Case: 24-1987 Document: 39 Page: 1 Filed: 09/25/2025

NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________ PHILLIP SPYROPOULOS, Petitioner v. SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION, Respondent ______________________ 2024-1987 ______________________ Petition for review of the Merit Systems Protection Board in No. NY-0752-17-0121-I-1. ______________________ Decided: September 25, 2025 ______________________ PHILLIP SPYROPOULOS, Keansburg, NJ, pro se.

DANIEL BERTONI, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washing- ton, DC, for respondent. Also represented by ELIZABETH MARIE HOSFORD, PATRICIA M. MCCARTHY, BRETT SHUMATE. ______________________ Case: 24-1987 Document: 39 Page: 2 Filed: 09/25/2025

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Before DYK, CUNNINGHAM, Circuit Judges, and HALL, District Judge. 1 PER CURIAM.

Philip Spyropoulos petitions pro se for review of a final order of the Merit Systems and Protection Board (“Board”), denying the petition for review but affirming in part and vacating in part an initial decision which sustained Mr. Spyropoulos’s removal from employment at the Social Security Administration (“SSA”). See Spyropoulos v. Soc.

Sec. Admin., No. NY-0752-17-0121-I-1, (M.S.P.B. Apr. 17, 2024) (S. App’x 1–22) (“Final Order”); Spyropoulos v. Soc.

Sec. Admin., No. NY-0752-17-0121-I-1, (M.S.P.B. Feb. 9, 2018) (S. App’x 23–72) (“Initial Decision”). 2 We affirm.

I. BACKGROUND Mr. Spyropoulos was a GS-905-12 Attorney Advisor with the SSA’s Office of Disability, Adjudication, and Re- view in Newark, New Jersey for nearly eighteen years. Fi- nal Order at 2; Initial Decision at 1–2; S. App’x 77. As an attorney advisor, Mr. Spyropoulos reviewed medical and confidential records of claimants for Social Security disa- bility benefits, and he drafted disability decisions for SSA administrative law judges. Initial Decision at 2; S. App’x 78–82. On March 20, 2017, Mr. Spyropoulos was removed from his position for failure to safeguard Person- ally Identifiable Information (“PII”), lack of candor, and

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misuse of both his position and government property. Fi- nal Order at 2–3; Initial Decision at 5; S. App’x 129–38.

During his employment, Mr. Spyropoulos used his per- sonal laptop computer to draft portions of disability deci- sions via speech-to-text software and then sent this information to his work email. Initial Decision at 2; S. App’x 115–16. When notified that his practice violated SSA’s PII policy, Mr. Spyropoulos insisted that his emails did not contain PII, and he had “never included PII in any emails, on [his] personal laptop or in any other electronic communications outside of [his] work-issued laptop.” Ini- tial Decision at 3 (quoting S. App’x 107); S App’x 110–12.

On May 18, 2015, the SSA terminated Mr. Spyropou- los’s telework privileges on the ground that he no longer met the program’s eligibility requirements, citing his al- leged failure to use approved appropriate technology. Ini- tial Decision at 4; S. App’x 113–14. Shortly thereafter, the SSA further investigated Mr. Spyropoulos’s use of his per- sonal email account. Mr. Spyropoulos stated that he would typically send no more than four emails per week between his personal email account and his work account and de- nied sending other work-related materials between his work account and any other email account. Initial Decision at 4; S. App’x 116.

Ultimately, on October 27, 2016, the agency issued Mr. Spyropoulos a notice of proposed removal, asserting four charges. Final Order at 2; Initial Decision at 5; S. App’x 117–21. The first charge, failure to safeguard PII, was based on 32 specifications or separate instances of emails sent to or from Mr. Spyropoulos’s work email ac- count outside of the agency that allegedly contained PII.

Initial Decision at 6–9; S. App’x 117–20. The second charge, lack of candor, consisted of four specifications pred- icated upon Mr. Spyropoulos’s several denials of having sent PII between his personal, work, and any other email accounts. Final Order at 7–8; Initial Decision at 14–15; Case: 24-1987 Document: 39 Page: 4 Filed: 09/25/2025

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S. App’x 120–21. The third charge, misuse of position, in- dicated that Mr. Spyropoulos revealed non-public infor- mation about how to successfully prosecute disability claims before the agency to a third-party attorney in ex- change for that attorney’s assistance with Mr. Spyropou- los’s application for a position in family court. Initial Decision at 19–22; S. App’x 121. The fourth charge, misuse of government property, involved two instances where Mr. Spyropoulos allegedly sent email attaching either a confidentiality agreement or a material transfer agree- ment 3 from his work email account to an outside email ac- count. Initial Decision at 22; S. App’x 121–22.

