Case: 24-2307 Document: 28 Page: 1 Filed: 09/03/2025

NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________ SEAN J. DILLON, Plaintiff-Appellant v. UNITED STATES, Defendant-Appellee ______________________ 2024-2307 ______________________ Appeal from the United States Court of Federal Claims in No. 1:21-cv-02016-RAH, Judge Richard A. Hertling. ______________________ Decided: September 3, 2025 ______________________ SEAN J. DILLON, Fort Leavenworth, KS, pro se.

KYLE SHANE BECKRICH, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Wash- ington, DC, for defendant-appellee. Also represented by ERIC P. BRUSKIN, PATRICIA M. MCCARTHY, YAAKOV ROTH. ______________________ Before LOURIE, TARANTO, and CUNNINGHAM, Circuit Judges.

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PER CURIAM.

Sean J. Dillon filed a complaint against the United States in the Court of Federal Claims (Claims Court). As now relevant, he alleged that he was improperly subject to a court-martial after he had been medically retired from the United States Army, causing him to lose retirement benefits, and he sought back pay consisting of the lost ben- efits. The Claims Court dismissed the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. Dillon v. United States, No. 21-cv-02016, 2024 WL 3262822, at *5–8 (Fed. Cl. July 1, 2024) (Dillon CFC I); Dillon v. United States, No. 21-cv-02016, 2024 WL 3949062, at *1–2 (Fed. Cl. Aug. 27, 2024) (denying reconsideration) (Dillon CFC II).

Mr. Dillon appeals. We affirm.

I A Mr. Dillon enlisted in the Army in 1996, served in both Iraq and Afghanistan, and suffered multiple combat-re- lated injuries. Complaint, Dillon v. United States, No. 21- cv-02016 (Fed. Cl.), ECF No. 1, at 4 (Complaint); Govern- ment Supplemental Appendix at 42–43 (S. Appx.). Because of those injuries, in November 2014 the Army approved Mr. Dillon for medical retirement, with the Secretary of the Army ordering that he be retired by November 30, 2015.

Complaint at 4–5. On September 11, 2015, pursuant to the Secretary’s order, Mr. Dillon was sent an official notice that his retirement would begin November 29, 2015. Motion to Dismiss, Dillon v. United States, No. 21-cv-02016 (Fed. Cl.), ECF No. 10-1 at 3–4 (Motion to Dismiss). A discharge form gave the same date. S. Appx. at 39–40.

On November 3, 2015, however, the Army revoked Mr. Dillon’s retirement orders. Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 10-1, at 2, 5; see Complaint at 9. On November 25, the Army notified Mr. Dillon that he was being charged with Case: 24-2307 Document: 28 Page: 3 Filed: 09/03/2025

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violating Article 120 of the Uniform Code of Military Jus- tice, which proscribes various sex crimes. Complaint at 5.

He was tried before a court-martial for aggravated sexual assault of a child in April 2016. Id. at 6; see Dillon v. United States, No. Army 20160324, 2019 WL 302073, at *1 (Army Ct. Crim. App. Jan. 17, 2019) (Dillon ACCA).

During his trial, Mr. Dillon argued through counsel that the court-martial lacked personal jurisdiction over him because he had already been medically retired from the Army. Complaint at 6. To substantiate that argument, he provided a government record that he received in April 2016 indicating November 29, 2015, as his date of retire- ment from active service, see S. Appx. at 48, and tax forms showing that he received retirement pay in 2016 and 2017, see S. Appx. at 44–47. The court-martial rejected Mr. Dil- lon’s contentions, finding that he was never actually retired and that the purported notice of his retirement was “inva- lid.” Complaint at 6. He was convicted of aggravated sex- ual assault of a child, among other charges, in April 2016, id.; see Dillon ACCA, at *1–2, and sentenced to confine- ment for 30 years, S. Appx. at 41.

