Case: 23-1817 Document: 46 Page: 1 Filed: 06/18/2025

NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________ AVAGO TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL SALES PTE. LIMITED, Appellant v. NETFLIX, INC., Cross-Appellant ______________________ 2023-1817, 2023-1836 ______________________ Appeals from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in No. IPR2021- 01343. ______________________ Decided: June 18, 2025 ______________________ DAN YOUNG, Quarles & Brady LLP, Highlands Ranch, CO, argued for appellant. Also represented by KENT DALLOW, MATTHEW CHRISTIAN HOLOHAN.

CHRISTOPHER SCOTT PONDER, Sheppard Mullin Richter & Hampton LLP, Menlo Park, CA, argued for cross-appel- lant. Also represented by HARPER BATTS, JEFFREY LIANG. ______________________ Case: 23-1817 Document: 46 Page: 2 Filed: 06/18/2025

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Before PROST, REYNA, and TARANTO, Circuit Judges.

PROST, Circuit Judge.

Avago Technologies International Sales Pte. Ltd. (“Avago”) appeals from a final written decision of the Pa- tent Trial and Appeal Board (“PTAB”) in an inter partes review (“IPR”) determining that claims 1, 3–5, 7, 9–10, 12, 14–16, and 18–20 of U.S. Patent No. 8,646,014 (“the ’014 patent”) are unpatentable and dependent claims 6, 8, 11, and 17 are not unpatentable. J.A. 1–32. We affirm the Board as to the claims it determined are unpatentable. As to the claims the Board determined are not unpatentable, we vacate and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

BACKGROUND The ’014 patent is titled “Multistream Video Commu- nication With Staggered Access Points.” ’014 patent Title (capitalization normalized). The ’014 patent concerns “a system and method that provide reduced latency in a video signal processing system.” Id. at col. 1 ll. 63–65. According to the ’014 patent, latency is the “time between when a user makes a request for particular video information and when the system presents the requested video information to the user.” Id. at col. 1 ll. 36–39. Claim 1 recites: [1a] A method in a video receiving system for re- ceiving video information, the method comprising: [1b] receiving, by a receiver, a request by a user for a unit of video information; [1c] receiving, by the receiver, a plurality of video information streams, each of which represents the requested unit of video infor- mation; [1d] identifying, by the receiver, which of the plurality of video information streams, when processed, is expected to result in a Case: 23-1817 Document: 46 Page: 3 Filed: 06/18/2025

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lower latency in presenting the unit of video information; and [1e] processing, by the receiver, the identi- fied video information stream to present the unit of video information. Id. at claim 1 (emphasis and bracketed labels added).

The main prior-art references relevant to this appeal are Baldwin1 and Cooper.2 Baldwin is titled “Fast Start- up for Digital Video Streams” and was filed on June 13, 2003. Baldwin teaches “reduc[ing] the effective start-up delay in the presentation of the first frames of the video content that occurs when a system tunes into a video stream.” Baldwin col. 4 ll. 60–64. “To further minimize the start-up delay, the exemplary fast start-up system may ac- count for the randomness at which a user tunes into a video-stream channel by employing multiple alternative, [random access point (“RAP”)] phase-staggered video- stream transmissions.” Id. at col. 9 ll. 3–7. Cooper is titled “Robust Mode Staggercasting Fast Channel Change” and was filed on January 23, 2004. Cooper teaches “a method and apparatus for staggercasting a plurality of content rep- resentative signals.” Cooper col. 2 ll. 54–59. Content rep- resentative signals may include “a video image signal, audio sound image, program data, or any combination of these.” Id. at col. 3 ll. 52–54. “A composite signal is gener- ated comprising the plurality of first and second . . . sig- nals,” in which “each respective second . . . signal is delayed with respect to the corresponding first . . . signal.” Id. at Abstract.

Netflix, Inc. (“Netflix”) petitioned for IPR of claims 1, 3–12, and 14–20 of the ’014 patent. The Board found Bald- win alone would have rendered obvious claims 1, 3–5, 7, 9–

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10, 12, 14–16, and 18–20 of the ’014 patent. The Board also found that Cooper alone and the combination of Cooper and Baldwin would not have rendered obvious claims 6, 8, 11, and 17.

Avago timely appealed the Board’s final written deci- sion as to claims 1, 3–5, 7, 9–10, 12, 14–16, and 18–20. Net- flix timely cross-appealed the Board’s final written decision as to claims 6, 8, 11, and 17. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(4)(A).

DISCUSSION Obviousness is a question of law based on underlying findings of fact. Novartis AG v. Torrent Pharms. Ltd., 853 F.3d 1316, 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2017). “What the prior art teaches [and] whether a person of ordinary skill in the art would have been motivated to combine references . . . are questions of fact.” Meiresonne v. Google, Inc., 849 F.3d 1379, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2017). These “subsidiary factual find- ings are reviewed for substantial evidence.” Novartis, 853 F.3d at 1327. “Substantial[-]evidence review asks whether a reasonable fact finder could have arrived at the agency’s decision and requires examination of the record as a whole, taking into account evidence that both justifies and de- tracts from an agency’s decision.” Intelligent Bio-Sys., Inc. v. Illumina Cambridge Ltd., 821 F.3d 1359, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (cleaned up). “Where two different conclusions may be warranted based on the evidence of record, the Board’s decision to favor one conclusion over the other is the type of decision that must be sustained by this court as sup- ported by substantial evidence.” In re Chudik, 851 F.3d 1365, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (quoting In re Bayer Aktieng- esellschaft, 488 F.3d 960, 970 (Fed. Cir. 2007)).