On March 20, 2017, the deciding officer at the SSA, Ms. Lynn Shellhamer, formally notified Mr. Spyropoulos of her decision to remove him from federal service. Initial De- cision at 5; S. App’x 129. Mr. Spyropoulos appealed his re- moval to the Board. Initial Decision at 1. The administrative judge sustained 29 of the 32 specifications supporting the first charge against Mr. Spyropoulos for his failure to safeguard PII. Initial Decision at 13–14. The ad- ministrative judge next sustained the lack of candor charge and all its underlying specifications. Initial Decision at 17–19. The administrative judge likewise sustained the charge of misuse of Mr. Spyropoulos’s position, finding that he sought to leverage nonpublic information learned in the course of his employment in exchange for assistance from a third-party on his application for family-court work. Ini- tial Decision at 19–22. Fourth, the administrative judge sustained the charge of misuse of government property based on finding that Mr. Spyropoulos sent emails from his

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work account to “further his personal business.” Initial De- cision at 23.

The administrative judge also found no merit to Mr. Spyropoulos’s claim that his removal constituted whis- tleblower retaliation because Mr. Spyropoulos failed to es- tablish that he had made a “protected disclosure” within the meaning of 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8). Initial Decision at 40–41. Assuming that Mr. Spyropoulos made protected disclosures, the administrative judge determined that the agency would have removed Mr. Spyropoulos absent those alleged disclosures. Initial Decision at 42–43. Finally, the administrative judge sustained the penalty of removal for the charges brought by the agency, concluding that re- moval was reasonable under the factors articulated in Douglas v. Veterans Administration, 5 M.S.P.R. 280 (1981).

Initial Decision at 44–46.

Mr. Spyropoulos then petitioned for review before the full Board, which denied the petition and vacated in part and affirmed in part the initial decision. See Final Order at 1–17. The Board’s decision differed from the initial de- cision in two primary respects. First, the Board vacated the portion of the initial decision sustaining the fourth specification underlying the lack of candor charge because of no finding that Mr. Spyropoulos acted knowingly in mak- ing certain misrepresentations to the agency. Final Order at 8–9. The Board ultimately sustained the overall charge for lack of candor based on the other specifications. Final Order at 8–9. Second, because the administrative judge determined that Mr. Spyropoulos made no protected disclo- sures, the Board vacated the portion of the initial decision regarding whether the agency would have removed Mr. Spyropoulos even absent his protected disclosures. Fi- nal Order at 12. The Board otherwise affirmed the initial decision. Final Order at 13–15.

Mr. Spyropoulos petitions for review. We have juris- diction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(9).

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II. DISCUSSION We may not set aside a decision of the Board unless it is: “(1) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or not otherwise in accordance with law; (2) obtained without pro- cedures required by law, rule, or regulation having been followed; or (3) unsupported by substantial evidence.” 5 U.S.C. § 7703(c). We review the Board’s conclusions of law de novo. McEntee v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., 404 F.3d 1320, 1325 (Fed. Cir. 2005). We review the Board’s find- ings of fact for substantial evidence. Brenner v. Dep’t of Veterans Affs., 990 F.3d 1313, 1322 (Fed. Cir. 2021). “Sub- stantial evidence is ‘such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.’” Id. (quoting Shapiro v. Soc. Sec. Admin, 800 F.3d 1332, 1336 (Fed. Cir. 2015)). “The petitioner bears the burden of establishing error in the [Board]’s decision.” Id. (quoting Jenkins v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., 911 F.3d 1370, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2019)).

Before this court, Mr. Spyropoulos raises three princi- pal arguments. 4 First, he argues that the Board should not have sustained his removal because the charges justifying his removal “were either manufactured or unsupported.”

Petitioner’s Corrected Informal Opening Br. 12–20 (“Peti- tioner’s Br.”). Second, Mr. Spyropoulos asserts that the Board “failed to address the voluminous evidence of retali- atory actions in response to [his] protected whistleblower activity.” Id. at 20–26. Third, he contends that the Board ignored or discounted evidence that the deciding officer, Ms. Shellhamer, failed to apply or misapplied certain Douglas factors in rendering her final decision to remove

Initial Decision at 28–33. On appeal, he has abandoned those claims. See ECF No. 14 at 2.

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him from federal service. See id. at 3–12. We address each argument in turn.

A.