Mr. Dillon appealed his conviction to the Army Court of Criminal Appeals and pressed the same jurisdictional argument. Complaint at 6; Dillon ACCA, at *1 n.2. That court held that his argument was “meritless” because, “[a]lthough [Mr. Dillon] was close to retirement before any charges were preferred, he was not, in fact, retired.” Dillon ACCA, at *1 n.2. The United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces denied Mr. Dillon’s petition to review that decision. United States v. Dillon, 79 M.J. 189, 189 (C.A.A.F. 2019). He was dishonorably discharged in July 2020. Complaint at 6–7; S. Appx. at 42–43.

B On October 7, 2021, Mr. Dillon filed his complaint to the Claims Court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief and retirement back pay. Complaint at 9–10. He alleged Case: 24-2307 Document: 28 Page: 4 Filed: 09/03/2025

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violations of the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause, of U.S.C. §§ 1201–1202, and of Army Regulation 600-8-24 ¶ 6-23(a). Complaint at 7–9. The government moved to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction and failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted, and the Claims Court granted the motion. See generally Dillon CFC I.

The Claims Court construed the complaint as contain- ing two claims: “first, that [Mr. Dillon] was medically re- tired on November 30, 2015, such that the 2016 court- martial lacked jurisdiction . . . [, and] second, even if the 2016 court-martial had jurisdiction, governing law none- theless required that the plaintiff be medically re- tired . . . .” Id. at *5. Noting its limited power to review the findings of a court-martial, the Claims Court held that, in the absence of a showing of a “significant constitutional defect[ ]” or lack of “fundamental fairness,” it did not have jurisdiction to review the court-martial’s determination that Mr. Dillon had not been retired. Id. at *6 (quoting Matias v. United States, 19 Cl. Ct. 635, 642 (1990), af- firmed, 923 F.2d 821 (Fed. Cir. 1990)). It further held that, although Mr. Dillon’s claim for retirement back pay under 10 U.S.C. § 1201 fell within its jurisdiction, Mr. Dillon had not plausibly alleged entitlement to back pay because “a disabled soldier is not owed retirement pay until he is re- tired,” and Army Regulation 635-40 ¶ 4-2 (2006) (the con- trolling version for Mr. Dillon’s claim) prevents a soldier from being medically retired while under a sentence of pu- nitive discharge. Dillon CFC I, at *7. The Claims Court subsequently denied what it construed as a motion to alter the judgment under Rule 59 of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims. Dillon CFC II, at *1–6.

Mr. Dillon timely appealed. We have jurisdiction un- der 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(3).

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II Because the Claims Court’s dismissal of the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and for failure to state a claim here does not rest on a resolution of factual disputes, we review the dismissal de novo. Taylor v. United States, 959 F.3d 1081, 1086 (Fed. Cir. 2020). Like the Claims Court, we “take all factual allegations in the complaint as true and construe the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Inter-Tribal Council of Arizona, Inc. v. United States, 956 F.3d 1328, 1338 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

Pro se complaints are “h[e]ld to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers,” Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972), but pro se litigants must meet the same “jurisdictional requirement[s]” as all others, Kelley v. Secretary, United States Department of La- bor, 812 F.2d 1378, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 1987).

The Tucker Act defines the jurisdiction of the Claims Court to include any claim against the United States founded either upon the Constitution, or any Act of Congress or any regulation of an executive department, or upon any express or implied contract with the United States, or for liquidated or unliquidated damages in cases not sounding in tort. 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1). The Claims Court has jurisdiction to hear claims under 10 U.S.C. § 1201, which is money- mandating for the purposes of the Tucker Act. See Fisher v. United States, 402 F.3d 1167, 1174–75 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (citing Sawyer v. United States, 930 F.2d 1577 (Fed. Cir. 1991)). Although Mr. Dillon’s claim rests on a collateral attack on the judgment of a court-martial—which deter- mined that he was not in fact ever retired—we have viewed the presence of such a collateral attack not so much as de- feating Tucker Act jurisdiction (when a claim is made un- der a statute authorizing claims for back pay) as Case: 24-2307 Document: 28 Page: 6 Filed: 09/03/2025

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establishing a high standard for prevailing on the merits.