Avago raises two main issues on appeal: (1) that the Board’s findings that Baldwin teaches limitations [1c] and [1d] are not supported by substantial evidence; and (2) that the Board erred by refusing to decide whether claim 1 re- quires limitation [1c] to be performed before limitation Case: 23-1817 Document: 46 Page: 5 Filed: 06/18/2025

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[1d]. Netflix’s cross-appeal challenges the Board’s findings that claims 6, 8, 11, and 17 were not shown to be unpatent- able and that Netflix failed to demonstrate a motivation to combine Cooper and Baldwin. We address each argument in turn.

I Avago’s main argument is that the Board’s findings that Baldwin teaches limitations [1c] and [1d] are not sup- ported by substantial evidence. We disagree.

Limitations [1c] and [1d] are reproduced below: [1c] receiving, by the receiver, a plurality of video information streams, each of which represents the requested unit of video in- formation; [1d] identifying, by the receiver, which of the plurality of video information streams, when processed, is expected to result in a lower latency in presenting the unit of video information. ’014 patent claim 1. The Board found that Baldwin teaches “that its receiver can concurrently receive a plurality of streams and select one of those streams to reduce latency of presentation.” J.A. 18 (citing Baldwin col. 6 ll. 25–33).

On appeal, Avago primarily disputes the Board’s fac- tual findings that Baldwin discloses that the receiver re- ceives a plurality of streams and identifies which of the plurality of streams is expected to result in lower latency, i.e., limitations [1c] and [1d]. For example, Avago argues that “[i]n Baldwin’s multicast system, the server transmits multiple streams, but a specific receiver only receives a sin- gle stream.” Appellant’s Br. 46. Avago also argues that Baldwin teaches that the server, not the receiver, selects the lower-latency stream. See Appellant’s Br. 55–56; see Case: 23-1817 Document: 46 Page: 6 Filed: 06/18/2025

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also Appellant’s Reply Br. 23–25. The Board’s reading of Baldwin is supported by substantial evidence.

Relevant to Avago’s argument that Baldwin does not disclose the receiver receiving a plurality of streams, Bald- win states: “By sending multiple different streams, tuning time is improved because the receiver may select one of the lead-in streams to play. The one selected will typically be the one which will be ready to be presented the quickest after the time at which the user tunes.” Baldwin col. 9 ll.

24–28 (emphasis added). Thus, according to the Board, “Baldwin provides a straightforward, express disclosure of ‘sending multiple streams’ to a receiver and allowing the receiver to select from those streams.” J.A. 19; see also J.A.

18–19 (citing Baldwin col. 9 ll. 24–28). The Board also found that Baldwin’s disclosure that the “alternative trans- missions ‘need not be sent concurrently to a particular re- ceiver’” further supports its finding that Baldwin teaches sending multiple streams to the receiver. J.A. 19 (quoting Baldwin col. 9 ll. 29–33 (emphasis added)). The Board rea- soned that “by stating that the streams do not have to be sent concurrently, Baldwin further teaches or reasonably suggests that alternative streams can be sent concurrently to a receiver.” J.A. 19 (emphasis in original). Avago has not demonstrated that these findings lack substantial evi- dence.

As to Avago’s argument that Baldwin does not disclose the receiver identifying which of the plurality of streams is expected to result in lower latency, Avago maintains that Baldwin’s Figures 5 and 6 “establish that Baldwin’s server identifies the lower latency stream, not the receiver.” Ap- pellant’s Br. 55. The Board also rejected this argument. It found that “the fact[] that Baldwin might also teach that a server can select a stream and transmit only one stream does not negate the plain teachings of Baldwin.” J.A. 19.

The Board also found that “Baldwin expressly teaches sending multiple streams of the same content with stag- gered RAPs so that the receiver can receive the multiple Case: 23-1817 Document: 46 Page: 7 Filed: 06/18/2025

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streams and identify the stream that is expected to result in reduced latency.” J.A. 19. Thus, Avago has not shown that the Board’s findings are not supported by substantial evidence.

II Next, we address Avago’s argument that the Board erred by refusing to decide whether claim 1 requires limi- tation [1c] to be performed before limitation [1d].

The Board found that there was no need to reach Avago’s proposed sequential-order construction for two main reasons. First, the Board determined that Avago did “not sufficiently explain why the claim should be inter- preted in this way,” i.e., that claim 1 requires limitation [1c] to be performed and completed before limitation [1d].

Second, the Board found that “we need not decide this [se- quential-order construction] issue because we determine Baldwin teaches or reasonably suggests performing the steps in [Avago’s] proposed order.” J.A. 19 n.6.