First, Mr. Spyropoulos challenges the charge regarding failure to safeguard PII, arguing that the agency applied an “overly broad definition of PII” and that the vast major- ity of the emails at issue did not contain PII or that the PII cannot be linked to a specific individual. Petitioner’s Br. 19 & 19 n.40. He also contends that, in some instances, his inclusion of PII was because he had a “reasonable belief that a duty to preserve whistleblower evidence outweighed PII directives.” Id. We need not address each of Mr. Spy- ropoulos’s arguments as to the first charge because he has conceded that he made “four or five inadvertent PII viola- tions” over the course of his career. Id. at 18. Moreover, in the context of the lack of candor charge, the SSA found that Mr. Spyropoulos sent “at least nine emails containing claimant information outside of SSA custody.” 5 S. App’x 135. The above concession along with sending some emails containing PII outside of SSA custody are sufficient to sus- tain the first charge against him. See Lachance v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., 147 F.3d 1367, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (“[W]here more than one event or factual specification is set out to support a single charge . . . proof of one or more, but not all, of the supporting specifications is sufficient to sustain the charge.” (quoting Burroughs v. Dep’t of the Army, 918 F.2d 170, 172 (Fed. Cir. 1990))).

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Second, Mr. Spyropoulos argues that the charge for lack of candor was “unfounded” because he did not know- ingly make any false representations to the agency throughout its investigation. Petitioner’s Br. 17–18. A charge for lack of candor may be sustained if the agency demonstrates that the employee’s conduct “involve[d] a failure to disclose something that, in the circumstances, should have been disclosed in order to make the given statement accurate and complete.” Ludlum v. Dep’t of Just., 278 F.3d 1280, 1284 (Fed. Cir. 2002).

As to three of the four relevant specifications, the Board determined that the agency had established by a preponderance of the evidence that Mr. Spyropoulos know- ingly made certain misrepresentations or omissions. Final Order at 8–9. This determination was supported by sub- stantial evidence. See, e.g., S. App’x 135 (“You stated that you do not send these emails anymore because you were told not to. However, as specified above, from April 6, 2015 through May 5, 2015, you sent at least nine emails contain- ing claimant information outside of SSA custody.”); Final Order at 8–9. The Board’s conclusion to sustain the second charge against Mr. Spyropoulos based on this specification was supported by substantial evidence, see Brenner, F.3d at 1322, and the agency need only establish a sin- gle specification to support a charge, see Burroughs, 918 F.2d at 172. Accordingly, we reject Mr. Spyropoulos’s challenge to his charge for lack of candor.

In his petition to the full Board, Mr. Spyropoulos did not challenge the administrative judge’s findings as to the third and fourth charges against him, for misuse of position and misuse of government property, respectively. Final Order at 4 n.4. Before this court, he argues that these charges were either “manufacture[d]” or “specious.” Peti- tioner’s Br. 12. We disagree.

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Mr. Spyropoulos’s testimony regarding whether the infor- mation he disclosed to the third-party attorney was non- public. Specifically, the administrative judge rejected Mr. Spyropoulos’s contention that he shared only publicly available information because the email to the third-party attorney “explained which of the steps of the process [were] most crucial to an [administrative law judge’s] determina- tion as to whether to grant disability benefits,” and the agency witnesses credibly testified that this “information he shared was not readily available to the public.” Initial Decision at 21. The administrative judge found that Mr. Spyropoulos furnished this information to “further his own private interests in violation of 5 C.F.R. § 2635.703(a), (b).” Id. The Board did not err in upholding this finding.

As to the misuse of government property charge, Mr. Spyropoulos asserts that it was unfounded because he testified that he sent the emails containing contractual agreements between the University of Virginia and Bike Entourage, LLC while he was on a break, and the agency did not present any contrary evidence. Petitioner’s Br. 16– 17. The applicable federal regulation limits the use of gov- ernment property to “authorized purposes.” 5 C.F.R § 2635.704(a). The regulation allows for “limited or de min- imis personal use” if that use is in accordance “with an agency’s . . . policy.” Id. § 2635.704(b)(2). The administra- tive judge determined that the SSA’s policy prohibited per- sonal use of government property “when such use is to ‘maintain or support a personal business,’” regardless of whether that use may otherwise qualify as a de minimis use. Initial Decision at 22 (citation omitted). Here, the ad- ministrative judge found that the emails, including the at- tached agreements, “were inappropriate personal uses of [his] government equipment.” Initial Decision at 23.

Given the evidence proffered, this finding was supported by substantial evidence as a reasonable mind could con- clude that Mr. Spyropoulos sought to further his private business interests using government property.

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In sum, the Board did not err in sustaining the four charges against Mr. Spyropoulos because its decision was supported by substantial evidence and otherwise in accord- ance with law.

B.

Next, Mr. Spyropoulos argues that the Board failed to appropriately consider the evidence he submitted with re- spect to two categories of allegedly protected disclosures.

