separate transmissions of information and instructions for presenting that infor- mation, as BillJCo argues. Rather, the Board agreed with Apple’s theory that Lutnick taught a “single,” “‘self-

1 U.S. Patent App. Pub. No. 2008/0167106 (Lutnick).

Lutnick relates to managing the presentation of promo- tions on “mobile gaming devices,” such as in a casino. See, e.g., Lutnick Abstract, ¶¶ 183–84.

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contained’ object . . . including both the program or soft- ware [i.e., instructions] and the promotions [i.e., infor- mation].” Decision, 2023 WL 5028724, at *3 (citation omitted). To the extent the Board implicitly construed “ob- ject” as requiring a single object containing both infor- mation and instructions, the Board merely used the construction that BillJCo seeks.

The Board found the “object” limitation satisfied on two alternative bases. The Board initially found that a skilled artisan would understand that Lutnick teaches this limi- tation. Id. at *4 (citing Lutnick ¶¶ 48, 93). BillJCo’s open- ing brief, however, does not meaningfully challenge this finding, and it does not challenge the portions of Lutnick on which the Board relied; indeed, it does not even cite to paragraphs 48 or 93 of Lutnick. See, e.g., SmithKline Bee- cham Corp. v. Apotex Corp., 439 F.3d 1312, 1320 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (explaining that a party forfeits undeveloped argu- ments on appeal). The Board separately found that Apple “present[ed] sufficient evidence that one skilled in the art would have found it obvious to” transmit promotions and instructions together, citing to certain portions of Apple’s petition and the report of Apple’s expert, Dr. La Porta. De- cision, 2023 WL 5028724, at *4. Apple’s petition argued, for example, that “[t]ransmitting both a program and pro- motions within a single, self-contained object, would have involved a simple combination of known elements in known ways to achieve a predictable result (i.e., a download pack- age that includes both the program and the promotions).”

J.A. 137 (citing La Porta Decl. ¶ 89 (J.A. 1231)); see KSR Int’l Co. v. Teleflex Inc., 550 U.S. 398, 416 (2007). BillJCo, again, makes no argument to meaningfully challenge this reasoning. Finally, the Board relied on several paragraphs of Lutnick as teaching Lutnick’s mobile gaming device “re- ceiving” the claimed object. See Decision, 2023 WL 5028724, at *3–4 (citing Lutnick ¶¶ 119, 128, 184, 290).

BillJCo’s arguments challenging only select portions of the Board’s reasoning do not persuade us that the Board’s Case: 23-2188 Document: 56 Page: 4 Filed: 05/16/2025

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findings with respect to this limitation are not supported by substantial evidence.

Second, BillJCo argues that the Board implicitly con- strued the “user action” limitation as “something that may result due to an action by a user.” Appellant’s Br. 16. We disagree. The Board “simply compared the claim to prior art.” Google LLC v. EcoFactor, Inc., 92 F.4th 1049, 1055 (Fed. Cir. 2024); see also Apple Inc. v. Uniloc 2017 LLC, 843 F. App’x 281, 286–87 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (“[W]e reject [appel- lant’s] attempt to bootstrap its argument into one of claim construction in order to receive de novo review.”). The Board found this limitation satisfied by Lutnick’s disclo- sure that “a promotion may be presented to a player if the player has achieved a winning outcome,” which “indicates that the promotion is triggered by the user’s action, not just a response by the mobile gaming device.” Decision, 2023 WL 5028724, at *4 (quoting Lutnick ¶ 250). The Board rea- sonably found that the player achieving a winning outcome teaches the claimed “user action.”

Finally, the Board “reviewed [BillJCo’s] arguments and evidence regarding objective evidence of non-obviousness and . . . [did] not find them persuasive enough to outweigh [Apple’s] evidence that the challenged claims would have been obvious.” Id. at *6. For the same reasons explained in a companion case also decided today by this panel with respect to two other of BillJCo’s patents, we are unper- suaded that substantial evidence does not support the Board’s findings concerning BillJCo’s secondary considera- tions evidence with respect to the ’839 patent. See BillJCo, LLC v. Apple Inc., Nos. 23-2189, 23-2190, slip op. at 6–8 (Fed. Cir. May 16, 2025).

CONCLUSION We have considered BillJCo’s remaining arguments and find them unpersuasive. Accordingly, we affirm the Board’s decision.

AFFIRMED