See Matias v. United States, 923 F.2d 821, 822–26 (Fed. Cir. 1990). “[Q]uestions of fact resolved by military courts are not subject to collateral attack,” id. at 826, and such an attack can succeed only in “narrow” circumstances, where the claimant “demonstrate[s] convincingly that in the court-martial proceedings there has been such a depriva- tion of fundamental fairness as to impair due process,” Bowling v. United States, 713 F.2d 1558, 1560–61 (Fed. Cir. 1983). Mr. Dillon does not meet the demanding stand- ard in this setting for having a plausible claim, as required at the pleading stage.

Mr. Dillon argues that a court-martial simply has no power to determine whether a soldier is retired. Dillon In- formal Reply Br. at 15–17, 19–20 (citing United States v. Sumrall, 45 M.J. 207, 210 (C.A.A.F. 1996) and Clinton v. Goldsmith, 526 U.S. 529, 540 (1999)). At least to the ex- tent that the issue is not a jurisdictional one, the failure to present this argument until the reply brief in this court means that the argument is untimely. In any event, the argument is unsupported. The cited decisions say at most that a court-martial cannot enjoin a retirement, see Gold- smith, 526 U.S. at 535, or review the Secretary’s decision to deny (or grant) retirement, see Sumrall, 45 M.J. at 210.

They do not deny that a court-martial may find as a fact that a soldier has been—or has not been—retired. A denial of such authority would be surprising: A court-martial, like a civilian court, must have the power to find facts deter- mining its own jurisdiction, including whether the accused is subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice. See United States v. Oliver, 57 M.J. 170, 172 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (“Jurisdiction is an interlocutory issue, to be decided by the military judge.”).

Mr. Dillon also insists that he was medically retired be- fore his conviction because, as a matter of law, his Army superiors had no authority to revoke a medical discharge order (like the September 2015 order), see, e.g., Dillon Case: 24-2307 Document: 28 Page: 7 Filed: 09/03/2025

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Informal Br. at 5–9, so that he was medically discharged by operation of law in late November 2015, regardless of the intervening revocation, id. at 17; see also Dillon Infor- mal Reply Br. at 12–21. These are substantially the same arguments that he made to, and that were rejected by, the court-martial, and later by the Army Court of Criminal Ap- peals and the Claims Court. See Complaint at 6; Dillon ACCA, at *1 n.2; Dillon CFC I, at *7–8. But he “does not identify any specific constitutional defects that infected his court-martial proceedings,” where, as his own complaint establishes, he was represented by counsel, had the oppor- tunity to raise his claim of jurisdictional error, and had ac- cess to multiple levels of appeal. Dillon CFC I, at *6; Complaint at 6. Mr. Dillon’s jurisdictional claims have re- ceived “fair consideration,” as due process requires. Burns v. Wilson, 346 U.S. 137, 144 (1953); see also Mathews v. El- dridge, 424 U.S. 319, 333 (1976) (“The fundamental re- quirement of due process is the opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). He has not met the demanding standard for prevailing in a collateral at- tack.

In addition, Mr. Dillon has not shown error in the Claims Court’s ruling that, on the facts alleged in his com- plaint, Mr. Dillon, once he was convicted, was ineligible for medical retirement in light of Army Regulation 635-40 ¶ 4-2 (2006) (AR 635-40), which provides that “a [s]oldier may not be referred for, or continue, disability processing if under sentence of dismissal or punitive discharge.” See Dillon CFC I, at *7–8; Dillon CFC II, at *5. The statutes at issue do not show otherwise. Section 1201 of Title 10 provides that “[u]pon a determination by the Secre- tary . . . that a[n eligible service] member . . . is un- fit . . . because of physical disability . . . the Secretary may retire the member” if the Secretary also determines that the disability is of a “permanent nature and stable,” among other requirements. 10 U.S.C. § 1201 (emphasis added).