Petitioner’s Br. 20–26. First, Mr. Spyropoulos contends that he disclosed “gross and tortuous managerial miscon- duct and mismanagement” by a supervisor within the New- ark hearing office. Id. at 20–23. Second, Mr. Spyropoulos claims he made protected disclosures when he advised the agency about alleged judicial misconduct by one of the ad- ministrative law judges who purportedly had a history of rendering “discriminatory decisions.” Id. at 23–24. As to both arguments, Mr. Spyropoulos attacks the credibility of the agency’s witnesses and suggests that the evidence he presented was more compelling. See id. at 20–26.

The Board properly rejected Mr. Spyropoulos’s affirm- ative defense of whistleblower retaliation because he did not establish that he made any protected disclosures enti- tling him to whistleblower protection. To prevail on a claim for whistleblower retaliation, a petitioner must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he or she made a “pro- tected disclosure” within the meaning of 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8). See Carr v. Social Sec. Admin., 185 F.3d 1318, 1322 (Fed. Cir. 1999). A “protected disclosure” is defined as “any disclosure of information by an employee or appli- cant which the employee or applicant reasonably believes evidences—(i) any violation of any law, rule, or regulation, or (ii) gross mismanagement, a gross waste of funds, an abuse of authority, or a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety.” 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8)(A).

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within the meaning of the statute. Specifically, the admin- istrative judge found that the disclosure relating to the Newark hearing office supervisor’s management style did not sufficiently allege “gross mismanagement” under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8)(A)(ii) because the conduct complained of did not create “a substantial risk of significant adverse impact upon the agency’s ability to accomplish its mission.”

Initial Decision at 41.

As for Mr. Spyropoulos’s allegations of judicial miscon- duct, the administrative judge found that they “amounted to nothing more than disagreements with the [administra- tive law judge’s] conclusions, over which the [administra- tive law judge] had discretion.” Initial Decision at 38.

Tellingly, Mr. Spyropoulos did not identify any “law, rule, or regulation” allegedly violated by the administrative law judge’s actions, and Mr. Spyropoulos could not show that the administrative law judge’s decisions resulted in “gross mismanagement, a gross waste of funds, an abuse of au- thority, or a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety.” Initial Decision at 40–41 (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8)(A)(ii)). On review, the full Board deter- mined that Mr. Spyropoulos’s arguments with respect to his protected disclosures amounted to “mere disagreement with the administrative judge’s well-reasoned finding that the appellant did not make protected disclosures.” Final Order at 12. We conclude that the Board did not err with respect to Mr. Spyropoulos’s allegations of judicial miscon- duct.

C.

Finally, Mr. Spyropoulos argues that Ms. Shellhamer’s decision cannot be sustained because she failed to consider most of the Douglas factors before deciding to remove him from federal service. Petitioner’s Br. 3. Mr. Spyropoulos contends that Ms. Shellhamer testified that she had not considered the Douglas factors at all before issuing the no- tice of removal. Petitioner’s Br. 3–12. This argument is Case: 24-1987 Document: 39 Page: 12 Filed: 09/25/2025

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belied by the record. Ms. Shellhamer’s notice of removal demonstrates that she considered the Douglas factors; in- deed, each factor is listed in her notice of removal, accom- panied by her reasoning as to each one. S. App’x 140–46.

The Board’s determination that Ms. Shellhamer properly weighed the Douglas factors was supported by substantial evidence and otherwise in accordance with law.

Mr. Spyropoulos’s other arguments are likewise of lit- tle merit. Although Mr. Spyropoulos contends that the agency failed to sufficiently credit his eighteen years of ser- vice without prior disciplinary actions, Petitioner’s Br. 4– 5, we have previously affirmed the removal of employees for misuse of personal information even when they have been employed in federal service for many years. See, e.g., Morgan v. Dep’t of the Army, 934 F.2d 310, 312–13 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (affirming removal after seventeen years of service); see also Brewer v. United States Postal Serv., 647 F.2d 1093, 1098 (Ct. Cl. 1981) (affirming removal after twenty-seven years of service). We further disagree with Mr. Spyropoulos’s contention that removal was dispropor- tionate when compared to the penalties imposed on other employees within his region who disclosed PII outside of the agency. See Petitioner’s Br. 5–7; App’x Vol. 4, Ex. M (proposed comparator evidence). 6 Although Mr. Spyropou- los could identify other employees who failed to safeguard PII and similar discrete violations, the Board appropriately rejected this argument on the ground that Mr. Spyropoulos “failed to establish that the agency knowingly and unjusti- fiably treated employees differently” because he could not identify any comparator who was similarly situated who engaged in comparable conduct. Final Order at 17.

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In short, we cannot conclude that removal was a dis- proportionate or otherwise unreasonable penalty for Mr. Spyropoulos.

III. CONCLUSION We have considered Mr. Spyropoulos’s remaining argu- ments and find them unpersuasive. For the foregoing rea- sons, we affirm the Board’s decision.

AFFIRMED COSTS No costs.