Because we determine that substantial evidence sup- ports the Board’s finding that Baldwin teaches limitations [1c] and [1d] performed in Avago’s proposed order, we see no error in the Board’s decision to not reach Avago’s se- quential-order construction.

We have considered Avago’s remaining arguments and find them unpersuasive. For the foregoing reasons, we af- firm the Board’s findings that claims 1, 3–5, 7, 9–10, 12, 14–16, and 18–20 are unpatentable.3

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III Last, we address Netflix’s cross-appeal. Netflix argues that the Board’s finding as to dependent claims 6, 8, 11, and 17 should be vacated and remanded for the Board to address Netflix’s motivation-to-combine arguments con- cerning the combination of Cooper and Baldwin. We agree.

In its petition, Netflix argued that a person of ordinary skill in the art would have been motivated to combine Cooper and Baldwin, J.A. 70–75, and relied on Cooper to teach the additional limitations found in dependent claims 6, 8, 11, and 17, see J.A. 106–16, 121–22. The Board found that Cooper alone teaches all the limitations of claim 1, ex- cept for limitation [1d]. J.A. 13–16. Specifically, it found that “Cooper does not teach that its receiver identifies which of two streams is expected to result in a lower la- tency, as required by limitation [1d].” J.A. 13. The Board also found that it was “not persuaded” by Netflix’s “argu- ment that a person of ordinary skill in the art would have been motivated to combine Cooper and Baldwin to yield the subject matter recited by the challenged claims.” J.A. 9.

The Board explained that “it is not clear how or where [Net- flix] relies on the proposed combination to satisfy any spe- cific claim limitations.” J.A. 9. As a result, the Board found that because Netflix “has not shown that [the] independent claims . . . are unpatentable in view of Cooper alone or based on the combined teachings of Cooper and Baldwin, [Netflix] has not shown that [the] dependent claims [6, 8, 11, and 17] are unpatentable in view of Cooper alone or based on the combined teachings of Cooper and Baldwin.”

See J.A. 25; see also J.A. 27, 30.

The problem with the Board’s conclusion is that it fails to reach or provide any substantive analysis of Netflix’s motivation-to-combine arguments. In its petition, Netflix provided a detailed explanation of why a person of ordinary skill in the art would have been motivated to combine Cooper’s receiver teachings with Baldwin’s teachings of Case: 23-1817 Document: 46 Page: 9 Filed: 06/18/2025

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providing alternative streams with staggered access points and selecting the stream with the next available access point. See J.A. 70–75. Netflix explained that a person of ordinary skill in the art would have combined the two prior-art references according to known methods to yield predictable results “because both teach video receivers that receive alternative streams representing content selected by a viewer.” J.A. 72; see also J.A. 71. Netflix also argued that combining these two prior-art references is a “‘simple substitution of one known element’ (e.g., Baldwin’s teach- ing of identifying which stream has the next available ac- cess point) for another (e.g., Cooper’s teaching of identifying which stream is more readily available) to ob- tain predictable results.” J.A. 73. Last, Netflix explained that “[i]mplementing Baldwin’s teaching of identifying which stream has the next available access point repre- sents a choice from a finite number of identified predictable solutions with a reasonable expectation of success.” J.A.

74. Despite Netflix raising these motivation-to-combine ar- guments, the Board did not substantively address Netflix’s arguments or provide any explanation as to why a person of ordinary skill in the art would not have been motivated to combine Cooper and Baldwin. See J.A. 8–10.

We also disagree with the Board that “it is not clear how or where [Netflix] relies on the proposed combination to satisfy any specific claim limitations.” J.A. 9. Netflix’s petition clearly argued that the combination of Cooper and Baldwin is necessary to meet limitation [1d] should the Board find that Cooper does not teach limitation [1d]. Net- flix’s petition stated: To the extent that [Avago] argues that the forego- ing teachings of Cooper relating to a receiver that identifies which of the multiplexed packet streams is not time-delayed does not render limitation [1d] obvious, then a [person of ordinary skill in the art] would have found it obvious for Cooper and Case: 23-1817 Document: 46 Page: 10 Filed: 06/18/2025

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Baldwin to teach this limitation based on Baldwin’s teachings.

J.A. 89. Accordingly, we vacate the Board’s determination as to claims 6, 8, 11, and 17 and remand for the Board to address (1) Netflix’s motivation-to-combine arguments for the combination of Cooper and Baldwin in view of the Board’s finding that Cooper does not teach limitation [1d]; and (2) whether Cooper teaches the additional limitations found in dependent claims 6, 8, 11, and 17. See Cross-Ap- pellant’s Br. 52, 63.

CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Board’s deter- mination as to claims 1, 3–5, 7, 9–10, 12, 14–16, and 18–20 of the ’014 patent. We vacate and remand the Board’s de- termination as to claims 6, 8, 11, and 17 of the ’014 patent for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

AFFIRMED AS TO THE MAIN APPEAL; VACATED AND REMANDED AS TO THE CROSS-APPEAL COSTS Costs to Netflix.