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Section 1202 provides a path for service members with dis- abilities not determined to be “permanent” or “stable” to nevertheless be medically retired, by first being placed on the “temporary disability retired list,” id. § 1202, and then being periodically reevaluated, see id. § 1210(a). Sec- tion 1202 directs that the Secretary “shall” place a service member on the temporary disability retired list “upon [the Secretary’s] determination” that the member would be “qualified” for retirement under section 1201. Id. § 1202 (emphasis added). None of that forecloses the qualifica- tion-limiting provision of Army Regulation 635-40 ¶ 4-2 (2006), which prevents a soldier “under [a] sentence of dis- missal or punitive discharge” from “continu[ing ]disability processing.”

Mr. Dillon argues that, when the Army revoked his re- tirement orders on November 3, 2015, he had already com- pleted “disability processing,” as a matter of law, because he had completed such processing when his retirement or- der issued in September. See Dillon Informal Br. at 3–5; Dillon Informal Reply Br. at 6–11. We disagree. While the issuance of retirement orders corresponds to what the Army calls a “final disposition” of disability evaluation, see AR 635-40 ¶ 4-24(b) (2006), the regulatory issue is when disability “processing” ends, and “processing,” naturally understood, does not end with evaluation. The term, in its ordinary meaning, extends as far as the actual discharge.

We see no good reason for a different interpretation.

Indeed, context undermines the suggestion that the evalu- ation step ends processing. AR 635-40, which pertains to disability separations, includes an appendix titled “Person- nel Processing Actions” listing events that occur during a disability retirement. See AR 635-40 Appendix E (2006).

That list includes entries for “delivery of separation forms” and “retirement honors,” which are both logically and tem- porally subsequent to the final disposition of the disability evaluation. Id. Appendix E-9–E-14 (2006). And Mr. Dillon offers no good reason why an action that is serious enough Case: 24-2307 Document: 28 Page: 9 Filed: 09/03/2025

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to disqualify a member for the retirement benefit at issue, an action taken while the member is still in uniform, should be exempt from that consequence just because the retirement discharge has already been approved, though it has not yet occurred.

We have recognized that “military disability retire- ment benefits under 10 U.S.C. § 1201 are nondiscretion- ary,” but that recognition means only that, “if a service member is eligible under 10 U.S.C. § 1201,” and retired un- der that authority, then benefits become mandatory. Kelly v. United States, 69 F.4th 887, 900 (Fed. Cir. 2023) (citing Sawyer, 930 F.2d at 1580) (emphasis added). Such compul- sion does not deprive the Secretary of authority, with a range of discretion, to make the “determination” that the service member is unfit and to decide not to “retire the member.” 10 U.S.C. § 1201(a); see Sawyer, 930 F.2d at 1580 (“[Section 1201] permits the Secretary to terminate a member’s active duty early.” (emphasis added)). Sec- tion 1202 incorporates the same discretion by reference be- cause it applies only “[u]pon a determination by the Secretary” that the service members concerned otherwise meet the requirements of section 1201. 10 U.S.C. § 1202.

Here, moreover, the statutory language itself suggests that Mr. Dillon became ineligible to be retired when he was convicted. See Dillon CFC I, at *7. Section 1201 by its terms applies to service members “entitled to basic pay,” subject to narrow exceptions not relevant here. 10 U.S.C. § 1201(c). Section 1202 incorporates that limitation by re- quiring that the service member be “qualified for retire- ment under section 1201.” 10 U.S.C. § 1202. But Mr. Dillon, by dint of his conviction, was no longer entitled to basic pay. See 10 U.S.C. § 858b (imposing “forfeiture of pay” as a consequence of certain court-martial sentences).

That conclusion would make section 1201 inapplicable. At a minimum, the Secretary, following the regulation at is- sue, could readily deny the medical retirement.

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III We have considered Mr. Dillon’s remaining arguments and find them unpersuasive. We affirm the Claims Court’s dismissal of Mr. Dillon’s complaint.

The parties shall bear their own costs.

AFFIRMED